Hebrides

The Inner and Outer Hebrides

The Hebrides (/ˈhɛbrᵻdiːz/; Scottish Gaelic: Innse Gall; Old Norse: Suðreyjar) comprise a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland. There are two main groups: the Inner and Outer Hebrides. These islands have a long history of occupation dating back to the Mesolithic, and the culture of the residents has been affected by the successive influences of Celtic, Norse, and English-speaking peoples. This diversity is reflected in the names given to the islands, which are derived from the languages that have been spoken there in historic and perhaps prehistoric times.

Various artists have been inspired by their Hebridean experiences. Today the economy of the islands is dependent on crofting, fishing, tourism, the oil industry, and renewable energy. The Hebrides lack biodiversity in comparison to mainland Britain, but seals are present around the coasts in internationally important numbers.

Geology, geography and climate

The Caledonian MacBrayne ferry MV Hebrides leaving Lochmaddy for Skye

The Hebrides have a diverse geology ranging in age from Precambrian strata that are amongst the oldest rocks in Europe to Paleogene igneous intrusions.^{[1][2][Note 1]}

The Hebrides can be divided into two main groups, separated from one another by the Minch to the north and the Sea of the Hebrides to the south. The Inner Hebrides lie closer to mainland Scotland and include Islay, Jura, Skye, Mull, Raasay, Staffa and the Small Isles. There are 36 inhabited islands in this group. The Outer Hebrides are a chain of more than 100 islands and small skerries located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of mainland Scotland. There are 15 inhabited islands in this archipelago. The main islands include Barra, Benbecula, Berneray, Harris, Lewis, North Uist, South Uist, and St Kilda. In total, the islands have an area of approximately 7,200 square kilometres (2,800 sq mi) and a population of 44,759.^[3]

A complication is that there are various descriptions of the scope of the Hebrides. The Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland describes the Inner Hebrides as lying "east of the Minch", which would include any and all offshore islands. There are various islands that lie in the sea lochs such as Eilean Bàn and Eilean Donan that might not ordinarily be described as "Hebridean", but no formal definitions exist.^[4][5]

In the past, the Outer Hebrides were often referred to as the Long Isle (Scottish Gaelic: An t-Eilean Fada). Today, they are also known as the Western Isles, although this phrase can also be used to refer to the Hebrides in general.^{[Note 2]}

The Hebrides have a cool temperate climate that is remarkably mild and steady for such a northerly latitude, due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. In the Outer Hebrides the average temperature for the year is 6 °C (44 °F) in January and 14 °C (57 °F) in summer. The average annual rainfall in Lewis is 1,100 millimetres (43 in) and sunshine hours range from 1,100 – 1,200 per annum. The summer days are relatively long, and May to August is the driest period.^[7]

History

Prehistory

Callanish stone circle

The Hebrides were settled during the Mesolithic era around 6500 BC or earlier, after the climatic conditions improved enough to sustain human settlement. Occupation at a site on Rùm is dated to 8590 ±95 uncorrected radiocarbon years BP, which is amongst the oldest evidence of occupation in Scotland.^[8][9] There are many examples of structures from the Neolithic period, the finest example being the standing stones at Callanish, dating to the 3rd millennium BC.^[10] Cladh Hallan, a Bronze Age settlement on South Uist is the only site in the UK where prehistoric mummies have been found.^[11][12]

Celtic era

In 55 BC, the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus wrote that there was an island called Hyperborea (which means "beyond the North Wind"), where a round temple stood from which the moon appeared only a little distance above the earth every 19 years. This may have been a reference to the stone circle at Callanish.^[13]

A traveller called Demetrius of Tarsus related to Plutarch the tale of an expedition to the west coast of Scotland in or shortly before AD 83. He stated it was a gloomy journey amongst uninhabited islands, but he had visited one which was the retreat of holy men. He mentioned neither the druids nor the name of the island.^[14]

The first written records of native life begin in the 6th century AD, when the founding of the kingdom of Dál Riata took place.^[15] This encompassed roughly what is now Argyll and Bute and Lochaber in Scotland and County Antrim in Ireland.^[16] The figure of Columba looms large in any history of Dál Riata, and his founding of a monastery on Iona ensured that the kingdom would be of great importance in the spread of Christianity in northern Britain. However, Iona was far from unique. Lismore in the territory of the Cenél Loairn, was sufficiently important for the death of its abbots to be recorded with some frequency and many smaller sites, such as on Eigg, Hinba, and Tiree, are known from the annals.^[17]

North of Dál Riata, the Inner and Outer Hebrides were nominally under Pictish control, although the historical record is sparse. Hunter (2000) states that in relation to King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century: "As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence.”^[18]

Norwegian control

The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100

Viking raids began on Scottish shores towards the end of the 8th century and the Hebrides came under Norse control and settlement during the ensuing decades, especially following the success of Harald Fairhair at the Battle of Hafrsfjord in 872.^[19][20] In the Western Isles Ketill Flatnose may have been the dominant figure of the mid 9th century, by which time he had amassed a substantial island realm and made a variety of alliances with other Norse leaders. These princelings nominally owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown, although in practice the latter's control was fairly limited.^[21] Norse control of the Hebrides was formalised in 1098 when Edgar of Scotland formally signed the islands over to Magnus III of Norway.^[22] The Scottish acceptance of Magnus III as King of the Isles came after the Norwegian king had conquered Orkney, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man in a swift campaign earlier the same year, directed against the local Norwegian leaders of the various island petty kingdoms. By capturing the islands Magnus imposed a more direct royal control, although at a price. His skald Bjorn Cripplehand recorded that in Lewis "fire played high in the heaven" as "flame spouted from the houses" and that in the Uists "the king dyed his sword red in blood".^{[22][Note 3]}

The Hebrides were now part of the Kingdom of the Isles, whose rulers were themselves vassals of the Kings of Norway. This situation lasted until the partitioning of the Western Isles in 1156, at which time the Outer Hebrides remained under Norwegian control while the Inner Hebrides broke out under Somerled, the Norse-Celtic kinsman of the Manx royal house.^[24]

Following the ill-fated 1263 expedition of Haakon IV of Norway, the Outer Hebrides and the Isle of Man were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth.^[25] Although their contribution to the islands can still be found in personal and place names, the archaeological record of the Norse period is very limited. The best known find is the Lewis chessmen, which date from the mid 12th century.^[26]

Scottish control

Kisimul Castle, the ancient seat of Clan MacNeil, Castlebay, Barra

As the Norse era drew to a close, the Norse-speaking princes were gradually replaced by Gaelic-speaking clan chiefs including the MacLeods of Lewis and Harris, Clan Donald and MacNeil of Barra.^{[27][28][Note 4]} This transition did little to relieve the islands of internecine strife although by the early 14th century the MacDonald Lords of the Isles, based on Islay, were in theory these chiefs' feudal superiors and managed to exert some control.^[32]

The Lords of the Isles ruled the Inner Hebrides as well as part of the Western Highlands as subjects of the King of Scots until John MacDonald, fourth Lord of the Isles, squandered the family's powerful position. A rebellion by his nephew, Alexander of Lochalsh provoked an exasperated James IV to forfeit the family's lands in 1493.^[33]

In 1598, King James VI authorised some "Gentleman Adventurers" from Fife to civilise the "most barbarous Isle of Lewis".^[34] Initially successful, the colonists were driven out by local forces commanded by Murdoch and Neil MacLeod, who based their forces on Bearasaigh in Loch Ròg. The colonists tried again in 1605 with the same result, but a third attempt in 1607 was more successful and in due course Stornoway became a Burgh of Barony.^[34][35] By this time, Lewis was held by the Mackenzies of Kintail (later the Earls of Seaforth), who pursued a more enlightened approach, investing in fishing in particular. The Seaforths' royalist inclinations led to Lewis becoming garrisoned during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by Cromwell's troops, who destroyed the old castle in Stornoway.^[36]

Early British era

Telford's Clachan Bridge between the mainland of Great Britain and Seil, also known as the "Bridge across the Atlantic", was built in 1792.^[37]

With the implementation of the Treaty of Union in 1707, the Hebrides became part of the new Kingdom of Great Britain, but the clans' loyalties to a distant monarch were not strong. A considerable number of islesmen "came out" in support of the Jacobite Earl of Mar in the "15" and again in the 1745 rising including Macleod of Dunvegan and MacLea of Lismore.^[38][39] The aftermath of the decisive Battle of Culloden, which effectively ended Jacobite hopes of a Stuart restoration, was widely felt.^[40] The British government's strategy was to estrange the clan chiefs from their kinsmen and turn their descendants into English-speaking landlords whose main concern was the revenues their estates brought rather than the welfare of those who lived on them.^[41] This may have brought peace to the islands, but in the following century it came at a terrible price. In the wake of the rebellion, the clan system was broken up and islands of the Hebrides became a series of landed estates.^[41][42]

The early 19th century was a time of improvement and population growth. Roads and quays were built; the slate industry became a significant employer on Easdale and surrounding islands; and the construction of the Crinan and Caledonian canals and other engineering works such as Telford's "Bridge across the Atlantic" improved transport and access.^[43] However, in the mid-19th century, the inhabitants of many parts of the Hebrides were devastated by the clearances, which destroyed communities throughout the Highlands and Islands as the human populations were evicted and replaced with sheep farms.^[44] The position was exacerbated by the failure of the islands' kelp industry that thrived from the 18th century until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815^[45][46] and large scale emigration became endemic.^[47] The "Battle of the Braes" involved a demonstration against lack of access to land and the serving of eviction notices. This event was instrumental in the creation of the Napier Commission, which reported in 1884 on the situation in the Highlands and disturbances continued until the passing of the 1886 Crofters' Act.^[48]

Modern economy

Sea filled slate quarries on Seil (foreground) and Easdale in the Slate Islands

For those who remained, new economic opportunities emerged through the export of cattle, commercial fishing and tourism.^[49] Nonetheless emigration and military service became the choice of many^[50] and the archipelago's populations continued to dwindle throughout the late 19th century and for much of the 20th century.^[51][52] Lengthy periods of continuous occupation notwithstanding, many of the smaller islands were abandoned.^[53]

There were however continuing gradual economic improvements, among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched blackhouse with accommodation of a more modern design^[54] and with the assistance of Highlands and Islands Enterprise many of the islands' populations have begun to increase after decades of decline.^[3] The discovery of substantial deposits of North Sea oil in 1965 and the renewables sector have contributed to a degree of economic stability in recent decades. For example, the Arnish yard has had a chequered history but has been a significant employer in both the oil and renewables industries.^[55]

Media and the arts

Entrance to Fingal's Cave, Staffa

The Hebrides, also known as Fingal's Cave, is a famous overture composed by Felix Mendelssohn while residing on these islands, while Granville Bantock composed the Hebridean Symphony. Contemporary musicians associated with the islands include Ian Anderson, Donovan and Runrig.^[56][57][58] The poet Sorley MacLean was born on Raasay, the setting for his best known poem, Hallaig.^[59]

The novelist Compton Mackenzie lived on Barra and George Orwell wrote 1984 whilst living on Jura. J.M. Barrie's Marie Rose contains references to Harris inspired by a holiday visit to Amhuinnsuidhe Castle and he wrote a screenplay for the 1924 film adaptation of Peter Pan whilst on Eilean Shona.^{[60][61][62][63]} Enya's song "Ebudæ" from Shepherd Moons is named for the Hebrides (see below).^[64] The 1973 British horror film The Wicker Man is set on the fictional Hebridean island of Summerisle.^[65] The experimental first-person adventure video game Dear Esther takes place on an unnamed Hebridean island.^[66] The 2011 British romantic comedy "The Decoy Bride" is set on the fictional Hebrides island of Hegg.^[67]

Language

Geographic distribution of Gaelic speakers in Scotland (2011)

The residents of the Hebrides have spoken a variety of different languages during the long period of human occupation.

It is assumed that Pictish must once have predominated in the northern Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides.^[18][68] The Scottish Gaelic language arrived via Ireland due to the growing influence of the kingdom of Dál Riata from the 6th century onwards and became the dominant language of the southern Hebrides at that time.^[69][70] For a time, the military might of the Gall-Ghàidhils meant that Old Norse was prevalent in the Hebrides and, north of Ardnamurchan, the place names that existed prior to the 9th century have been all but obliterated.^[70] The Old Norse name for the Hebrides during the Viking occupation was Suðreyjar, which means "Southern Isles". It was given in contrast to the Norðreyjar, or the "Northern Isles" of Orkney and Shetland.^[71]

South of Ardnamurchan Gaelic place names are the most common^[70] and, after the 13th century, Gaelic became the main language of the entire Hebridean archipelago. The use of Scots and English became prominent in recent times but the Hebrides still contain the largest concentration of Scottish Gaelic speakers in Scotland. This is especially true of the Outer Hebrides, where the majority of people speak the language.^[72] The Scottish Gaelic college, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, is based on Skye and Islay.^[73]

Ironically, given the status of the Western Isles as the last Gàidhlig-speaking stronghold in Scotland, the Gaelic language name for the islands – Innse Gall – means "isles of the foreigners" which has roots in the time when they were under Norse colonisation.^[74]

Etymology

The earliest written references that have survived relating to the islands were made by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, where he states that there are 30 Hebudes, and makes a separate reference to Dumna, which Watson (1926) concludes is unequivocally the Outer Hebrides. Writing about 80 years later, in 140-150 AD, Ptolemy, drawing on the earlier naval expeditions of Agricola, writes that there are five Ebudes (possibly meaning the Inner Hebrides) and Dumna.^[75][76][77] Later texts in classical Latin, by writers such as Solinus, use the forms Hebudes and Hæbudes.^[78]

The name Ebudes recorded by Ptolemy may be pre-Celtic.^[77] Islay is Ptolemy's Epidion,^[79] the use of the "p" hinting at a Brythonic or Pictish tribal name, Epidii,^[80] although the root is not Gaelic.^[81] Woolf (2012) has suggested that Ebudes may be "an Irish attempt to reproduce the word Epidii phonetically rather than by translating it" and that the tribe's name may come from the root epos meaning "horse".^[82] Watson (1926) also notes the possible relationship between Ebudes and the ancient Irish Ulaid tribal name Ibdaig and the personal name of a king Iubdán recorded in the Silva Gadelica.^[77]

The names of other individual islands reflect their complex linguistic history. The majority are Norse or Gaelic but the roots of several other Hebrides may have a pre-Celtic origin.^[77] Adomnán, the 7th century abbot of Iona, records Colonsay as Colosus and Tiree as Ethica, both of which may be pre-Celtic names.^[83] The etymology of Skye is complex and may also include a pre-Celtic root.^[81] Lewis is Ljoðhús in Old Norse and although various suggestions have been made as to a Norse meaning (such as "song house")^[84] the name is not of Gaelic origin and the Norse credentials are questionable.^[81]

The earliest comprehensive written list of Hebridean island names was undertaken by Donald Monro in 1549, which in some cases also provides the earliest written form of the island name. The derivations of all of the inhabited islands of the Hebrides and some of the larger uninhabited ones are listed below.

Outer Hebrides

Lewis and Harris is the largest island in Scotland and the third largest in the British Isles, after Great Britain and Ireland.^[85] It incorporates Lewis in the north and Harris in the south, both of which are frequently referred to as individual islands, although they are joined by a land border. Remarkably, the island does not have a common name in either English or Gaelic and is referred to as "Lewis and Harris", "Lewis with Harris", "Harris with Lewis" etc. For this reason it is treated as two separate islands below.^[86] The derivation of Lewis may be pre-Celtic (see above) and the origin of Harris is no less problematic. In the Ravenna Cosmography, Erimon may refer to Harris^[87] (or possibly the Outer Hebrides as a whole). This word may derive from the Ancient Greek erimos meaning "desert".^[88] The origin of Uist (Old Norse: Ívist) is similarly unclear.^[81]

Island	Derivation	Language	Meaning	Munro (1549)	Modern Gaelic name	Alternative Derivations
Baleshare	Baile Ear	Gaelic	east town[89]		Baile Sear
Barra	Barrøy	Norse	Finbar's island[90]	Barray	Barraigh
Benbecula	Peighinn nam Fadhla	Gaelic	pennyland of the fords[91]		Beinn nam Fadhla	"little mountain of the ford" or "herdsman's mountain"[89]
Berneray	Bjarnarøy	Norse	Bjorn's island[91]		Beàrnaraigh	bear island[89]
Eriskay	Uruisg	Gaelic	goblin island[89]	Eriskeray	Èirisgeigh	Erik's island[89][92]
Flodaigh		Norse	float island[93]		Flodaigh
Fraoch-eilean		Gaelic	heather island		Fraoch-eilean
Great Bernera	Bjarnarøy	English/Norse	Bjorn's island[94]	Berneray-Moir	Beàrnaraigh Mòr	bear island[94]
Grimsay[Note 5]		Norse	Grim's island[89]		Griomasaigh
Grimsay[Note 6]		Norse	Grim's island[89]		Griomasaigh
Harris	Erimon[87]	Ancient Greek?	desert	Harrey	Na Hearadh	Ptolemy's Adru. In Old Norse (and in modern Icelandic), a Hérað is a type of administrative district.[95] Alternatives are the Norse haerri, meaning "hills" and Gaelic na h-airdibh meaning "the heights".[94]
Lewis	Limnu	Pre-Celtic?	marshy	Lewis	Leòdhas	Ptolemy's Limnu is literally "marshy". The Norse Ljoðhús may mean "song house" - see above.[81][95]
North Uist		English/Pre-Celtic?[81]		Ywst	Uibhist a Tuath	"Uist" may possibly be "corn island"[96] or "west"[94]
Scalpay	Skalprøy	Norse	scallop island[94]	Scalpay of Harray	Sgalpaigh na Hearadh
South Uist		English/Pre-Celtic?			Uibhist a Deas	See North Uist
Vatersay		Norse	water island[97]	Wattersay	Bhatarsaigh	fathers' island, priest island, glove island, wavy island[94]

Inner Hebrides

There are various examples of Inner Hebridean island names that were originally Gaelic but have become completely replaced. For example, Adomnán records Sainea, Elena, Ommon and Oideacha in the Inner Hebrides, which names must have passed out of usage in the Norse era and whose locations are not clear.^[98] One of the complexities is that an island may have had a Celtic name, that was replaced by a similar sounding Norse name, but then reverted to an essentially Gaelic name with a Norse "øy" or "ey" ending.^[99] See for example Rona below.

Island	Derivation	Language	Meaning	Munro (1549)	Modern Gaelic name	Alternative Derivations
Canna	Cana	Gaelic	porpoise island[100]	Kannay	Eilean Chanaigh	Possibly from Old Irish cana, meaning "wolf-whelp" or Norse kneøy - "knee island"[100]
Coll	Colosus	Pre-Celtic			Colla	Possibly from Gaelic coll - a hazel[101]
Colonsay		Pre-Celtic[102]		Colnansay	Colbhasa	Norse for "Columba's island"[103]
Danna		Norse	Unknown[104]		Danna
Easdale				Eisdcalfe	Eilean Eisdeal	Eas is "waterfall" in Gaelic and dale is the Norse for "valley".[105] However the combination seems inappropriate for this small island. Also known as Ellenabeich - "island of the birches"[106]
Eigg	Eag	Gaelic	a notch[107]	Egga	Eige	Also called Eilean Nimban More - "island of the powerful women" until the 16th century.[108]
Eilean Bàn		Gaelic	white isle	Naban	Eilean Bàn
Eilean dà Mhèinn		Gaelic
Eilean Donan		Gaelic	island of Donnán		Eilean Donnáin
Eilean Shona		Norse	sea island[109]		Eilean Seòna	Adomnán records the pre-Norse Gaelic name of Airthrago - the foreshore isle".[110]
Eilean Tioram		Gaelic	dry island
Eriska		Norse	Erik's island[92]		Ùruisg
Erraid	Possibly Arthràigh	Gaelic	foreshore island[109]	Erray	Eilean Earraid
Gigha	Guðey[111]	Norse	"good island" or "God island"[112]	Gigay	Giogha	Various including the Norse Gjáey - "island of the geo" or "cleft", or "Gydha's isle".[113]
Gometra	Goðrmaðrey[114]	Norse	"The good-man's island", or "God-man's island"[114]		Gòmastra	"Godmund's island".[115]
Isle of Ewe	Eubh	Gaelic	echo	Ellan Ew	Eilean Iùbh	Old Irish: eo - "yew"[116]
Iona	Hí	Gaelic	Possibly "yew-place"	Colmkill	Ì Chaluim Chille	Numerous. Adomnán uses Ioua insula which became "Iona" through misreading.[117]
Islay		Pre-Celtic		Ila	Ìle	Various - see above
Jura	Dyrøy	Norse	deer island[118]	Duray	Diùra	Norse: Jurøy - udder island[118]
Kerrera	Kjarbarøy	Norse	Kjarbar's island[119]		Cearrara	Norse: ciarrøy' '- "brushwood island"[119] or "copse island"[120]
Lismore		Gaelic	big garden[121]	Lismoir	Lios Mòr
Luing		Gaelic	ship island[122]	Lunge	An t-Eilean Luinn	Norse: lyng - heather island[122] or pre-Celtic[123]
Lunga	Langrøy	Norse	longship isle[124]	Lungay	Lunga	Gaelic long is also "ship"[124]
Muck	Eilean nam Muc	Gaelic	isle of pigs[125]	Swynes Ile	Eilean nam Muc	Eilean nam Muc-mhara- "whale island". John of Fordun recorded it as Helantmok - "isle of swine".[125]
Mull	Malaios	Pre-Celtic[81]		Mull	Muile	Recorded by Ptolemy as Malaios[79] possibly meaning "lofty isle".[77] In Norse times it became Mýl.[81]
Oronsay		Norse	ebb island[126]	Ornansay	Orasaigh	Norse: "Oran's island"[103]
Raasay	Raasøy	Norse	roe deer island[127]	Raarsay	Ratharsair	Rossøy - "horse island"[127]
Rona	Hraunøy or Rònøy	Norse or Gaelic/Norse	"rough island" or "seal island"	Ronay	Rònaigh
Rùm		Pre-Celtic[128]		Ronin	Rùm	Various including Norse rõm-øy for "wide island" or Gaelic ì-dhruim - "isle of the ridge"[129]
Sanday	sandøy	Norse	sandy island[100]		Sandaigh
Scalpay	Skalprøy	Norse	scallop island[130]	Scalpay	Sgalpaigh	Norse: "ship island"[131]
Seil	Possibly Sal	Probably pre-Celtic[132]	"stream"[106]	Seill	Saoil	Gaelic: sealg - "hunting island"[106]
Shuna	Unknown	Norse	Possibly "sea island"[109]	Seunay	Siuna	Gaelic sidhean - "fairy"[133]
Skye	Scitis[134]	Pre-Celtic?	Possibly "winged isle"[135]	Skye	An t-Eilean Sgitheanach	Numerous - see above
Soay	So-øy	Norse	sheep island	Soa Urettil	Sòdhaigh
Tanera Mòr	Hawnarøy	Norse	island of the haven[136]	Hawrarymoir(?)	Tannara Mòr	Brythonic: Thanaros, the thunder god[136]
Tiree	Eth, Ethica	Possibly pre-Celtic	Unknown[83]		Tioridh	Norse: Tirvist of unknown meaning and numerous Gaelic versions, some with a possible meaning of "land of corn"[83]
Ulva	Ulvøy	Norse	wolf island[137]		Ulbha	Ulfr's island[137]

Uninhabited islands

Dhu Heartach Lighthouse, During Construction by Sam Bough (1822–1878)

The names of uninhabited islands follow the same general patterns as the inhabited islands. The following are the ten largest in the Hebrides and their outliers.

The etymology of St Kilda, a small archipelago west of the Outer Hebrides, and its main island Hirta is very complex. No saint is known by the name of Kilda and various theories have been proposed for the word's origin, which dates from the late 16th century.^[138] Haswell-Smith (2004) notes that the full name "St Kilda" first appears on a Dutch map dated 1666, and that it may have been derived from Norse sunt kelda ("sweet wellwater") or from a mistaken Dutch assumption that the spring Tobar Childa was dedicated to a saint. (Tobar Childa is a tautological placename, consisting of the Gaelic and Norse words for well, i.e. "well well").^[139] The origin of the Gaelic for "Hirta", Hiort or Hirt, which long pre-dates the use of "St Kilda", is similarly open to interpretation. Watson (1926) offers the Old Irish hirt, a word meaning "death", possibly relating to the dangerous seas.^[140] Maclean (1977), drawing on an Icelandic saga describing an early 13th-century voyage to Ireland that mentions a visit to the islands of Hirtir, speculates that the shape of Hirta resembles a stag, hirtir being "stags" in Norse.^[141]

The etymology of small islands may be no less complex. In relation to Dubh Artach, R. L. Stevenson believed that "black and dismal" was a translation of the name, noting that "as usual, in Gaelic, it is not the only one."^[142]

Island	Derivation	Language	Meaning	Munro (1549)	Alternatives
Taransay		Norse	Taran's island[143]	Tarandsay
Scarba		Norse	cormorant island[132]	Skarbay
Scarp	Skarpoe[144]	Norse	"barren"[132] or "stony"	Scarpe
Pabbay		Norse	priest island[145]	Pabay
Hirta	Hirt	Possibly Old Irish	death	Hirta	Numerous - see above
Mingulay	Mikilay	Norse	big island[146]	Megaly	"Main hill island".[147] Murray (1973) states that the name “appropriately means Bird Island”.[148]
Ronay		Norse	rough island[149]
Sandray	Sandray[150]	Norse	sand island[131]	Sanderay
Wiay		Norse	Possibly "house island"[151]
Ceann Ear	Ceann Ear	Gaelic	east headland

Natural history

In some respects the Hebrides generally lack biodiversity in comparison to mainland Britain, with for example only half the number of mammalian species the latter has.^[152] However these islands provide breeding grounds for many important seabird species including the world's largest colony of northern gannets.^[153] Avian life includes the corncrake, red-throated diver, rock dove, kittiwake, tystie, Atlantic puffin, goldeneye, golden eagle and white-tailed sea eagle.^[154][155] The last named was re-introduced to Rùm in 1975 and has successfully spread to various neighbouring islands, including Mull.^[156] There is a small population of red-billed chough concentrated on the islands of Islay and Colonsay.^[157]

Red deer are common on the hills and the grey seal and common seal are present around the coasts of Scotland in internationally important numbers, with colonies of the former found on Oronsay and the Treshnish Isles.^[158][159] The rich freshwater streams contain brown trout, Atlantic salmon and water shrew.^[160][161] Offshore, minke whales, Killer whales, basking sharks, porpoises and dolphins are among the sealife that can be seen.^[162][163]

The open landscapes of Benbecula

Heather moor containing ling, bell heather, cross-leaved heath, bog myrtle and fescues is abundant and there is a diversity of Arctic and alpine plants including Alpine pearlwort and mossy cyphal.^[164]

Loch Druidibeg on South Uist is a national nature reserve owned and managed by Scottish Natural Heritage. The reserve covers 1,677 hectares across the whole range of local habitats.^[165] Over 200 species of flowering plants have been recorded on the reserve, some of which are nationally scarce.^[166] South Uist is considered the best place in the UK for the aquatic plant slender naiad, which is a European Protected Species.^[167][168]

There has been considerable controversy over hedgehogs. The animals are not native to the Outer Hebrides having been introduced in the 1970s to reduce garden pests, but their spread has posed a threat to the eggs of ground nesting wading birds. In 2003, Scottish Natural Heritage undertook culls of hedgehogs in the area although these were halted in 2007 with trapped animals then being relocated to the mainland.^[169][170]

See also

• Scottish island names
• Geology of Scotland
• Timeline of prehistoric Scotland
• Fauna of Scotland
• New Hebrides
• Languages of Scotland
• Goidelic substrate hypothesis
• Insular Celtic languages
• Canadian Boat-Song

References and footnotes

Notes

1. Rollinson (1997) states that the oldest rocks in Europe have been found "near Gruinard Bay" on the Scottish mainland. Gillen (2003) p. 44 indicates the oldest rocks in Europe are found "in the Northwest Highlands and Outer Hebrides". McKirdy, Alan Gordon, John & Crofts, Roger (2007) Land of Mountain and Flood: The Geology and Landforms of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. p. 93 state of the Lewisian gneiss bedrock of much of the Outer Hebrides that "these rocks are amongst the oldest to be found anywhere on the planet". Other non-geological sources sometimes claim the rocks of Lewis and Harris are "the oldest in Britain", meaning that they are the oldest deposits of large bedrock. As Rollinson makes clear they are not the location of the oldest small outcrop.
2. Murray (1973) notes that "Western Isles" has tended to mean "Outer Hebrides" since the creation of the Na h-Eileanan an Iar or Western Isles parliamentary constituency in 1918. Murray also notes that "Gneiss Islands" – a reference to the underlying geology – is another name used to refer to the Outer Hebrides, but that its use is "confined to books".^[6]
3. Thompson (1968) provides a more literal translation: "Fire played in the fig-trees of Liodhus; it mounted up to heaven. Far and wide the people were driven to flight. The fire gushed out of the houses".^[23]
4. The transitional relationships between Norse and Gaelic-speaking rulers are complex. The Gall-Ghàidhels who dominated much of the Irish Sea region and western Scotland at this time were of joint Gaelic and Scandinavian origin. When Somerled wrested the southern Inner Hebrides from Godred the Black in 1156, this was the beginnings of a break with nominal Norse rule in the Hebrides. Godred remained the ruler of Mann and the Outer Hebrides, but two years later Somerled's invasion of the former caused him to flee to Norway. Norse control was further weakened in the ensuring century, but the Hebrides were not formally ceded by Norway until 1266.^[29][30] The transitions from one language to another are also complex. For example, many Scandinavian sources from this period of time typically refer to individuals as having a Scandinavian first name and a Gaelic by-name.^[31]
5. There are two inhabited islands called "Grimsay" or Griomasaigh that are joined to Benbecula by a road causeway, one to the north at grid reference NF855572 and one to the south east at grid reference NF831473.
6. See above note.

Citations

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3. General Register Office for Scotland (28 November 2003) Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands. (pdf) Retrieved 22 January 2011. Archived May 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
4. Keay & Keay (1994) p. 507.
5. Encyclopædia Britannica (1978) states: Hebrides – group of islands of the west coast of Scotland extending in an arc between 55.35 and 58.30 N and 5.26 and 8.40 W." This includes Gigha, St Kilda and everything up to Cape Wrath – although not North Rona.
6. Murray (1973) p. 32.
7. Thompson (1968) pp. 24–26
8. Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards & Ralston (2003) p. 70
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22. Hunter (2000) p. 102
23. Thompson (1968) p 39
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26. Thompson (1968) p. 37
27. Thompson (1968) p. 39
28. Rotary Club (1995) pp. 27, 30
29. Gregory (1881) pp. 13-15, 20-21
30. Downham (2007) pp. 174-75.
31. Gammeltoft, Peder "Scandinavian Naming-Systems in the Hebrides: A Way of Understanding how the Scandinavians were in Contact with Gaels and Picts?" in Ballin Smith et al (2007) p. 480
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79. Watson (1994) p. 37
80. Watson (1994) p. 45
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84. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 80
85. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 262.
86. Thompson (1968) p. 13.
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90. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 17
91. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 19
92. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 46
93. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 50
94. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 218
95. Mac an Tàilleir (2003)
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97. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 117
98. Watson (1994) p. 93
99. Gammeltoft (2010) pp. 482, 486
100. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 143
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118. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 47
119. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 84
120. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 69
121. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 109
122. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 70
123. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 83
124. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 65
125. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 132
126. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 93
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128. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 102
129. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 138
130. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 153
131. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 103
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136. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 195
137. Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 102
138. Buchanan (1983) Pages 2–6.
139. Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 314–25.
140. Watson (1994) p. 97
141. Maclean (1977) page 33.
142. Stevenson (1872) p. 10.
143. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 111
144. Haswell-Smith (2004) p 285
145. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 94
146. Buxton (1995) p. 33
147. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 87
148. Murray (1973) p. 41.
149. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 101
150. Buxton (1995) p. 158
151. Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 118
152. Murray (1973) p. 72
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General references

• Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2517-X
• Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; and Williams, Gareth (2007) West over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Leiden. Brill.
• Benvie, Neil (2004) Scotland's Wildlife. London. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-978-2
• Buchanan, Margaret (1983) St Kilda: a Photographic Album. W. Blackwood. ISBN 0-85158-162-5
• Buxton, Ben. (1995) Mingulay: An Island and Its People. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-874744-24-6
• Downham, Clare "England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century" in Gillingham, John (ed) (2004) Anglo-Norman Studies XXVI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2003. Woodbridge. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-072-8
• Fraser Darling, Frank; Boyd, J. Morton (1969). The Highlands and Islands. The New Naturalist. London: Collins. First published in 1947 under title: Natural history in the Highlands & Islands; by F. Fraser Darling. First published under the present title 1964.
• Gammeltoft, Peder (2010) "Shetland and Orkney Island-Names – A Dynamic Group". Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009, edited by Robert McColl Millar.
• "Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands". (28 November 2003) General Register Office for Scotland. Edinburgh. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
• Gillies, Hugh Cameron (1906) The Place Names of Argyll. London. David Nutt.
• Gregory, Donald (1881) The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493 - 1625. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 2008 reprint - originally published by Thomas D. Morrison. ISBN 1-904607-57-8
• Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
• Hunter, James (2000) Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh. Mainstream. ISBN 1-84018-376-4
• Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins.
• Lynch, Michael (ed) (2007) Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923482-0.
• Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003) Ainmean-àite/Placenames. (pdf) Pàrlamaid na h-Alba. Retrieved 26 August 2012.

• Maclean, Charles (1977) Island on the Edge of the World: the Story of St. Kilda. Edinburgh. Canongate ISBN 0-903937-41-7
• Monro, Sir Donald (1549) A Description Of The Western Isles of Scotland. Appin Regiment/Appin Historical Society. Retrieved 3 March 2007. First published in 1774.
• Murray, W. H. (1966) The Hebrides. London. Heinemann.
• Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland. London. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 0-413-30380-2
• Omand, Donald (ed.) (2006) The Argyll Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-480-0
• Ordnance Survey (2009) "Get-a-map". Retrieved 1–15 August 2009.
• Rotary Club of Stornoway (1995) The Outer Hebrides Handbook and Guide. Machynlleth. Kittiwake. ISBN 0-9511003-5-1
• Slesser, Malcolm (1970) The Island of Skye. Edinburgh. Scottish Mountaineering Club.
• Steel, Tom (1988) The Life and Death of St. Kilda. London. Fontana. ISBN 0-00-637340-2
• Stevenson, Robert Louis (1995) The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock, Argyllshire. California. Silverado Museum. Based on an 1872 manuscript and edited by Swearingen, R.G.
• Thompson, Francis (1968) Harris and Lewis, Outer Hebrides. Newton Abbot. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4260-6
• Watson, W. J. (1994) The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-323-5. First published 1926.
• Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5

External links

• Hebrides/Western Isles Guide
• National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE (selection of archive films about the Hebrides)

Coordinates: 57°50′N 7°00′W / 57.833°N 7.000°W