Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)

Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)

Scheme of territories after the Boundary Treaty of 1866. The 1874 Boundary Treaty deleted the common benefits zone.
Type Defense Pact[1]
Context Atacama border dispute
Signed February 6, 1873 (1873-02-06)
Location Lima, Peru
Negotiators Jose de la Riva-Aguero, Juan de la Cruz Benavente
Signatories Peru:
Jose de la Riva-Aguero
Bolivia:
Juan de la Cruz Benavente
Parties Peru, Bolivia
Language Spanish
en:Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru) at Wikisource

The Treaty of Defensive Alliance was a secret defense pact between the South American countries of Bolivia and Peru signed in the Peruvian capital of Lima on February 6, 1873. The document was composed of eleven central articles, outlining its necessity and stipulations, and one additional article that prevented its publication until it was deemed necessary by both contracting parties. The signatory states were represented by the Peruvian Minister of Foreign Affairs, José de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren, and the Bolivian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Peru, Juan de la Cruz Benavente.

After release, the pact's publicly stated intentions were to guarantee the integrity, independence, and sovereignty of the contracting parties in a system of mutual defense between Peru and Bolivia against Chile. Peru and Bolivia sought in vain in 1873-74, 1879 and during the War of the Pacific to secure themselves drawing on Argentina (who was involved in border disputes with Chile) into the pact and Argentina for its part sought to enter the pact in 1875 and 1878, as territorial disputes with Chile heightened.

Although the treaty was signed in secrecy, the treaty's existence was allegedly known by Chile. The defensive nature of the treaty has also been questioned by the government of Chile, which considered it offensive and aimed at Chile. The treaty ultimately became one of the causes for the War of the Pacific.

History

At the beginning of the 1870s the relations between Bolivia and Chile were strained because of the, for both sides, unsatisfactory Border Treaty of 1866. Furthermore, in August 1872 Quintin Quevedo, a Bolivian diplomat, follower of 1871 toppled president Mariano Melgarejo, started an expedition from Valparaiso against the Bolivian Government, allegedly with the connivance of the Chilean authority. Peru, at that time having naval supremacy in the South Pacific, sent the Huáscar and Chalaco warships to the Bolivian coast and told the Chilean Government that Peru would not accept foreign intervention in Bolivia.

In early November 1872 the Bolivian Assembly authorized the government to negotiate and ratify a Peruvian alliance. A few days later, the Peruvian Foreign Affairs Minister José de la Riva Agüero disclosed in the Council of Minister the will of the Bolivian Government and three months later, on 6 February 1873, a Secret Treaty of Alliance between Peru and Bolivia was signed in Lima. (See English version of the treaty in wikisource:Secret Treaty of Alliance between Peru and Bolivia of 1873.) Four days after the signing of the treaty the Peruvian Chamber of Deputies asked the executive in a secret session to purchase naval armaments.

Besides the geopolitical Peruvian interest to control the South Pacific Coast, there was also an economic interest. On 18 January 1873 there was promulgated in Peru a Monopoly Law over Nitrate Export, to become effective in 2 months. But the difficulties in the way of establishing the monopoly would prove insurmountable and the project was shelved. Miller and Greenhill state in The Peruvian Government and the Nitrate Trade, 1873-1879: This development was doubly significant. it was the first Peruvian attempt to run public policy through a privately owned institution. It also clearly suggested that the estanco, now successfully delayed, was still a future possibility[2] In fact, in 1875 Peru's government expropriated the salitreras of Tarapaca in order to secure revenue from guano and nitrate by means of a monopoly. But the nitrate from Peru had to compete with nitrate from Bolivia produced by Chilean capitalists.

In order to strengthen the alliance against Chile, Peru sought to bring Argentina, involved in a territorial dispute with Chile over Patagonia, the Strait of Magellan, and Tierra del Fuego, into the alliance, and sent Manuel Irigoyen (not to be confused with the Argentine Minister Bernardo de Irigoyen) to Buenos Aires. Bolivia didn't have a Minister in Argentina, hence she was also represented by M. Irigoyen. On 24 September 1873 the Argentine Chamber of Deputies approved the signing of the treaty and additional military funds for $6,000,000. The Argentine Government, under President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Carlos Tejedor as Foreign Affairs Minister, still required the approval of the Argentine Senate.[N 1]

But the three countries had different aims at stake: Argentina and Peru were much concerned about the possible hostile reaction of Brazil and feared a Brazil-Chile axis. Bolivia and Argentina didn't reach an agreement in the Chaco-Tarija territorial dispute. Hence, Argentina asked to dismiss the 1866 Bolivia-Chile Treaty as casus foederis and offered to Peru an Argentina-Peru alliance against Chile (to protect Peru against a Chile-Bolivia Pact[3]).

On 28 September 1873 the matter was discussed in the Argentine Senate and the decision postponed until 1 May 1874 and apparently also approved it requiring that it should be completed by the addition of certain declarations. These changes were resisted by Bolivian Foreign Affairs Minister Baptista.[4]

Brazil ordered its Ministers in Peru and Argentina to investigate a rumored alliance Peru-Argentina-Bolivia regarding any implications such an alliance might have for Brazil and its strained relations to Argentina. Peru discreetly assured Brazil that the treaty did not affect its interest and delivered a copy of the treaty to the Brazilian Minister. Moreover, in order to quiet Brazil, Peruvian President Manuel Pardo asked Argentina and Bolivia to introduce a new clause into the Protocol, complementary to the Treaty, making it clear that the Secret Treaty was not aimed at Brazil but at Chile:[5][6]

The Alliance will not deal with questions which for political or territorial reasons may arise between the Confederation and the Empire of Brazil, but will only treat of the boundary questions between the Argentine Republic, Bolivia and Chile, and the other questions that may arise between the contracting counties.
In a caricature published on 22 November 1879 in the Chilean magazine "El Barbero". Dictator of Bolivia, Hilarion Daza (leftmost), presidents of Peru, Mariano Ignacio Prado, and Argentina Nicolas Avellaneda (with top-hat) put themselves on the scales to act as a counterbalance against the Chilean military supremacy, represented by a cannonball put at the other side by the Chilean Minister Domingo Santa Maria, who was considered the mastermind of the Chilean Government.[7]:394
Avellaneda says: I can't get it. Don Domingo's cannonballs are really heavy!
Actually, the Chilean Government ceded its rights over East Patagonia to Argentina in 1881, during the war, in order to prevent a two-front war.

In this state of the affairs two things happened which completely modified the situation: on 6 August 1874 Bolivia and Chile signed a new Boundary Treaty and on December 26, 1874, the recently built ironclad Cochrane arrived in Valparaíso. It threw the balance of South Pacific power towards Chile. From that moment Peru realized the potentiality of the Patagonian conflict in which she did not wish to become involved and aware of Argentina's opposition to involvement in the West Coast politics (except for Chile), Peru instructed her Minister in Argentina to cease all efforts to get Argentina to join her secret pact. These events and the replacing of D. Sarmiento by Nicolas Avellaneda as President of Argentina, put an end, for the moment to the project of the Bolivia-Peru-Argentina alliance against Chile.[8]

In 1875 and 1877, when the Argentina-Chile territorial dispute flared up anew, it was Argentina that sought to join the pact, but Peru refused diplomatically. In October 1875 the Peruvian Foreign Minister wrote to his Minister in Buenos Aires regarding the Argentine proposals:[9][10]:96

I have pointed out to you how desirable it would be to delay the Protocol of adherence ...This is a matter which must be carried through with great care, since it is to our interest that the Argentine Government should not believe that we are hanging back, in consideration of the difficulties raised over the Patagonian question

After the official disclosure of the pact and prior to the Chilean declaration of war, during the Peruvian mediation, Chile asked Peru to declare itself neutral, but Peru refused to remain neutral and declared the casus foederis.

At the beginning of the War of the Pacific, in 1879, the Peruvian Government instructed its Minister in Buenos Aires Aníbal Víctor de la Torre to offer the Chilean territories between the 24°S and 27°S to Argentina if Argentina entered the war. Later, the offer was made again by the Peruvian Foreign Affairs Minister Manuel Irigoyen in Buenos Aires, who met President Avellaneda and Foreign Minister Montes de Oca. But it was refused by Argentina, because of lack of a powerful navy, as they said.[7]:387[11]

During the USS Lackawanna Peace Conference in October 1880, Chile asked, among others, to abrogate the secret pact. The conference failed.[12]

On 23 July 1881 Chile and Argentina signed a Boundary Treaty and put an end to Peruvian hopes that Argentina would enter the war.

Interpretation of the Treaty

While historians agree about most of the hard facts of the history of the pact, that is not the case of the content and interpretation of the treaty. Both sides agree that the treaty was oriented against Chile[3] but differ in how much Chile knew about the existence, content, and validity of the Treaty.[13]

The Peruvian historian Jorge Basadre asserts that it was a defensive alliance signed to protect the salitreras of Tarapaca, neighbor of the Bolivian salitreras in Antofagasta. The alliance, states Basadre, was a step further to creating a Lima-La Paz-Buenos Aires axis in order to guarantee the peace and stability of the American frontiers, also to prevent a Chilean-Bolivian Pact, that would cede Antofagasta and Tarapaca to Chile and Arica and Moquegua to Bolivia. He thinks that it could have been thought to impede the use of Bolivian territories by Nicolás de Piérola to conspire against the Government of Peru. Basadre denies any economic interests over the Bolivian salitreras, at least in 1873. He argues that the 1873 Nitrate Monopoly Law was an initiative of the legislative and not of the executive and he pleads that in 1875 as Peru began to buy licenses over Bolivian salitreras, Peru had dismissed to bring Argentina into the axis.[14][15]

Moreover, Peruvian historians consider the treaty legitimate, harmless and a mistake because it gave Chile a pretext for the war,[16] and that the Peruvian bargaining in Buenos Aires were just a defensive provision.[7]:372

On the other hand, Chilean historian Gonzalo Bulnes analyzes the content and the historical context of the treaty and deduces that, Peru and Chile having no common borders, the only territorial conflict that could have arisen was one between Bolivia and Chile and therefore Peru could remain neutral without failing in her Treaty obligations in opposition to Bolivia which was tied to Peru through the (art. VIII) restriction of the right celebrating Treaties affecting Boundaries, "or other territorial arrangements", without previous knowledge of the ally. He points out that the Bolivia-Chile dispute about the territories between 23°S and 24°S wouldn't change Peru's neighborhood, for in any case an intermediate Bolivian zone would remain between her frontiers and those of Chile, including the ports of Tocopilla and Cobija.[17]

Rather than analyze semantically the text of the treaty Bulnes' argument rests mainly upon private and diplomatic correspondence, and politician speeches before, during and after war. Many of the information is gathered from the "Godoy papers", documents of the Peruvian Foreign Affairs Ministry, that fell into Chilean hands during the Occupation of Lima[N 2]

Bulnes sees the pact as part of Peruvian move that would oblige Chile in 1873 to submit to arbitration what ever suited them (Peru, Argentina and Bolivia), and when that had been effected it would leave them with the domination of the Pacific and with the territory in dispute occupied by Bolivia:[18]

Since Chile, according to Peru, had this aspiration [to seize Bolivian Antofagasta], it was convenient for Bolivia to take advantage of Chile's lack of maritime forces and of the fact that Peru was in condition to impede the mobilization of troops in defense of the disputed territory. Moreover, she would have to move quickly because Chile was having two ironclads constructed in England.

Such was the idea, The means of carrying it out the following.

Bolivia was to declare that she would not respect the treaty of 1866, then in force, and should occupy the territory over which she claimed to have rights, that is to say, the salitre zone. Chile naturally would not accept the outrage and would declare war. It was necessary that the initiative of the break should come from Chile. After requesting England to embargo the Chilean ships in construction in the name of neutrality, Peru and Argentina would come into action with their fleets. I mention Argentina because the cooperation of that country formed part of Pardo's plan. ...

The advantage to each of them was clear enough. Bolivia would expand three degrees on the coast; Argentina would take possession of all our eastern territories to whatever point she liked; Peru would make Bolivia pay her with the salitre region.

— Gonzalo Bulnes, Causes of the War of the Pacific

Among others, Bulnes cited, a letter from the Peruvian Foreign Affairs Minister Riva Agüero to his Minister in Bolivia La Torre:[19]

So, then, what Bolivia, ought to do is to waste no more time in time-killing discussions that conduce to nothing ... [and should] by adopting some other measure conducive to the same end: always however so arranging matters that it is not Bolivia that breaks off relations but Chile that is obliged to do so. Relations once broken off and a state of war once declared, Chile could not obtain possession of her ironclads, and lacking force with which advantageously to attack, would find herself in the necessity of accepting the mediation of Peru, which could in case of necessity be converted into an armed mediation – if the forces of that republic sought to occupy Mejillones and Caracoles ...
— Peruvian Foreign Affairs Minister José de la Riva Agüero, Letter on 6 August 1873 to Peruvian Minister in Bolivia Aníbal Víctor de la Torre

Secrecy

It is still a matter of dispute in the Chilean historiography, to what extent the Chilean government or some Chilean politicians were informed about the treaty. Sergio Villalobos asserts that the treaty wasn't properly known in Chile until 1879.[13] But Chilean historian Mario Barros in his Historia diplomática de Chile, 1541-1938 states that the treaty was known from the very beginning.[7]:313

Consequences

One of the first consequences of the treaty was to bring together Brazil and Chile. As soon as the first rumors appeared about the new Peru-Bolivia-Argentina axis, they generated a closer cooperation between two states in conflict with some of the states in the axis. Brazil saw Argentina as a potential foe.

According to Basadre, Peru neglected her military because of an excessive trust in the treaty. As Antonio de Lavalle questioned Peruvian President Manuel Pardo about the new Chilean ironclads being built in Great Britain, Pardo answered that he also had two ironclads named "Bolivia" and "Buenos Aires", in reference to the axis.[20]

Bolivia, counting on its military alliance with Peru, challenged Chile with a violation of the 1874 Boundary Treaty.[21][22][23]

After its disclosure the treaty had a shocking impact on the Chilean public opinion, and therefore the treaty blocked any attempt of Peruvian mediation, sincere or not.[24]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ For a more extensive description of the Peruvian activities in Argentina, see Mario Barros (1970). Historia diplomática de Chile, 1541-1938. Andres Bello. pp. 308–. GGKEY:7T4TB12B4GQ.
  2. ↑ Bulnes 1920, p. 99, Joaquín Godoy was prior to the war Chilean Minister in Lima and returned to Lima when the Chilean Army occupied the city

References

  1. ↑ Gibler 2008, p. 176.
  2. ↑ Greenhill & Miller 1973:109-
  3. 1 2 Basadre 1964, p. Cap.1, pag.10, La Adhesión argentina a la Alianza
  4. ↑ Bulnes 1920, p. 74
  5. ↑ Bulnes 1920, p. 93
  6. ↑ Robert N. Burr (1967). By Reason Or Force: Chile and the Balancing of Power in South America, 1830-1905. University of California Press. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-0-520-02629-2.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Mario Barros (1970). Historia diplomática de Chile, 1541-1938. Andres Bello. GGKEY:7T4TB12B4GQ.
  8. ↑ Harold Eugene Davis (1977). Latin American Diplomatic History: An Introduction. LSU Press. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-0-8071-0286-2.
  9. ↑ Querejazu Calvo 1979, p. Cap.22
  10. ↑ Bulnes 1920
  11. ↑ La misión Balmaceda: asegurar la neutralidad argentina en la guerra del Pacífico
  12. ↑ Sater 2007, p. 302
  13. 1 2 Villalobos 2004, pp. 143–150
  14. ↑ Basadre 1964, p. Cap.1, pag.7, La Alianza Secreta
  15. ↑ Basadre 1964, p. Cap.1, pag.8, Significado del Tratado de Alianza
  16. ↑ Cavallo & Cruz 1980, p. Cap.4
  17. ↑ Bulnes 1920, p. 63–
  18. ↑ Bulnes 1920, p. 56
  19. ↑ Bulnes 1920, p. 71
  20. ↑ Basadre 1964, p. Cap.1, pag.41, Lavalle y el Tratado Secreto con Bolivia
  21. ↑ Benjamin Keen; Keith Haynes (23 January 2012). A History of Latin America. Cengage Learning. pp. 264–. ISBN 1-111-84140-3.
  22. ↑ Basadre 1964, p. Cap.1, pag.37, Apreciación sobre el estallido del conflicto chileno-boliviano
  23. ↑ Querejazu Calvo 1979, p. 217
  24. ↑ Basadre 1964, p. Cap.1, pag.43, Los tres obstáculos para la mediación

Bibliography

External links

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