Seungsahn

Seungsahn
숭산

Seungsahn in October 2002

Seungsahn in October 2002
Religion Jogye Order of Korean Seon
School Kwan Um School of Zen
Education Dongguk University
Other names Dae Soensa-nim
Soensa-nim
Personal
Born Dok-In Lee / 이덕인 / 李德仁
(1927-08-01)August 1, 1927
Sunchon, occupied Korea
(now Sunchon, North Korea)
Died November 30, 2004(2004-11-30) (aged 77)
Hwagaesa, Seoul, South Korea
Senior posting
Title Dae Jongsa - Seonsanim
(Great Zen Master)
Predecessor Kobong
Successor Soenghyang
Chang Sik Kim
Religious career
Website www.kwanumzen.org

Seungsahn (Hangul: 숭산행원대선사; hanja: 崇山行願大禪師; RR: Sungsan Haeng'weon Daeseonsa, August 1, 1927 – November 30, 2004), born Duk-In Lee, was a Korean Seon master of the Jogye Order and founder of the international Kwan Um School of Zen. He was the seventy-eighth Patriarch in his lineage. As one of the early Korean Zen masters to settle in the United States, he opened many temples and practice groups across the globe. He was known for his charismatic style and direct presentation of Zen, which was well tailored for the Western audience.

Known by students for his many correspondences with them through letters, his utilization of dharma combat and expressions such as "only don't know" or "only go straight" in teachings, he was conferred the honorific title of Dae Jong Sa in June 2004 by the Jogye Order for a lifetime of achievements. Considered the highest honor to have bestowed upon one in the order, the title translates "Great Lineage Master" and was bestowed for his establishment of the World Wide Kwan Um School of Zen. He died in November that year at Hwagaesa in Seoul, South Korea, at age 77.

Early life and education

Seung Sahn was born in 1927 as Duk-In Lee (modern romanisation: Yi Deog'in) in Sunchon (순천), South Pyongan Province of occupied Korea (now North Korea) to Presbyterian parents. In 1944, he joined an underground resistance movement in response to the ongoing occupation of Korea by the Empire of Japan. He was captured by Japanese police shortly after, avoided a death sentence, and spent time in prison. Upon his release, he studied Western philosophy at Dongguk University. One day, a monk friend of his lent him a copy of the Diamond Sutra. While reading the text, he became inspired to ordain as a monk and left school, receiving the prātimokṣa precepts in 1948.[1][2] Seung Sahn then performed a one-hundred day solitary retreat in the mountains of Korea, living on a diet of pine needles and rain water. It is said he attained enlightenment on this retreat.

While seeking out a teacher who could confirm his enlightenment, he found Kobong, who told him to keep a not-knowing mind. In the fall of 1948, Seung Sahn learned dharma combat while sitting a one-hundred day sesshin at Sudeoksa—where he was known to stir up mischief, nearly being expelled from the monastery. After the sesshin was concluded, he received dharma transmission (inka) from two masters, Keumbong and Keum'oh. He then went to see Kobong, who confirmed Seungsahn's enlightenment on January 25, 1949 and gave him dharma transmission as well. Seung Sahn is the only person Kobong gave Dharma transmission to. He spent the next three years in observed silence.[3][4][5]

Career

Seungsahn with monks from the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani

Drafted into the Republic of Korea Army in 1953, he served as a army chaplain and then as a captain for almost five years, taking over for Kobong as abbot of Hwagaesa in Seoul, South Korea in 1957. In the next decade, he would go on to found Buddhist temples in Hong Kong and Japan. While in Japan, he was acquainted with the kōan (Korean gong'an) tradition of the Rinzai school of Zen, likely undergoing kōan study with a Rinzai master.[1][3][6]

Coming to the United States in 1972, he settled in Providence, Rhode Island and worked at a laundromat as a repairman, spending much of his off time improving upon his English. Shortly after arriving, he found his first students at nearby Brown University, most of whom came by way of a recommendation from a professor there. Among these first students was Jacob Perl (Wubong), who helped to found the Providence Zen Center with the others.[3][4]

The Providence Zen Center in Cumberland, Rhode Island.

In 1974, Seung Sahn began founding more Zen centers in the United States—his school still yet to be established—beginning with Dharma Zen Center in Los Angeles—a place where laypeople and the ordained could practice and live together. That following year, he went on to found the Chogye International Zen Center of New York City, and then, in 1977, Empty Gate Zen Center. Meanwhile, in 1979, the Providence Zen Center moved from its location in Providence to its current space in Cumberland, Rhode Island.[7]

The Kwan Um School of Zen was founded in 1983 and, unlike more traditional practice in Korea, Seungsahn allowed laypersons in the lineage to wear the robes of full monastics. Celibacy was not required and the rituals of the school are unique. Although the Kwan Um School does utilize traditional Seon and Zen rituals, elements of their practice also closely resemble rituals found often in Pure Land Buddhism, Chan Buddhism, and the Huayan school. In 1986, along with a former student and Dharma heir Dae Gak, Seungsahn founded a retreat center and temple in Clay City, Kentucky called Furnace Mountain—the temple name being Kwan Se Um San Ji Sah (or, Perceive World Sound High Ground Temple). The center functions independently of the Kwan Um organization today.[3][8]

Seungsahn's hermitage, where he spent most of his final years

Over his tenure as Guiding Teacher, Seungsahn appointed many Dharma heirs. He created the title Ji Do Poep Sa Nim (JDPSN) for those not ready for full dharma transmission but capable of teaching at a higher capacity. In 1977, Seungsahn was hospitalized for cardiac arrhythmia and it was then discovered that he had advanced diabetes. He had been in and out of hospitals for heart complications for years preceding his death, and in 1987 began spending much less time at his residence in the Providence Zen Center.[9] Starting in 1990, and under invitation from Mikhail Gorbachev, Seungsahn began making trips to the Soviet Union to teach. His student, Myong Gong Sunim, later opened a practice center in the country (Novgorod Center of Zen Meditation).[10]

Teaching style

Seungsahn implemented the use of simple phraseology to convey his messages, delivered with charisma, which helped make the teachings easier to consume for Western followers. Some of his more frequently employed phrases included "only go straight" or "only don't know".[11] He even went so far as to call his teachings "Don't Know Zen", which was reminiscent of the style of Bodhidharma.[12] Seungsahn used correspondences between him and his students as teaching opportunities. Back-and-forth letters allowed for a kind of dharma combat through the mail and made him more available to the school's students in his absence. This was another example of his skillful implementation of unorthodox teaching methods, adapting to the norms of Western culture and thus making himself more accessible to those he taught. He was a supporter of what he often termed "together action"—encouraging students to make the lineage's centers their home and practice together.[13][14]

Joan Halifax with Seungsahn at a sesshin at the Ojai Foundation in 1979.

Seungsahn also developed his own kōan study program for students of the Kwan Um School, known today as the "Twelve Gates". These twelve kōans are a mixture of ancient cases and cases which he developed. Before receiving inka to teach (in Kwan Um, inka is not synonymous with Dharma transmission), students must complete the Twelve Gates, though often they will complete hundreds more. One of the more well known cases of the Twelve Gates is "Dropping Ashes on the Buddha", the Sixth Gate, which is also the title of one of his books. In the book The Compass of Zen, this kong-an is transcribed as follows: "Somebody comes to the Zen center smoking a cigarette. He blows smoke and drops ashes on the Buddha." Seungsahn then poses the question, "If you are standing there at that time, what can you do?"[1][15] Not included in this version of the kōan is the Kwan Um School of Zen's following side note on the case, "[H]ere is an important factor in this case that has apparently never been explicitly included in its print versions. Zen Master Seung Sahn has always told his students that the man with the cigarette is also very strong and that he will hit you if he doesn't approve of your response to his actions."[16]

When Seungsahn first began teaching in the United States, there was an underemphasis in his message on the significance of zazen. Under advice from some students, however, he soon came to incorporate zazen into the curriculum more frequently. More than a few of his earliest students had practiced Zen previously under the Sōtō priest Shunryū Suzuki, laying out a convincing argument about how zazen and Zen were seen as inseparable in the Western psyche.[13]

Later life

Throughout the 1990s, Seung Sahn made trips to Israel, which led to the 1999 opening of the Tel Aviv Zen Center. His remaining years were spent in particularly poor health. He had a pacemaker put in his chest in 2000, followed by renal failure in 2002.[17] In June 2004, he was given the honorific title Dae Jong Sa "Great Lineage Master" by the Jogye Order in commemoration of his accomplishments, the highest title the order can grant.

Death

Seung Sahn died shortly after on November 30, 2004 at the age of 77 in Seoul, South Korea at Hwagaesa, the first temple where he served as abbot.[3][18][19][13]

Criticisms

There is a belief that Seung Sahn made too many students Dharma teachers. He also upset some in the Jogye Order by allowing lay Dharma teachers to wear long robes - while the Korean Jogye Order also gives the title poep sa (Dharma teachers) to laypeople, long robes are reserved for monks in Korea.[9][13] In the beginning of the Kwan Um School of Zen, people became Dharma Teachers rather quickly, mostly out of need in order to run practice. The current requirement is that a person must take the five precepts after at least four days of retreat, or an agreed upon time by the guiding teacher of a Zen Center. To become a Dharma Teacher in Training will take the individual the minimum of two years after taking the five precepts. This also can only be approved of by the guiding teacher. The student will then take the ten precepts. To become a Dharma Teacher, one must complete a minimum of two years of training as a Dharma Teacher in Training that includes a course of study and certain amount of time attending retreats and serving certain practice roles. It takes a minimum of five years after becoming a Dharma Teacher to become a Senior Dharma Teacher and this must be approved by the guiding teacher. At this time, the person will take the sixteen precepts. Receiving inga (inka) only comes when a student has proven satisfactorily in further training sanctioned by a Zen Master and members of the school. Becoming a Zen Master will require the sanction of several Zen Masters in and outside the school.

Seung Sahn was accused of carrying out sexual relationships with students secretly while supposedly celibate. The first accusations of sexual relationships between Seung Sahn and students came about in 1988. Sonia Alexander, former director of Cambridge Zen Center, has claimed that Seung Sahn had carried out long-term sexual relationships with a number of his female followers.[20] Journalist Rick Fields confirms this, writing “the supposedly celibate Korean Zen master Seung Sahn (Seon-sa-nim) revealed long-term relationships with two students.”[21] According to Sonia Alexander, when questioned about the nature of these relationships Seung Sahn stated that "it wasn't [romantic] love, it wasn't lust."[20] These alleged relationships caused Alexander to end her involvement with the Kwan Um School, believing in retrospect that she had been used over the years only to help build more Zen Centers for the lineage. In addition to Alexander, author Sandy Boucher spoke with several other women who lived at the Cambridge Zen Center at the time, one of whom said that in her opinion Sonia was very much in the minority in feeling used and that Soen Sa Nim's affairs had not been hurtful to the women involved. [20] Notwithstanding her reservations, Alexander still has reverence for Seung Sahn, feels her time spent in the school was to her benefit,[1][20] and subsequently rejoined the Kwan Um School as a Senior Dharma Teacher in 2011.[22]

According to author Timothy Miller, “the Kwan Um organization has had to struggle with disclosures of controversial sexual conduct on the part of its leader; Seung Sahn was generally understood by his followers to be a celibate monk, and the revelation that he had had affairs with female students caused some members to leave the movement.”[23]

Commenting during this period, Barbara (Bobby) Rhodes - now head Zen Master of the Kwan Um School of Zen - said they were "just people learning to live as a community" and their teacher was "just trying to learn the same thing." [20]

Zen Master Seung Sahn did publicly admit the nature of the relationships and did two repentance ceremonies. The Kwan Um School of Zen has since developed and enforced an ethics committee that has very strict guidelines for teacher/student relationships and consequences for unethical behavior of any member of the school.

Seung Sahn's lineage

The following list documents Seung-Sahn Haeng-Won's transmission lineage, starting with the Buddha and the First Patriarch.[24][25][26] [27]

India

Sanskrit Chinese Vietnamese Japanese Korean
1Mahākāśyapa摩訶迦葉 / MóhējiāyèMa-Ha-Ca-DiếpMakakashō마하가섭 / Mahagasŏp
2Ānanda阿難陀 (阿難) / Ānántuó (Ānán)A-Nan-Đà (A-Nan)Ananda (Anan)아난다 (아난) / Ananda (Anan)
3Śānavāsa商那和修 / ShāngnàhéxiūThương-Na-Hòa-TuShōnawashu상나화수 / Sangnahwasu
4Upagupta優婆掬多 / YōupójúduōƯu-Ba-Cúc-ĐaUbakikuta우바국다 / Upakukta
5Dhrtaka提多迦 / DīduōjiāĐề-Đa-CaDaitaka제다가 / Chedaga
6Miccaka彌遮迦 / MízhējiāDi-Dá-CaMishaka미차가 / Michaga
7Vasumitra婆須密 (婆須密多) / Póxūmì (Póxūmìduō)Bà-Tu-Mật (Bà-Tu-Mật-Đa)Bashumitsu (Bashumitta)바수밀다 / Pasumilta
8Buddhanandi浮陀難提 / FútuónándīPhật-Đà-Nan-ĐềBuddanandai불타난제 / Pŭltananje
9Buddhamitra浮陀密多 / FútuómìduōPhục-Đà-Mật-ĐaBuddamitta복태밀다 / Puktaemilda
10Pārśva波栗濕縛 / 婆栗濕婆 (脅尊者) / Bōlìshīfú / Pólìshīpó (Xiézūnzhě)Ba-Lật-Thấp-Phược / Bà-Lật-Thấp-Bà (Hiếp-Tôn-Giả)Barishiba (Kyōsonja)파률습박 (협존자) / P'ayulsŭppak (Hyŏpjonje)
11Punyayaśas富那夜奢 / FùnàyèshēPhú-Na-Dạ-XaFunayasha부나야사 / Punayasa
12Ānabodhi / Aśvaghoṣa阿那菩提 (馬鳴) / Ānàpútí (Mǎmíng)A-Na-Bồ-Đề (Mã-Minh)Anabotei (Memyō)아슈바고샤 (마명) / Asyupakosya (Mamyŏng)
13Kapimala迦毘摩羅 / JiāpímóluóCa-Tỳ-Ma-LaKabimora (Kabimara)가비마라 / Kabimara
14Nāgārjuna那伽閼剌樹那 (龍樹) / Nàqiéèlàshùnà (Lóngshù)Na-Già-Át-Lạt-Thụ-Na (Long-Thọ)Nagaarajuna (Ryūju)나가알랄수나 (용수) / Nakaallalsuna (Yongsu)
15Āryadeva / Kānadeva迦那提婆 / JiānàtípóCa-Na-Đề-BàKanadaiba가나제바 / Kanajeba
16Rāhulata羅睺羅多 / LuóhóuluóduōLa-Hầu-La-ĐaRagorata라후라다 / Rahurada
17Sanghānandi僧伽難提 / SēngqiénántíTăng-Già-Nan-ĐềSōgyanandai승가난제 / Sŭngsananje
18Sanghayaśas僧伽舍多 / SēngqiéshèduōTăng-Già-Da-XáSōgyayasha가야사다 / Kayasada
19Kumārata鳩摩羅多 / JiūmóluóduōCưu-Ma-La-ĐaKumorata (Kumarata)구마라다 / Kumarada
20Śayata / Jayata闍夜多 / ShéyèduōXà-Dạ-ĐaShayata사야다 / Sayada
21Vasubandhu婆修盤頭 (世親) / Póxiūpántóu (Shìqīn)Bà-Tu-Bàn-Đầu (Thế-Thân)Bashubanzu (Sejin)바수반두 (세친) / Pasubandu (Sechin)
22Manorhita摩拏羅 / MónáluóMa-Noa-LaManura마나라 / Manara
23Haklenayaśas鶴勒那 (鶴勒那夜奢) / Hèlènà (Hèlènàyèzhě)Hạc-Lặc-NaKakurokuna (Kakurokunayasha) 학륵나 / Haklŭkna
24Simhabodhi師子菩提 / ShīzǐpútíSư-Tử-Bồ-Đề / Sư-Tử-TríShishibodai사자 / Saja
25Vasiasita婆舍斯多 / PóshèsīduōBà-Xá-Tư-ĐaBashashita바사사다 / Pasasada
26Punyamitra不如密多 / BùrúmìduōBất-Như-Mật-ĐaFunyomitta불여밀다 / Punyŏmilta
27Prajñātāra般若多羅 / BānruòduōluóBát-Nhã-Đa-LaHannyatara반야다라 / Panyadara
28Dharma / BodhidharmaTa Mo / 菩提達磨 / PútídámóĐạt-Ma / Bồ-Đề-Đạt-MaDaruma / BodaidarumaTal Ma / 보리달마 / Poridalma

China

CHINESE NAME[28] LIFE DATES VIỆT NAME[29] JAPANESE NAME[30] KOREAN NAME[31]
28 / 1達磨 / Ta-mo?Đạt-MaDaruma달마 / Dal-Ma
29 / 2慧可 / Hui-k'o487–593Huệ-KhảEka혜가 / Hye-Ga
30 / 3僧璨 / Seng-ts'an?–606Tăng-XánSōsan승찬 / Seung-Chan
31 / 4道信 / Tao-hsin580–651Đạo-TínDōshin도신 / Do-Shim
32 / 5弘忍 / Hung-jen601/2–674/5Hoằng-NhẫnKōnin홍인 / Hong-Ihn
33 / 6慧能 / Hui-neng638–713Huệ-NăngEnō혜능 / Hye-Neung
34 / 7南嶽懷讓 / Nan-yüeh Huai-jang677–744Nam-Nhạc Hoài-NhượngNangaku Ejō남악회양 / Nam-Ak Hwe-Yang
35 / 8馬祖道一 / Ma-tsu Tao-i[32]709–788Mã-Tổ Đạo-NhấtBaso Dōitsu마조도일 / Ma-Jo To-Il
36 / 9百丈懷海 / Pai-chang Huai-hai720?/749?–814Bách-Trượng Hoài-HảiHyakujō Ekai백장회해 / Paek-Chang Hwe-Hae
37 / 10黃蘗希運 / Huang-po Hsi-yün?–850Hoàng-Bá Hy-VậnŌbaku Kiun황벽희운 / Hwang-Byeok Heu-Iun
38 / 11臨濟義玄 / Lin-chi I-hsüan?–866/7Lâm-Tế Nghĩa-HuyềnRinzai Gigen임제의현 / Im-Je Eui-Hyeon
39 / 12興化存奬 / Hsing-hua Tzun-chiang[33]830–888Hưng-Hóa Tồn-TươngKōke Sonshō흥화존장 / Heung-Hwa Chon-Jang
40 / 13南院道癰 / Nan-yüan Hui-yung[34]d 930?/952?Nam-Viện Huệ-NgungNanin Egyō남원도옹 / Nam-Weon To-Ong
41 / 14風穴延沼 / Feng-hsüeh Yen-chao896–973Phong-Huyệt Diên-ChiểuFūketsu Enshō풍혈연소 / Peung-Hyeol Yeon-So
42 / 15首山省念 / Shou-shan Shen-nien[35]925/6–992/3Thủ-Sơn Tỉnh-NiệmShūzan Shōnen수산성념 / Su-San Seong-Nyeom
43 / 16汾陽善昭 / Fen-yang Shan-chao[36][37]947–1024Phần-Dương Thiện-ChiêuFunyō Zenshō분양선소 / Pun-Yang Seon-Jo
44 / 17慈明楚圓 / Tz'u-ming Ch'u-yüan[38]986–1039Thạch-Sương Sở-ViênJimyō Soen자명초원 / Cham-Yeong Cho-Weon
45 / 18楊岐方會 / Yang-ch'i Fang-hui[39]992–1049Dương-Kỳ Phương-HộiYōgi Hōe양기방회 / Yang-Gi Pang-Hwe
46 / 19白雲守端 / Pai-yün Shou-tuan1025–1072Bạch-Vân Thủ-ĐoanHakuun Shutan백운수단 / Pae-Gun Su-Dan
47 / 20五祖法演 / Wu-tsu Fa-yen[40]1024–1104Ngũ-Tổ Pháp-DiễnGoso Hōen오조법연 / O-Jo Peob-Yeon
48 / 21圓悟克勤 / Yuan-wu K'o-ch'in1063–1135Viên-Ngộ Khắc-CầnEngo Kokugon원오극근 / Hwe-O Keuk-Keun
49 / 22虎丘紹隆 / Hsü-ch’iu Shao-lung1077–1136Hổ-Khâu Thiệu-LongKukyū Jōryū호구소융 / Ho-Gu Sor-Yung
50 / 23應庵曇華 / Ying-an T'an-hua1103–1163 Oan Donge응암담화 / Eung-Am Tam-Hwa
51 / 24密庵咸傑 / Mi-an Hsi-chieh1118?/1138?–1186 Mittan Kanketsu밀암함걸 / Mir-Am Ham-Keol
52 / 25破庵祖先 / P'o-an Tsu-hsien1136–1211 Hoan Sosen파암조선 / Pa-Am Cho-Seon
53 / 26無準圓照 / Wu-chun Yuan-chao

(無準師範 / Wu-chun Shih-fan)

 1174/8–1249 .

(Vô Chuẩn Sư Phạm)

 .

(Mujun Shiban)

 무준원조 / Mujun Wenjo

(무준사범 / Mujun Sabeom)

54 / 27雪巖惠朗 / Hsüeh-yen Hui-lang Setsugan설암혜랑 / Seon-Am Hye-Rang
55 / 28及庵宗信 / Chi-an Tsung-hsin 급암종신 / Keu-Bam Chong-Sil
56 / 29石屋淸珙 / Shih-wu Ch'ing-kung[41]1272–1352Thạch Ốc Thanh QûngSekioku Seikyō석옥청공 / Seo-Gok Cheong-Gong

Korea

CHINESE NAME[42]KOREAN NAME[43]LIFE DATES
57 / 30 / 1太古普愚 (Tàigǔ Pǔyú)태고보우 / Tae-Go Bo-Wu1301–1382
58 / 31 / 2幻庵混修 (Huànān Hùnxiū)환암혼수 / Hwan-Am Hon-Su[44]1320–1392
59 / 32 / 3龜谷覺雲 (Guīgǔ Juéyún)구곡각운 / Gu-Gok Gak-Un
60 / 33 / 4碧溪淨心 (Bìxī Jìngxīn)벽계정심 / Byeok-Ge Jeong-Shim
61 / 34 / 5碧松智嚴 (Bìsōng Zhìyán)벽송지엄 / Byeok-Song Ji-Eom[45]1464–1534
62 / 35 / 6芙蓉靈觀 (Fúróng Língguān)부용영관 / Bu-Yong Yeong-Gwan1485–1567/1571
63 / 36 / 7淸虛休靜 (Qīngxū Xiūjìng) 청허휴정 / Cheong-Heo Hyu-Jeong

(서산대사 / Seo-San Dae-Sa)

 1520–1604
64 / 37 / 8鞭羊彦機 (Biānyáng Yànjī)편양언기 / Pyeon-Yang Eon-Gi1581–1644
65 / 38 / 9楓潭義諶 (Fēngtán Yìchén)풍담의심 / Pung-Dam Eui-Sim[46]?–1665
66 / 39 / 10月潭雪霽 (Yuètán Xuějì)월담설제 / Wol-Dam Seol-Je?–1704
67 / 40 / 11喚惺志安 (Huànxīng Zhìān)환성지안 / Hwan-Seong Ji-An?–1729
68 / 41 / 12虎巖體淨 (Hǔyán Tǐjìng)호암체정 / Ho-Am Che-Jeong?–1748
69 / 42 / 13靑峰巨岸 (Qīngfēng Jùàn)청봉거안 / Cheong-Bong Geo-An
70 / 43 / 14栗峰靑古 (Lìfēng Qīnggǔ)율봉청고 / Yul-Bong Cheong-Kwa?–1823
71 / 44 / 15錦虛法沾 (Jǐnxū Fǎzhān)금허법첨 / Geum-Heo Beop-Cheom
72 / 45 / 16龍岩慧彦 (Lóngyán Huìyàn)용암혜언 / Yong-Am Hye-Eon
73 / 46 / 17永月奉律 (Yǒngyuè Fènglù)영월봉율 / Yeong-Wol Bong-Yul
74 / 47 / 18萬化普善 (Wànhuà Pǔshàn)만화보선 / Man-Hwa Bo-Seon?–1879
75 / 48 / 19鏡虛惺牛 (Jìngxū Xīngniú)경허성우 / Gyeong-Heo Seong-Wu1849–1912
76 / 49 / 20滿空月面 (Mǎnkòng Yuèmiàn)만공월면 / Man-Gong Weol-Myeon1871–1946
77 / 50 / 21高峯 (Gāofēng)고봉경욱 / Ko-Bong Gyeong-Uk1890–1961/2
78 / 51 / 22崇山行願 (Chóngshān Xíngyuàn)숭산행원 / Seung-Sahn Haeng-Won1927–2004

Dharma heirs

Su Bong, DSS, and Dae Gak

Bibliography

Other media

Audio

Video

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen Master Who?. Wisdom Publications. pp. 99, 100, 101. ISBN 0-86171-509-8.
  2. ↑ Weishaus, Joel. "Paratext". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on February 22, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Prebish, Charles S (1999). Luminous Passage: The Practice and Study of Buddhism in America. University of California Press. pp. 32, 33, 34. ISBN 0-520-21697-0.
  4. 1 2 "Coming Empty Handed: Zen Master Seung Sahn in Ann Arbor". Cutting Edge, American Zen Arts Quarterly. Spring 1985. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  5. ↑ Sahn, Seung; Hyon Gak (editor) (1992). The Whole World is a Single Flower. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 229–232. ISBN 0-8048-1782-0. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  6. ↑ Batchelor, Stephen (1994). The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture. Parallax Press. p. 222. ISBN 0-938077-69-4.
  7. ↑ "Center". DharmaZen.
  8. ↑ Strecker, Zoe Ayn (2007). Kentucky Off the Beaten Path, 8th edition. Globe Pequot. pp. 106, 107. ISBN 0-7627-4201-1.
  9. 1 2 Ho Youn Kwon; Kwang Chung Kim, R. StephenWarner (2001). Korean Americans and Their Religions. Penn State Press. pp. 124, 125. ISBN 0-271-02073-3.
  10. ↑ http://www.kwanumzen.spb.ru/about_eng.htm
  11. ↑ Simpkins, C. Alexander;, Simpkins, Annellen M. (1999). Simple Zen: A Guide to Living Moment by Moment. Tuttle Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 0-8048-3174-2.
  12. ↑ Seager, Richard Hughes (2000). Buddhism In America. Columbia University Press. p. 172. ISBN 0-231-10868-0.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Prebish, Charles S.; Martin Baumann (2002). Westward Dharma: Buddhism Beyond Asia. University of California Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-520-23490-1.
  14. ↑ Hayes, Richard (1998). Land of No Buddha. Windhorse Publications. ISBN 1-899579-12-5.
  15. ↑ Sahn, Seung (1997). The Compass of Zen. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 1-57062-329-5.
  16. ↑ "Seung Sahn's Twelve Gates". Kwan Um School of Zen. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  17. ↑ http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/83f37/10267a/
  18. ↑ "Zen Master Seung Sahn". Kwan Um School of Zen. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  19. ↑ Sahn, Seung (1997). The Compass of Zen. Shambhala Publications. p. 391. ISBN 1-57062-329-5.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Boucher, Sandy (1993). Turning the Wheel: American Women Creating the New Buddhism. Beacon Press. p. 226. ISBN 0-8070-7305-9.
  21. ↑ How the Swans Came to the Lake: A Narrative History of Buddhism in America, 3rd ed. by Rick Fields. Shambhala:1992) ISBN 0-87773-631-6 pg 364
  22. ↑ "GLZC Teachers". "Great Lake Zen Center". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  23. ↑ The 60s communes: Hippies and Beyond by Timothy Miller. Syracuse University Press: 1999. ISBN 0-8156-0601-X pg 112
  24. ↑ These charts expand from the basic list in "Zen Master Seung Sahn's Lineage" in: Seung-Sahn, 1997, The Compass of Zen, edited by Hyon Gak Sunim, Boston: Shambhala Dragon Editions, Shambhala Publications, pages 393–394. ISBN 1-57062-329-5
  25. ↑ The same basic list is online in English at Kwan Um School of Zen and in Hangŭl (down to the 76th generation) at 조사 (불교).
  26. ↑ For comparison, see Jinje Seon Sa's lineage chart which is nearly identical with Seung-Sahn's list in The Compass of Zen down to the 75th master, after which the two lineages split up (to 만공월면 / Man-Gong Weol-Myeon in Seung-Sahn's and to 혜월혜명 / Hyewol Hyemyeong in Jinje's). There are five variations between the Seung-Sahn and Jinje lists: the renderings of the 40th, 43rd, 56th, 65th Masters' names, and the Latin spelling of the 58th's.
  27. ↑ Compare this chart with Thích Nhất Hạnh's lineage chart. They are identical down to the 54th/27th generation.
  28. ↑ characters and Wade-Giles Romanization
  29. ↑ See Thiền Sư Trung Quốc for a list of Chinese Zen Masters in Vietnamese.
  30. ↑ Romaji
  31. ↑ Hangeul and South Korean Revised Romanization
  32. ↑ extensive article in Mazu Daoyi
  33. ↑ pl:Xinghua Cunjiang
  34. ↑ "Nan-yüan Hui-yü" in The Compass of Zen, and "Nanyuan Daoyong" in Jinje's lineage chart ("Dao" being the third character in the Chinese name).
  35. ↑ The Wade-Giles "Shou-shan Hsing-nien" in The Compass of Zen, consistent with the Pīnyīn "Shoushan Xingnian" in Jinje's lineage chart.
  36. ↑ Rendered as "T'ai-tzu Yüan-shan" in The Compass of Zen.
  37. ↑ pl:Fenyang Shanzhao
  38. ↑ pl:Shishuang Chuyuan
  39. ↑ pl:Yangqi Fanghui
  40. ↑ pl:Wuzu Fayan
  41. ↑ Rendered as "Shih-shih Ch'ing-kung" in The Compass of Zen.
  42. ↑ characters and Pīnyīn Romanization
  43. ↑ Hangeul and South Korean Revised Romanization
  44. ↑ spelled as "Whan-Am Hon-Su" in The Compass of Zen.
  45. ↑ pl:Pyŏksong Chiŏm
  46. ↑ Rendered as "Pung-Joung Heon-Shim" in The Compass of Zen.

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