Recreational dive sites

Recreational dive sites include specific places that recreational scuba divers go to enjoy the underwater environment. This includes publicly accessible recreational diver training sites and technical diving sites beyond the range generally accepted for recreational diving. In this context all diving done for recreational purposes is included. Professional diving tends to be done where the job is, and with the exception of the recreational diving service industry, does not generally occur at specific sites chosen for their easy access, pleasant conditions or interesting features.

Bodies of water commonly used for recreational diving

• Sea and Ocean shorelines and shoals. These are salt water sites and may support high biodiversity of plant and animal life forms. Shipwrecks are also common on some coasts, and are very popular attractions for a large number of divers.
• Lakes, usually containing fresh water. Large lakes have many features of seas including wrecks and a variety of aquatic life. Artificial lakes, such as clay pits, gravel pits, and quarries often have lower visibility. Some lakes are at high altitude and may require special considerations for altitude diving. Abandoned and flooded quarries are popular in inland areas for diver training and sometimes also recreational diving. Rock quarries may have reasonable underwater visibility as there is not as much mud or silt cause low visibility. As they are not natural environments and usually privately owned, quarries often contain features intentionally placed for divers to explore, such as sunken boats, automobiles, aircraft, and abandoned machinery and structures.
• Rivers generally contain fresh water but are often shallow and murky and may have strong currents.
• Caves containing water provide exotic and interesting, though relatively hazardous, opportunities for exploration.

Popular features of dive sites

NASA image showing locations of significant coral reefs, which are often sought out by divers for their abundant, diverse life forms.

There are a wide range of underwater features which may contribute to the popularity of a dive site:

• Accessibility is important, but not critical. Some divers will travel long distances at considerable cost to get to a site with exceptional features.
• Biodiversity at the site: Popular examples are coral, sponges, fish, sting rays, molluscs, cetaceans, seals, sharks and crustaceans.
• The Topography of the site: Coral reefs, walls (underwater cliffs), rocky reefs, gullies, caves and swim-throughs (short tunnels or arches) can be spectacular.
• Historical or cultural items at the site: Ship wrecks, sunken aircraft and achaeological sites, apart from their historical value, form artificial habitats for marine life making them more attractive as dive sites.
• Underwater visibility: This can vary widely between sites and with time and other conditions. Poor visibility is caused by suspended particles in the water, such as mud, silt, suspended organic matter and plankton. Currents and surge can stir up the particles. Rainfall runoff can carry particulate matter from the shore. Diving close to the sediments on the bottom can result in the particles being kicked up by the divers fins. Sites which generally have good visibility are preferred, but poor visibility will often be tolerated if the site is sufficiently attractive for other reasons.
• Water temperature: Warm water diving is comfortable and convenient, and requires less equipment. Although cold water is uncomfortable and can cause hypothermia it can be interesting because different species of underwater life thrive in cold conditions.
• Currents and tidal flows can transport nutrients to underwater environments increasing the variety and density of life at a site. Currents can also be dangerous to divers as they can carry the diver being away from the surface support or the planned exit point. Currents that meet flow over or around large obstructions can cause strong local vertical currents and turbulence that are dangerous because they may cause the diver to lose buoyancy control risking barotrauma, or impact against the bottom terrain.

Regions where recreational diving is a major tourist industry

• Great Barrier Reef of Australia
• Apo Island in the Philippines

Regions of notable biodiversity

Temperate

The Cape Peninsula (Cape Town, South Africa)

Recreational dive sites of the greater Cape Town region.

Marine bioregions of the South African coast

The Cape Peninsula marks the boundary between the cool temperate South-western Cape bioregion, which extends from Cape Columbine to Cape Point, and is dominated by the cold Benguela current, and the warm temperate Agulhas inshore marine bioregion to the east of Cape Point which extends eastwards to the Mbashe River. The break at Cape Point is very distinct in the inshore depth ranges, and the waters of the east and west sides of the peninsula support noticeably different ecologies, though there is a significant overlap of resident organisms. There are a large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline.

Tropical

• Great Barrier Reef
• Indonesia
• The Red Sea

Dive sites of unique or exceptional interest

Wreck dive sites

Vessel Name	Position	Location	Country/Territory
Adolphus Busch		Looe Key, Florida	United States
USS Arthur W. Radford		Cape May, New Jersey	United States
HMAS Adelaide		Avoca Beach, New South Wales	Australia
Antipolis	S33°59.06’ E018°21.37’	Oudekraal, Cape Town	South Africa
Aster	S34°03.891’ E018°20.955’	Hout Bay, Cape Town	South Africa
RMS Athens	S33°53.85’ E018°24.57’	Mouille Point, Cape Town	South Africa
HNLMS Bato	S34°10.998’ E018°25.560’	Simon's Town	South Africa
Bia	S34°16'12.7" E018°22'38.3"	Olifantsbospunt, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
USCGC Bibb[1]		Florida	United States
SAS Bloemfontein	S34°14.655’ E018°39.952’	False Bay, Western Cape	South Africa
Barge Boss 400	S34°02.216’ E018°18.573’	Leeuwgat Bay, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
HMAS Brisbane		Mooloolaba, Queensland	Australia
East Indiaman Brunswick	S34°10.880’ E018°25.607’	Simon's Town, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
HMAS Canberra		Barwon Heads, Victoria	Australia
HMNZS Canterbury		Bay of Islands	New Zealand
HMCS Cape Breton[2]		British Columbia	Canada
Cape Matapan	S34°53.233' E018°24.533'	Table Bay, Cape Town	South Africa
Captain Keith Tibbetts		Cayman Brac	Cayman Islands
CS Charles L Brown[3]		Sint Eustatius	Leeward Islands
HMCS Chaudière[2]		British Columbia	Canada
Clan Monroe	S34°08.817' E18°18.949'	Kommetjie, Cape Town	South Africa
Clan Stuart	S34°10.303’ E018°25.842’	Simon's Town, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
HMCS Columbia[2]		British Columbia	Canada
USCGC Cuyahoga		Virginia Capes	United States
Australian Army ship Crusader		Flinders Reef off Cape Moreton, Queensland	Australia
Daeyang Family		Robben Island, Cape Town	South Africa
Dania[4]		Mombasa	Kenya
SAS Fleur	S34°10.832’ E018°33.895’	False Bay, Western Cape	South Africa
USCGC Duane[1]		Florida	United States
Fontao		Durban	South Africa
G.B. Church[2]		British Columbia	Canada
SAS Gelderland	S34°02.070’ E018°18.180’	Leeuwgat Bay, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
Gemsbok		Cape Town	South Africa
SATS General Botha	S34°13.679’ E018°38.290’	False Bay	South Africa
USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg (T-AGM-10)[5]		Key West, Florida	United States
Glen Strathallan		Plymouth	United Kingdom
SAS Good Hope	S34°16.054’ E018°28.850’	Smitswinkel Bay, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
HMAS Hobart		Yankalilla Bay, South Australia	Australia
VOIC ship Het Huis te Kraaiestein	S33°58.85’ E018°21.65’	Oudekraal, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
Barque Highfields	S33°53’07.9” E18°25’49.8”	Table Bay, Cape Town	South Africa
Hypatia	S33°50.10’ E018°22.90’	Robben Island, Cape Town	South Africa
Inganess Bay[6]			British Virgin Islands
Katsu Maru	S34°03.903’ E018°20.949’	Hout Bay, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
Keryavor and the Jo May	S34°02.037’ E018°18.636’	Leeuwgat Bay, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
USS Kittiwake		West Bay, Grand Cayman	Cayman Islands
Lusitania	S34°23.40’ E018°29.65’	Bellows Rock, Cape Point	South Africa
HMCS Mackenzie[2]		British Columbia	Canada
Maori	S34°02.062’ E018°18.793’	Leeuwgat Bay, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
HMCS Nipigon		Quebec	Canada
Oakburn	S34°02.216’ E018°18.573’	Leeuwgat Bay, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
USS Oriskany[7]		Florida	United States
MFV Orotava	S34°15.998’ E018°28.774’	Smitswinkel Bay, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
Oro Verde[8]			Cayman Islands
P29 Patrol Boat		Ċirkewwa	Malta
P87		Simon's Town	South Africa
HMAS Perth[9]		Albany, Western Australia	Australia
SAS Pietermaritzburg	S34°13.300’ E018° 28.452’	Miller's Point, Western Cape near Simon’s Town	South Africa
MFV Princess Elizabeth	S34°16.068’ E018°28.839’	Smitswinkel Bay, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
Quarry Barge	S34°09.395’ E018°26.474’	Glencairn, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
USS Rankin		Stuart, Florida	United States
Rockeater	S34°16.127’ E018°28.890’	Smitswinkel Bay, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
Romelia	S34°00.700’ E018°19.860’	Llandudno, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
Rozi		Ċirkewwa	Malta
SA Seafarer	S33°53.80’ E018°23.80’	Mouille Point, Cape Town	South Africa
HMCS Saskatchewan[2]		British Columbia	Canada
USS Scrimmage (MS Mahi)		Waianae, Hawaii	United States
HMS Scylla		Whitsand Bay, Cornwall	United Kingdom
USS Spiegel Grove[10]		Florida	United States
Stanegarth		Stoney Cove	United Kingdom
Star of Africa		Albatross Rock, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
HMAS Swan[11]		Dunsborough, Western Australia	Australia
T-Barge		Durban	South Africa
HMNZS Tui		Tutukaka Heads	New Zealand
Um El Faroud		Qrendi	Malta
Thomas T. Tucker		Olifantsbospunt, Cape peninsula	South Africa
SAS Transvaal	S33°16.005’ E018°28.761’	Smitswinkel Bay	South Africa
MV Treasure	S 33°40.30’ E 18°19.90’	Koeberg	South Africa
Umhlali	S34°16.435' E18°22.487'	Olifantsbospunt, Cape Peninsula	South Africa
HMNZS Waikato		Tutukaka	New Zealand
HMNZS Wellington		Wellington	New Zealand
"Wreck Alley" – The Marie L, The Pat and The Beata[12]			British Virgin Islands
Wreck Alley		San Diego, California	United States
Xihwu Boeing 737[2]		British Columbia	Canada
HMCS Yukon[2]		San Diego, California	United States
USAT Liberty[13]		Tulamben, Bali	Indonesia

Reef dive sites

Coral reef areas

Region/reef system name	Location	Country/Territory
Belize Barrier Reef	Caribbean	Belize
Chuuk	South western Pacific Ocean	Federated States of Micronesia
Great Barrier Reef	Queensland	Australia
Hurghada	Red Sea, Indian Ocean	Egypt
John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park	Florida	United States
Marsa Alam	Red Sea, Indian Ocean	Egypt
Diving in the Maldives	Indian Ocean	Maldives
Ras Muhammad National Park	Red Sea	Egypt
Diving in Thailand	Indian Ocean, South east Asia	Thailand

Cave dive sites

Cave system name	Position	Location	Country/Territory
Boesmansgat		Mpumalanga	South Africa
Sistema Dos Ojos		Yucatán	Mexico
Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich		Yucatán	Mexico
Sistema Ox Bel Ha		Yucatán	Mexico
Sistema Sac Actun		Yucatán	Mexico
Zacatón			Mexico

Quarry dive sites

Wazee Lake near Black River Falls, Wisconsin is a former iron mining quarry now used for scuba diving and other uses.

Scuba diving quarries are depleted or abandoned rock quarries that have been allowed to fill with ground water, and rededicated to the purpose of scuba diving.^[14] They offer deep, clean, clear, still, fresh water with excellent visibility, and have no currents or undertow. They are often used as training sites for new divers, where classes and certification dives are carried out.^[14] Scuba diving quarries are often stocked with fish, for the divers to enjoy, and often feature contrived “wreck” sites, such as sunken boats, cars, and aircraft for divers to explore while diving. Many have some manner of dive shop on site to offer air fills, replacement diving equipment, and rentals. Oftentimes lodging or camping is available on site as well.^[15]

Water Conditions

Being lined with stone, instead of earth or clay, most new quarries chosen for the purpose of scuba diving have remarkably clear water. This increases visibility to a much larger field of view underwater than is offered by most inland lakes. Clean, clear ground water is the primary source of the water that fills most quarries once they are no longer being pumped out for mining operations. Many quarry mining operations are located in areas where filling from other, less clean sources, such as rivers and lakes is not as likely.

Over time, however, most quarries tend to become filled with erosive materials, causing many to acquire a heavy green tint color (due to algae build-up)and silty "mayonnaise" bottoms, with muck accumulations of several inches. Most quarry operators do very little to restrict the entry of erosive materials, which is why many scuba divers use adjectives like "cold, green, and dirty" to describe the quarry diving experience.(<---opinion?)

Equipment Required

Fresh water scuba diving does not require much different equipment then oceanic diving, although some cold water diving gear is very important, depending on the geographic location and time of year that is being dived. With water temperatures decreasing as depth increases, water temperatures at depth have been known to be as low as 35 degrees Fahrenheit. In those types of temperatures dry suit diving is recommended,^[16] but in slightly warmer temps, heavy wetsuit diving is possible, and with the use of hoods, gloves and core warming wetsuits, a diver can dive in relative comfort for long periods of time in water temps down to 40-45 degrees Fahrenheit. Diving in fresh water is less harmful to most scuba gear then salt water, and requires less post dive maintenance.^[17]

"Wreck" Sites

Operators of many scuba diving quarries will often add objects or debris fields to the bottom of the quarry for divers to explore while scuba diving. Mostly these are man made objects such as boats, cars, and trucks. Some quarries have such large objects as school buses, small buildings, and even commercial airliners sunken to the bottom. Often these sites are mapped out and marked with guide lines under the water.^[18][19][20]

Types of Fish

Often, operators of scuba diving quarries make efforts to stock the quarry with fish, to provide enjoyment for divers using their facilities. Most common are the same types of fish that thrive naturally in local lakes and rivers. Some quarries are known for the size and quantity of these fish, and some quarries have schools of rare, not often seen species of fish living in their waters, which are not native to the area.

Examples

• Dutch Springs, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
• Wazee Lake, Black River Falls, Wisconsin
• Quarry Park, St. Cloud, Minnesota
• Portsmouth Mine Pit Lake and Cuyuna Country State Recreation Area, near Crosby, Minnesota
• Stoney Cove, between Stoney Stanton and Sapcote in Leicestershire
• Dosthill quarry, near Tamworth, Staffordshire
• National Diving and Activity Centre, at Tidenham, Gloucestershire

Temporary list of Wikipedia dive site articles

Temperate rocky reefs

• Poor Knights Islands New Zealand
• Inland Sea, Gozo Malta

References

1. Williams, Chris; Bowen, Linda (2008). "Wrecks of the Duane and Bibb" (PDF). Advanced Diver Magazine Ezine (1, reprinted from ADM issue 4): 62–72. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
2. "ARSBC". Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
3. "Charlie Brown Artificial Reef". Golden Rock Dive Center. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
4. "5 Star PADI IDC Centre, Kenya, Zanzibar". Buccaneer Diving. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
5. "Vandenberg sinking this morning". MSNBC. Associated Press. 2009-05-27. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
6. "BVI Dive Site: Wreck of the Inganess Bay". Bvidiving.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
7. Barnette, Michael C. (2008). Florida's Shipwrecks. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5413-6.
8. "The Cayman Islands Shipwreck Expo Directory Capt. Dan Berg's Guide to Shipwrecks information". Aquaexplorers.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
9. "HMAS Perth (II) - Royal Australian Navy". Navy.gov.au. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
10. "The ''Spiegel Grove'' is believed to be the largest ever wreck deliberately sunk as a diving site". Fla-keys.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
11. "HMAS Swan (III) - Royal Australian Navy". Navy.gov.au. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
12. "Cooper Island". Dive BVI. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
13. "DailyDive.com - Scuba Diving Community". DailyDive. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
14. http://www.padi.com/scuba/default.aspx
15. http://www.divessi.com/
16. p.a.d.i. diving manual
17. http://www.huronscuba.com/diveInfo/documents/definitions/basicScubaDivingEquipment.html
18. http://www.divegilboa.com/
19. http://www.portagequarry.com/
20. http://www.whitestarquarry.com

External links

Media related to Underwater diving sites at Wikimedia Commons