Seven Sisters (colleges)

The Seven Sisters is a loose association of seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that are historically women's colleges. They are Barnard College, Bryn Mawr College, Mount Holyoke College, Radcliffe College, Smith College, Vassar College, and Wellesley College. All were founded between 1837 and 1889. Four are in Massachusetts, two are in New York, and one is in Pennsylvania. Radcliffe (which merged with Harvard College) and Vassar (which is now coeducational) are no longer women's colleges. The name "Seven Sisters" was given because of their parallel to the Ivy League men's colleges in 1927.

Seven Sisters colleges

Institution Location Present Day School type Full-time enrollment First admitted students College chartered Traditional affiliation
Mount Holyoke College
(originally Mount Holyoke Female Seminary)		 South Hadley, Massachusetts Private women's college 2,300 1837 1888 Dartmouth College, Amherst College
Vassar College Poughkeepsie, New York Private coeducational 2,400 1865 1861 Yale University
Wellesley College Wellesley, Massachusetts Private women's college 2,300 1875 1870 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University
Smith College Northampton, Massachusetts Private women's college 2,750 1875 1871 Amherst College
Radcliffe College
(originally The Society for Collegiate Instruction of Women, aka The Harvard Annex)		 Cambridge, Massachusetts Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study (no longer accepts undergraduate students but has graduate fellows); undergraduate women historically attended Radcliffe but now attend Harvard College. n/a 1879 1894 Harvard University
Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania Private women's college 1,229 1885 1885 Haverford College, Swarthmore College, University of Pennsylvania
Barnard College Morningside Heights, Manhattan, New York Private women's college affiliated with Columbia University 2,356 1889 1889 Columbia University

History

Background

Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra note that "Independent nonprofit women’s colleges, which included the 'Seven Sisters' were founded to provide educational opportunities to women equal to those available to men and were geared toward women who wanted to study the liberal arts".[1] The colleges also offered broader opportunities in academia to women, hiring many female faculty members and administrators.

Early proponents of education for women were Sarah Pierce (Litchfield Female Academy, 1792); Catharine Beecher (Hartford Female Seminary, 1823); Zilpah P. Grant Banister (Ipswich Female Seminary, 1828); and Mary Lyon. Lyon was involved in the development of both Hartford Female Seminary and Ipswich Female Seminary. She was also involved in the creation of Wheaton Female Seminary (now Wheaton College, Massachusetts) in 1834. In 1837, Lyon founded Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (Mount Holyoke College).[2] Mount Holyoke received its collegiate charter in 1888 and became Mount Holyoke Seminary and College. It became Mount Holyoke College in 1893. Vassar, however, was the first of the Seven Sisters to be chartered as a college in 1861.

Wellesley College was chartered in 1870 as the Wellesley Female Seminary, and was renamed Wellesley College in 1873. It opened its doors to students in 1875. Radcliffe College was originally created in 1879 as The Society for Collegiate Instruction of Women, informally called The Harvard Annex for women's instruction by Harvard faculty. It was chartered as Radcliffe College by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1894. Barnard College has been affiliated with Columbia University since its founding in 1888, but it continues to be independently governed. Smith College was chartered in 1871 and opened its doors in 1875. Bryn Mawr opened in 1885.

Mount Holyoke College and Smith College are also members of Pioneer Valley's Five Colleges consortium. Bryn Mawr College is a part of the Tri-College Consortium in suburban Philadelphia, with its sister schools, Haverford College and Swarthmore College.

Formation and name

Harwarth, Maline, and DeBra also state that "the 'Seven Sisters' was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men’s colleges" in 1927.[1][3] The schools are sometimes referred to as "the Daisy Chain" or "The Heavenly Seven."

The name Seven Sisters is a reference to the Greek myth of The Pleiades, the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas and the sea-nymph Pleione. The daughters (Maia, Electra, Taygete, Alcyone, Celaeno, Sterope, and Merope) were collectively referred to as The Seven Sisters. In the field of astronomy, a cluster of stars in the constellation Taurus is also referred to as The Pleiades or the Seven Sisters.

Coeducation

The seven colleges explored the issue of coeducation in a variety of ways. Two, Radcliffe College and Vassar College, are no longer women's colleges.

Radcliffe has merged with Harvard College and is now a research institute and no longer an undergraduate institution. Historically, Radcliffe students received Radcliffe degrees but, beginning in 1963, they started to receive Harvard diplomas signed by the presidents of Radcliffe and Harvard. Joint Radcliffe-Harvard commencement exercises began in 1970. The same year, several Harvard and Radcliffe dormitories began swapping students experimentally and in 1972 full co-residence was instituted. The departments of athletics of both schools merged shortly thereafter. In 1977, Harvard and Radcliffe signed an agreement which put undergraduate women entirely in Harvard College, although Radcliffe continued to own its own campus and award financial aid, externships, and prizes to Radcliffe undergraduates. In 1999 Radcliffe College was dissolved and Harvard University assumed full responsibility over the affairs of female undergraduates. Radcliffe is now the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. The component parts of the College's campus, the Radcliffe Quadrangle and Radcliffe Yard, retain the designation "Radcliffe" in perpetuity.

Vassar declined an offer to merge with Yale University and instead became coeducational in 1969.

Barnard College was founded in 1888 as a woman's college affiliated with Columbia University. However, it is independently governed, while making available to its students the instruction and the facilities of Columbia University. Columbia College, the university's largest liberal-arts undergraduate school, began admitting women in 1983 after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard for a merger along the lines of the one between Harvard College and Radcliffe and between Brown and Pembroke. Barnard has an independent faculty (subject to Columbia University tenure approval) and board of trustees. Columbia University issues its diplomas, however, and most of Barnard's classes and activities are open to all members of Columbia University, male or female, and vice versa, in a reciprocal arrangement dating from 1900.[4][5]

In 1969 Bryn Mawr and Haverford College (then all-male) developed a system of sharing residential colleges. When Haverford became coeducational in 1980, Bryn Mawr discussed the possibility of coeducation as well but decided against it.[6]

As with Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, and Wellesley College decided against adopting coeducation. Mount Holyoke engaged in a lengthy debate under the presidency of David Truman over the issue of coeducation. On 6 November 1971, "after reviewing an exhaustive study on coeducation, the board of trustees decided unanimously that Mount Holyoke should remain a women's college, and a group of faculty was charged with recommending curricular changes that would support the decision."[7] Smith also made a similar decision in 1971.[8] Two years later, Wellesley also announced that it would not adopt coeducation.[9]

A June 3, 2008 article in The New York Times discussed the move by women's colleges in the United States to promote their schools in the Middle East. The article noted that in doing so, the schools promote the work of graduates of women's colleges such as Hillary Rodham Clinton, Emily Dickinson, Diane Sawyer, Katharine Hepburn and Madeleine K. Albright. The Dean of Admissions of Bryn Mawr College noted, "We still prepare a disproportionate number of women scientists [...] We’re really about the empowerment of women and enabling women to get a top-notch education." The article also contrasted the difference between women's colleges in the Middle East and "the American colleges [which] for all their white-glove history and academic prominence, are liberal strongholds where students fiercely debate political action, gender identity and issues like 'heteronormativity,' the marginalizing of standards that are other than heterosexual and cisgendered. Middle Eastern students who already attend these colleges tell of a transition that can be jarring." The article further quoted a Sri Lankan student (who had attended a coeducational school in Dubai) who stated that she was "shocked by the presence of so many lesbians among the students" and the "open displays of affection".[10]

Transgender issues

Since the late 2000s, there has been discussion and controversy over how to accommodate transgender inclusion at the remaining women's colleges. This has risen to attention due to a small, yet increasing number of students that have in the course of their times at the colleges transitioned from female to male (trans man),[11] and trans women applicants. Mount Holyoke became the first Seven Sisters college to accept transgender women in 2014.[12] Barnard, Bryn Mawr, Smith, and Wellesley College announced trans-inclusive admissions policies in 2015.[13][14][15]

In popular culture

In the 2003 Simpsons episode "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can", Lisa Simpson dreams that personifications of each of the Seven Sisters colleges are attempting to woo her into attending.[16]

The 1978 film National Lampoon's Animal House satirizes a common practice (until the mid-1970s), when women attending Seven Sister colleges were connected with or to students at Ivy League schools. The film, which takes place in 1962, shows fraternity brothers from Delta House of the fictional Faber College (based on Dartmouth College) taking a road trip to the fictional Emily Dickinson College (based on Smith College) to obtain dates.[17]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Irene Harwarth; Mindi Maline; Elizabeth DeBra. "Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges". U.S. Department of Education National Institute on Post-secondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong Learning. Archived from the original on February 4, 2005.
  2. ↑ "About Mount Holyoke". mountholyoke.edu. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  3. ↑ Robert A. McCaughey (Spring 2003). "Women and the Academy". Higher Learning in America, History BC4345x. Barnard College.
  4. ↑ "Chronology". Barnard College. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  5. ↑ "Partnership with Columbia". Barnard College. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  6. ↑ "A Brief History of Bryn Mawr College". Bryn Mawr. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  7. ↑ "A Detailed History". Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Smith College Presidents". Smith College. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  9. ↑ "WELLESLEY SAYS IT WON'T GO COED; Plans Drive for $70-Million Over Next 10 Years". The New York Times. March 9, 1973. p. 43. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  10. ↑ Lewin, Tamar (June 3, 2008). "‘Sisters’ Colleges See a Bounty in the Middle East". The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  11. ↑ Brune, Adrian (April 8, 2007). "When She Graduates as He". The Boston Globe Magazine. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  12. ↑ Kellaway, Mitch (2014-09-03). "WATCH: First of 'Seven Sisters' Schools to Admit Trans Women". Advocate.com. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
  13. ↑ "Barnard Announces Transgender Admissions Policy". Barnard College website. June 4, 2015.
  14. ↑ Gibson, Arlene (February 9, 2015). "A Letter from Bryn Mawr Board Chair Arlene Gibson". Bryn Mawr College website.
  15. ↑ "Admission Policy Announcement". Smith College website. May 2, 2015.
  16. ↑ "Seven Sisters". Mount Holyoke College.
  17. ↑ Landis, John (August 29, 2003). Transcript. Interview with Soledad O'Brien. Live from the Headlines. CNN.

References

External links

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