Product-service system

A product-service system (PSS), also known as a function-oriented business model, is a business model, developed in academia, that is aimed at providing sustainability of both consumption and production.[1]

What is PSS?

Product Service Systems, put simply, are when a firm offers a mix of both products and services, in comparison to the traditional focus on products. As defined by (van Halen, te Riele, Goedkoop)[2] "a marketable set of products and services capable of jointly fulfilling a user's needs". PSSes can be realized by smart products.

The initial move to PSS was largely motivated by the need on the part of traditionally oriented manufacturing firms to cope with changing market forces and the recognition that services in combination with products could provide higher profits than products alone.[3] Faced with shrinking markets and increased commoditization of their products, these firms saw service provision as a new path towards profits and growth.[4]

While not all product service systems result in the reduction of material consumption, they are more widely being recognized as an important part of a firm's environmental strategy. In fact, some researchers have redefined PSS as necessarily including improved environmental improvement. For example,(Mont)defines PSS as "a system of products, services, supporting networks, and infrastructure that is designed to be competitive, satisfy customers' needs, and have a lower environmental impact than traditional business models"[5] Mont elaborates her definition as follows: A PSS is pre-designed system of products, service, supporting infrastructures, and necessary networks that is a so-called dematerialized solution to consumer preferences and needs. It has also been defined as a "self-learning" system, one of whose goals is continual improvement.[6]

This view of PSS is similar to other concepts commonly seen in the environmental management literature, such as "dematerialization"[7] and "servicizing."[8]

PSS has been used to create value for customer beyond selling products as functions. Typically, there are four approaches for PSS design. 1. Function-based PSS: add new functions to increase product value in the competing market. For example, GM added OnStar in 1992 to product emergency services for customers. It integrated GPS with vehicle sensory system for telematics-based on-demand services. 2. Value-added PSS: companies added new features to increase value of a product to expand its value to customers and users. Some earlier work on teleservice system has been done during 1990s.[9] For example, Otis Elevator added Remote Elevator Maintenance (REM) system to its fleet system to monitor their elevators to reduce failures. GE Healthcare (formerly GE Medical Systems) developed InSite to remotely monitor its medical equipment to reduce service costs and increase users benefits. 3. Evidence-based Service: companies use big data analytics to provide the actual saving and further develop a service contract for customer to pay for part of the saving. For example, GE Aviation Power By The Hour On-Wind Support system to reduce the fuel of aircraft engine and reduce maintenance costs through a Long-Term Service Contract (LTSC).[10]

There are many methodologies on PSS design. One of these is called Dominant Innovation system. It uses an Innovation Matrix to identified gaps from customer's fear, not needs based on scenario-based path finding. A new value-chain ecosystem can be further developed to link these gaps between two invisible spaces.[11] For example, John Deere developed Agric Service business based on the the customers' worries on soil related issues. It integrates sensors with GPS to develop cognitive site map about soil content to optimize the yield of crops production. In addition, Komatsu Japan used remote maintenance system (Komtrax) system and further integrated with intelligent analytics for proactive maintenance.[12]

Recent year, PSS has been further integrated with big data analytics for accelerated innovation. Other technologies such as Prognostics and Health Management and Cyber Physical Systems have further created service innovation technologies for PSS. For example, Alstom Transport System has been developing Train Tracer technologies since 2006. Currently, it is implementing Health Hub system for its transport fleets. In addition, NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center on Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS) has been developing predictive anlytics for aircraft engines, machine tools, robots, as well as wind turbines etc for expanded e-maintenance or cybermaintenance systems.[13]

Servicizing

"Servicizing" is a transaction through which value is provided by a combination of products and services in which the satisfaction of customer needs is achieved either by selling the function of the product rather than the product itself, or by increasing the service component of a product offer.[14] The concept is based on the idea that what customers want from products is not necessarily ownership, but rather the function that the product provides or the service the product can deliver.[15] This means that the provider of "servicizing solutions" may get paid by the unit-of-service (or product function) delivered, as opposed to the (more traditional) unit-of-products sold. See service economy for more on the servitization of products.

Types

One type of servicizing solutions is based on transactions where payment is made—not for the "product"—but for the "product-service package" (part of PSS) which has been sold to the customer. This servicized purchase extends the buying transaction from a one-time sale (product acquisition), to a long-term service relationship (such as in the case of a long-term maintenance-free service contract).[16]

Another type of servicizing may be a strategy for providing access to services for people who cannot afford to buy products outright. For example, in the case where auto ownership is economically unfeasible, creative servicizing offers at least three possible solutions: one in which transportation can be achieved simultaneously (as in car-pooling); one in which transportation can be achieved sequentially (as in car-sharing);[16] and one in which transportation can be achieved eventually (rent-to-own).

Types of PSS

There are various issues in the nomenclature of the discussion of PSS, not least that services are products, and need material products in order to support delivery, however, it has been a major focus of research for several years. The research has focussed on a PSS as system comprising tangibles (the products) and intangibles (the services) in combination for fulfilling specific customer needs. The research has shown that manufacturing firms are more amenable to producing "results", rather than solely products as specific artefacts, and that consumers are more amenable to consuming such results. This research has identified three classes of PSS:[17]

Van Ostaeyen et al.[18] criticize this typology for failing to capture the complexity of PSS examples found in practice. They propose an alternative that categorizes PSS types according to two distinguishing features: the performance orientation of the dominant revenue mechanism and the degree of integration between product and service elements. According to the first distinguishing feature, a PSS can be designated as input-based (IB), availability-based (AB), usage-based (UB) or performance-based (PB). The performance-based type can be further subdivided into three subtypes:

According to the second distinguishing feature, a PSS can be designated as segregated, semi-integrated, and integrated, depending on to what extent the product and service elements (e.g. maintenance service, spare parts) are combined into a single offering.

PSS examples

The following existing offerings illustrate the PSS concept:[19]

PSS case study

In the framework of the European research program of TURAS (Transitioning towards urban resilience and sustainability),[20] a study, in Belgium, explored new hybrid-combinations between products and services systems in order to develop new creative and sustainable business opportunities (both economically viable and creating new jobs) for the Brussels-Capital Region. Five workshops have been organized on the following topics:

  1. collaborative service communities
  2. urban sustainable food
  3. optimization of urban space
  4. urban eco-logistic
  5. exemplary public buildings

After 5 co-creation workshops, with more than 50 different stakeholders, and the use of specifics tools, 17 PSS inspiring and promising ideas were identified. After a selection process 4 were chosen for further development of their business models through a series of tools (debugging, light experimentation, simulation, etc.). The study led to the development of a practical toolkit (freely downloadable) : PSS Toolkit - Development of innovative business models for product-service systems in an urban context of sustainable transition.[21]

Impact of PSSes

Several authors assert that product service systems will improve eco-efficiency by what is termed "factor 4", i.e. an improvement by a factor of 4 times or more, by enabling new and radical ways of transforming what they call the "product-service mix" that satisfy consumer demands while also improving the effects upon the environment.[17]

van Halen et al. state that the knowledge of PSS enables both governments to formulate policy with respect to sustainable production and consumption patterns, and companies to discover directions for business growth, innovation, diversification, and renewal.[22]

Tietze and Hansen discuss the impact of PSS on firms' innovation behavior identifying three determinants. First, product ownership is not transferred to the customers, but remains with the PSS operating firm. Second, the purpose of a product is different if it is used within PSS solutions than compared to the purpose of products in classical transaction based business models. When offering PSS, products are used as a means for offering a service. Third, the profit function of PSS operating firms differs substantially from profit functions of firms that develop, manufacture and sell their products.[23]

From a manufacturer's perspective, the business potential of a PSS is determined by an interplay of four mechanisms: cost reduction, increased customer value, changes to the company's competitive environment and an expansion of the customer base.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ M.B. Cooka, T.A. Bhamrab and M. Lemonc (2006). "The Transfer and Application of Product Service Systems: From Academia to UK Manufacturing Firms". Journal of Cleaner Production (Elsevier Ltd) 14 (17): 1455–1465. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.01.018.
  2. ↑ Cees Van Halen, Carlo Vezzoli, Robert Wimmer (2005). Methodology for Product Service System Innovation. Assen: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. p. 21. ISBN 90-232-4143-6.
  3. ↑ M. Sawhney, S. Balasubramanian, and V. Krishnan, “Creating Growth with Services,” MIT Sloan Management Review (Winter 2004): 34-43.
  4. ↑ K. Bates, H. Bates, and R. Johnston, “Linking Service to Profit: The Business Case for Service Excellence,” International Journal of Service Industry Management 14, no. 2 (2003): 173-184; and R. Olivia and R. Kallenberg, “Managing the Transition from Products to Services,” 160-172.
  5. ↑ "Sustainable Services Systems (3S): Transition towards sustainability?"; Towards Sustainable Product Design, 6th International Conference, October 2001, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Centre for Sustainable Design. 2001-11-09.
  6. ↑ Bill Cope and Diana Kalantzis (2001). Print and Electronic Text Convergence. Common Ground. pp. 19, 26. ISBN 1-86335-071-3.
  7. ↑ Eva Heiskanen (2000). Dematerialisation: the potential of service-orientation and Information Technology; Eva Heiskanen, Mikko Jalas, and Anna Kärnä (2000). "The Dematerialisation Potential of Services and IT: Futures Studies Methods Perspectives". Quest for the Futures Seminar Presentation, Helsinki School of Economics, Organisation & Management, June 2000; Eva Heiskanen and Mikko Jalas (2000). Dematerialization Through Services — A Review and Evaluation of the Debate; Finnish Ministry of Environment. pp. 436.
  8. ↑ Rothenberg, Sandra, Sustainability Through Servicizing, Sloan Management Review, January, 2007; White, A., M. Stoughton, and L. Feng, “Servicizing: The Quiet Transition to Extended Product Responsibility.” Tellus Institute for Resource and Environmental Strategies, 1. [Submitted to The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste, May 1999].
  9. ↑ Lee, Jay (1998-01-01). "Teleservice engineering in manufacturing: challenges and opportunities". International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 38 (8): 901–910.
  10. ↑ "Center for Intelligent Maintenance Systems — IMS Center". www.imscenter.net. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  11. ↑ "Dominant Innovation Official Website". www.dominantinnovation.com. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  12. ↑ Lee, Jay; AbuAli, Mohamed (2011-01-01). "Innovative Product Advanced Service Systems (I-PASS): methodology, tools, and applications for dominant service design". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 52 (9-12): 1161–1173.
  13. ↑ Lee, Jay; Kao, Hung-An; Yang, Shanhu (2014-01-01). "Service innovation and smart analytics for industry 4.0 and big data environment". Procedia CIRP 16: 3–8.
  14. ↑ Toffel, Mike. "Contracting for Servicizing" (PDF). Harvard Business School. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  15. ↑ Stahel, W. (1994). The Utilisation-Focused Service Economy: Resource Efficiency and Product-Life Extension. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 178–190.
  16. 1 2 Stahel, W. (2010). The Performance Economy. London: Palgrave-MacMillan.
  17. 1 2 M Cook (2004). "Understanding the potential opportunities provided by service-orientated concepts to improve resource productivity". In Tracy Bhamra, Bernard Hon. Design and Manufacture for Sustainable Development 2004. John Wiley and Sons. p. 125. ISBN 1-86058-470-5.
  18. ↑ Van Ostaeyen, Joris; et al. "A refined typology of Product-Service Systems based on Functional Hierarchy Modeling". Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.036.
  19. ↑ Van Ostaeyen, Joris (2014). Analysis of the Business Potential of Product-Service Systems for Investment Goods. PhD thesis, KU Leuven. p. 2. ISBN 978-94-6018-805-3.
  20. ↑ "TURAS - Urban Resilience and Sustainability".
  21. ↑ Jegou, François; Gouache, Christophe; Mouazan, Erwan; Ansemme, Anne-Sophie; Liberman, Joëlle; Van Den Abeele, Patrick (2013). PSS Toolkit - Development of innovative business models for product-service systems in an urban context of sustainable transition. Brussels, Belgium.
  22. ↑ Cees Van Halen, Carlo Vezzoli, Robert Wimmer (2005). Methodology for Product Service System Innovation. Assen: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. pp. 21. ISBN 90-232-4143-6.
  23. ↑ Tietze and Hansen (2013). To Own or to Use – How Product Service Systems facilitate Eco-Innovation Behavior. Academy of Management Meeting, Orlando, Florida.
  24. ↑ Van Ostaeyen, Joris (2014). Analysis of the Business Potential of Product-Service Systems for Investment Goods. PhD thesis, KU Leuven. p. 39. ISBN 978-94-6018-805-3.

Further reading

Books and papers
On dematerialization
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