Operation Red Wings

For the 1956 series of U.S. nuclear tests, see Operation Redwing.

Operation Red Wings
Part of the War in Afghanistan
DateJune 27, 2005 – mid-July 2005[1][2]
LocationSawtalo Sar Mountain, Shuryek (Matin) Valley, Korangal Valley, Pech District, Kunar Province, Afghanistan[1][2][3][4]
Result

U.S. Pyrrhic victory; Though Insurgents are later stricken to inoperatbility.[1][2][3][5]

  • Insurgent forces temporarily withdraw from the area while U.S. forces sustain heavy casualties
  • Insurgent forces return three weeks later
Belligerents
 United States

Local anti-coalition militants

  • Local pro-Taliban nationals
Commanders and leaders
Lieutenant Colonel Andrew MacMannis (USMC)[2]
LCDR Erik S. Kristensen †[6]
LT Michael P. Murphy †		 Ahmad Shah
Strength
12 Navy SEALs
8 Night Stalkers
additional helicopter crews
2 MH-47 Chinook
2 UH-60 Black Hawk
2 AH-64D Apache helicopters		 Ranging from 8–10 fighters to 70–100 depending on source[2][3][7][8]
Casualties and losses
19 killed, 1 wounded,
1 Chinook helicopter shot down[3][9]

Unknown, with the highest estimate 35 killed[10]

Unknown number of wounded

Operation Red Wings, informally referred to as Battle of Abbas Ghar (often incorrectly called "Operation Redwing" and/or "Operation Red Wing"),[2][3][7][11][12] was a combined / joint military operation during the War in Afghanistan in the Pech District of Afghanistan's Kunar Province, on the slopes of a mountain named Sawtalo Sar,[2][4][7] approximately 20 miles west of Kunar's provincial capital of Asadabad, in late June through mid-July 2005.[1][2][3] Operation Red Wings was intended to disrupt local anti-Coalition Militia (ACM) activity, thus contributing to regional stability and thereby facilitating the Afghani Parliament elections scheduled for September, 2005.[1][2][3] At the time, anti-Coalition Militia activity in the region was carried out most notably by a small group led by a local man from Nangarhar Province, Ahmad Shah, who had aspirations of regional Islamic fundamentalist prominence. He and his small group were among the primary targets of the operation.

The operation was conceived by the 2nd Battalion of the 3rd Marine Regiment (2/3) of the U.S. Marine Corps based on an operational model developed by 2/3's sister battalion, the 3rd Battalion of the 3rd Marine Regiment (3/3) which had preceded the 2nd Battalion in their combat deployment. It utilized special operations forces (SOF) units and assets, including members of the U.S. Navy SEALs and the U.S. Army Special Operations Command's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) (SOAR(A)), for the opening phase of the operation.[2] A team of four Navy SEALs, tasked for surveillance and reconnaissance of a group of structures known to be used by Shah and his men, fell into an ambush by Shah and his group just hours after inserting into the area by fastrope from an MH-47 helicopter.[2] Three of the four SEALs were killed and a quick reaction force helicopter sent in for their aid was shot down with a rocket propelled grenade fired from an RPG-7, killing all eight U.S. Navy SEALs and all eight U.S. Army Special Operations aviators on board.

The operation then became known as "Red Wings II" and lasted approximately three more weeks,[1][2] during which time the bodies of the deceased SEALs and Army Special Operations aviators were recovered and the only surviving member of the initial team, Marcus Luttrell, was rescued.[6] While the goal of the operation was partially achieved, Shah regrouped in Pakistan, and returned with more men and armament, aided by the notoriety he gained from the Red Wings ambush and helicopter shootdown. Several weeks later, Shah's group in Kunar Province was stricken to a point of inoperability and Shah was seriously wounded, during Operation Whalers, in August 2005.[1][2][7]

Etymology

When the 2nd Battalion of the 3rd Marine Regiment (2/3) took the Stars model and developed the specifics of it, 2/3's operations officer, Major Thomas Wood, instructed an assistant operations officer, 1st Lieutenant Lance Seiffert, to compose a list of hockey team names.[2][7] 2/3 would continue the use of hockey team names for large operations.[2] The Seiffert list[13] included ten teams,[2][7][13] and the battalion settled on the fourth name on the list, "Red Wings," since the first three, New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, and New Jersey Devils, each could be misconstrued as a reference to military units currently in Afghanistan at the time.[2][7]

The name has been widely mis-stated as "Operation Redwing" and sometimes "Operation Red Wing".[n 1][14] This error began with the publication of the book Lone Survivor: The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10, which was written by Patrick Robinson based on unrecorded interviews with Marcus Luttrell.[3][11][12][15][16]

2/3 eventually abandoned this naming convention out of sensitivity to the local population, instead opting for using Dari names for animals,[2] including Pil (elephant)[17] and Sorkh Khar (red donkey).[18]

Background and development

SEALs prior to Operation Red Wings (L to R): Matthew Axelson, Daniel R. Healy, James Suh, Marcus Luttrell, Eric S. Patton, Michael P. Murphy

After the initial invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, U.S. military and coalition partner operations shifted from "kinetic" operations to those of a counterinsurgency (COIN) nature.[2] One of the primary goals of the coalition by 2004 in Afghanistan was nation building, that is, providing a security environment conducive to the establishment and growth of a democratically elected government, as well as infrastructure support.[1][2] A key milestone in this campaign would be the September 18, 2005 Afghan National Parliamentary Elections.[1][2] While many of Afghanistan's provinces at this time had stable security environments, one of the most restive continued to be the Kunar Province, which lies in eastern Afghanistan, on the border with Pakistan. For election results to be seen as legitimate by the citizens of Afghanistan and the world at large, all elections throughout the country would need to proceed "unencumbered" – (without external influence, by either American and coalition forces or Taliban and anti-American and coalition forces), including those in Kunar.[2][7] Insurgent activity in the Kunar Province during this time came from 22 identified groups,[2][7] individual groups of which ranged in allegiance from those with tenuous ties to the Taliban and al Qaeda, to the majority that were little more than local criminals.[2] These groups were collectively known as anti-coalition militia (ACM),[1][2] and the common thread among all was a strong resistance to the unification of the country and subsequent increasing presence of national government entities in the Kunar, as these would pose a threat to their activities, be these activities attempting to aid a resurgent neo-Taliban, to lumber smuggling.[1][2] With the goal of successful elections in Kunar, military operations in the area focused primarily on the disruption of ACM activity, and these military operations utilized a number of different units and operational constructs to achieve this goal.

Preceding operations and model

The 3rd Battalion of the 3rd Marine Regiment (3/3), which deployed to Regional Command East (RC East) (which included the Kunar Province) in late 2004 to conduct stability and counterinsurgency operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, identified a number of operational barriers due to Special Operations Command doctrine for the battalion's counterinsurgency work in the area.[2] These barriers included non-sharing of intelligence with the battalion and non-disclosure of impending raids by special operations units in the area.[19] To mitigate these problems, 3/3's staff developed an operational model which integrated special operations forces units into their operations, allowing the sharing of intelligence between the battalion and special operations forces as well as maintaining solid operational control of operations with integrated special operations assets and units by the battalion.[2][19] Operations that 3/3 conducted based on this model proved successful in disrupting ACM activity. The first of these, Operation Spurs (named after the San Antonio Spurs basketball team), conducted in February 2005, took place in the Korangal Valley, in the Kunar Province's Pech District.[20] Spurs utilized Navy SEALs for the opening two phases of this five phase operation.[2] Similar operations that followed included Operation Mavericks (named after the Dallas Mavericks basketball team), in April, 2005,[21] and Operation Celtics (named after the Boston Celtics basketball team) in May 2005.[22] These operations, all of which included Navy SEALs, were conceived and planned by the battalion, with the specifics of those phases involving Navy SEALs being planned by the SEALs.[2][19] Each operation lasted between three and four weeks.[23] 3/3 planned and executed approximately one of these operations per month, maintaining a consistent operational tempo.[2][23] The culmination of 3/3's efforts was the April, 2005 forced surrender of a regional (and national) "high value" target, an ACM commander known as Najmudeen, who based his operations out of the Korangal Valley.[2][23] With the surrender of Najmudeen, ACM activity in the region dropped significantly. Najmudeen's surrender, however, left a power vacuum in the region.[2][7][23]

3/3 tracked a number of known ACM groups they determined to be possibly seeking to fill the power void in the region. The battalion began planning a new operation, tentatively called Operation Stars (which was named after the Dallas Stars professional hockey team (3/3's battalion commander, Lieutenant Colonel Norman Cooling, hailed from Texas,[24] hence most operations being named after Texas sports teams)).[2][7][20][21][22][23] Stars, like the other operations before it, focused on disrupting ACM activity, although due to Najmudeen's surrender, this activity had dropped and specific groups proved difficult to pinpoint.[2] In May 2005, the Advanced Party of 3/3's sister battalion, the 2nd Battalion of the 3rd Marine Regiment (2/3) arrived in RC(E). Since before deploying to Afghanistan, 2/3's intelligence officer, Captain Scott Westerfield and his assistants, had been tracking a small cell led by a man named Ahmad Shah, based on intelligence sent back by 3/3's intelligence officer. Shah was from a remote region in Nangarhar Province, which borders the Kunar Province. Shah, they determined, was responsible for approximately 11 incidents against coalition forces and Government of Afghanistan entities, including small arms ambushes and improvised explosive device attacks. By June, 2005, 2/3 had relieved-in-place 3/3, and had taken the Stars concept and developed a comprehensive operation, an operation they called Operation Red Wings, with the goal of disrupting Anti-Coalition Militia Activity, with an emphasis on disrupting Ahmad Shah's activities, which were based near the summit of Sawtalo Sar.[1][2][4][7][23]

Planning stages and intelligence gathering

A map of the area and plan relating to Operation Red Wings

2/3's battalion staff immediately began planning Operation Red Wings as soon as they arrived in Afghanistan. Lieutenant Colonel Andrew MacMannis, 2/3's battalion commander, and his staff, wanted to maintain the operational tempo set by 3/3. 2/3's Operations Officer, Major Thomas Wood, began planning Red Wings off the Stars base, which was a five phase operation. During this time, 2/3's Intelligence Officer, Captain Scott Westerfield, focused further on learning about Ahmad Shah. His overall intelligence picture of Shah took a substantial leap when 2nd Lieutenant Regan Turner, a platoon commander with 2/3's "Whiskey Company" – a Weapons Company augmented to function like an infantry line company, gathered a wealth of human intelligence about Shah during a patrol, including his full name: Ahmad Shah Dara-I-nur (Ahmad Shah of the Valley of the Enlightened ones); his birthplace, the Kuz Kunar District of Nangarhar Province; his primary alias: Ismael; his chief allegiance: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who was based out of the Shamshatoo Refugee Camp near Peshawar, Pakistan; his team's size: fifty to one hundred fighters; and his aspirations: to impede the upcoming elections and attempt to aid a resurgent Taliban in the region. Although Shah was a relatively unknown entity in the region, he apparently held regional aspirations and possibly had the assistance of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. 2nd Lieutenant Turner also gathered a number of photographs of Shah.[2][25][26][27][28]

Further intelligence, including human intelligence and signals intelligence indicated that Shah based his insurgent / terrorist operations out of some small structures outside of the village of Chichal, high on the slopes of Sawtalo Sar mountain in the upper Korangal Valley, approximately 20 miles to the west of Kunar's provincial capital, Asadabad. Using imagery Intelligence, taken from a UAV on June 17, 2005, Westerfield identified likely structures used for housing his team, IED making, and overwatch of the area below, for IED strikes. The intelligence staff identified four Named Areas of Interest, or NAIs containing specific structures which Shah might be using.[2][4] These Named Areas of Interest and specific buildings were determined by analyzing and processing a number of instances of a variety of intelligence, including signals intelligence, human Intelligence, and imagery Intelligence.[2] Westerfield and his staff determined that Shah and his men had been responsible for approximately 11 incidents against American, Coalition, and Government of Afghanistan entities, including IED strikes and small arms ambushes. They determined that Shah and his men would be occupying the area of Chichal in late June, a time of low lunar illumination. The operation would require a helicopter insertion of forces to cordon the area and search for Shah and his men, and they sought to conduct this operation at night, after positive identification of Shah by a Marine Corps Scout / Sniper team, which would walk into the area under cover of darkness some nights before.[2]

As with 3/3 before them, 2/3 sought to use Special Operations Forces assets for Red Wings, but unlike 3/3, they sought only the use of Special Operations Aviation assets, specifically, MH-47 Special Operations Aircraft of the Army Special Operations Command's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) (SOAR(A)), and not ground forces. The command from which 2/3's planners requested this, however, CJSOTF-A, or Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force – Afghanistan, refused this request, stating that in order for Red Wings to be supported with Special Operations aviation, the battalion would have to task the opening phases of the operation to Special Operations Ground Forces for the opening phases of the operation, with Marines of 2/3 acting in a supporting role. After the initial phases of Red Wings, then 2/3 could be considered the lead, supported element. The battalion agreed to this, realizing, however, that this unconventional command structure defied a fundamental tenet of successful military operations – "unity of command".[1][19] The operation was presented to a number of Special Operations units working in the area for possible "buy in." U.S. Navy SEALs from SEAL Team 10 and SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 expressed interest.[1][2]

Execution of the operation

Red Wings was planned as a five phase operation:

While the Marines planned the overall operation, the SEALs planned the specifics of their roles of Red Wings.[2][7]

Insertion of SEAL team, compromise, and attack

Michael Murphy (left) with Matthew Axelson, taken in Afghanistan

Late in the night of June 27, 2005, two MH-47 Special Operations Aircraft of the Army Special Operations Command's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) (SOAR(A)) approached Sawtalo Sar. As one of the aircraft performed a number of "decoy drops" to confuse any possible enemy on the ground as to the specific purpose of helicopters, the other inserted, via fastrope, a four-man Navy SEAL reconnaissance and surveillance team in a saddle between Sawtalo Sar and Gatigal Sar, a peak just to the south of Sawtalo Sar. The insert point was roughly one and one half miles from the nearest Named Area of Interest.[4] The team members were team leader Navy Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy of SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 (SDVT-1), based out of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Petty Officer Second Class Danny P. Dietz from SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 2 (SDVT-2), based out of Virginia Beach, Virginia; Petty Officer Second Class Matthew G. Axelson from SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 (SDVT-1); and Navy Hospital Corpsman Second Class Marcus Luttrell, of SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 (SDVT-1).[2][4] After moving to a pre-determined, covered overwatch position, from which the SEALs could observe the Named Areas of Interest, the team was discovered by local goat herders. After determining that they were civilians, and not combatants, Lieutenant Murphy had them released, according to rules of engagement.[2][29]

The team, surmising that they would likely be compromised, retreated to a fallback position. Within an hour, the SEAL Reconnaissance and Surveillance team was attacked by Shah and his men who were armed with RPK light machine guns, AK-47s, RPG-7 Rocket Propelled Grenades, and 82mm mortars.[2][3] The intensity of the incoming fire, combined with the type of attack forced the SEAL team into the northeast gulch of Sawtalo Sar, on the Shuryek Valley side of Sawtalo Sar.[2][3][4] The SEALs made a number of attempts to contact their combat operations center with a multi-band radio and then with a satellite phone.[2] The team could not establish consistent communication, other than for a period long enough to indicate that they were under attack.[3] Three of the four team members were killed, and the only survivor, Marcus Luttrell, was left unconscious with a number of fractures and other serious wounds. He regained consciousness and was rescued by local Pashtun, who ultimately saved his life, as in his condition, without assistance, he would surely have been killed or captured by the Taliban.[6][30][31][32]

Red Wings II: quick reaction force, search, rescue, recovery, and presence operations

With the communication that the SEAL reconnaissance and surveillance team was ambushed, the focus of the operation immediately shifted from disrupting ACM activity to finding, aiding, and extracting the SEALs of the reconnaissance and surveillance team. The operation was now known as Operation Red Wings II.[1]

After the broken transmission from the SEAL reconnaissance and surveillance team, the position and situation of the SEALs became unknown. Members of SEAL Team 10, U.S. Marines, and aviators of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment were prepared to dispatch a quick reaction force, but command for launch from higher special operations headquarters was delayed for a number of hours. A quick reaction force finally launched, consisting of two MH-47 Special Operations Aircraft of the 160th, two UH-60 conventional Army aviation Black Hawk helicopters, and two AH-64 Apache attack helicopters. The two MH-47s took the lead. Upon reaching Sawtalo Sar, the two MH-47s received small arms fire. During an attempt to insert SEALs who were riding in one of the MH-47 helicopters, one of Ahmad Shah's men fired an RPG-7 rocket propelled grenade, which struck the transmission below the rear rotor assembly, causing the aircraft to immediately plummet to the ground, killing all eight 160th Army Special Operations Aviators and crew, and all eight Navy SEALs who were passengers. Both commanders of the 160th, Ground commander LCDR Erik S. Kristensen, of SEAL Team 10, and aviation element commander Major Stephen C. Reich, were killed in the shootdown. Command and control (C2) at this point was lost, and neither visual nor radio contact could be established with the SEAL reconnaissance and surveillance team. At this point, which was late in the afternoon, storm clouds were moving in over the region. The aircraft returned to their respective bases, and a massive search began, at first from the ground, and then with aviation assets. The 16 bodies of those killed in the MH-47 shootdown were recovered. After an intensive search, the bodies of Dietz, Murphy, and Axelson were eventually recovered, and Marcus Luttrell was rescued, his survival due in part to the aid of a local Afghan villager in the village of Salar Ban, roughly 0.7 miles (1.1 km) down the Northeast Gulch of Sawtalo Sar[4] from the location of the ambush.[1][2]

Afghans who aided Luttrell

In the years following Operation Red Wings more details emerged about the circumstances surrounding Luttrell being given sanctuary by local villagers and the aftermath. Many of the details regarding the Afghans who aided Luttrell were reported incorrectly in the American press during the days after the events occurred.[33]

The SEALs firefight with Ahmad Shah's Taliban forces began along a high-elevation ridgeline called Sawtalo Sar.[34] (The highest peak of this ridgeline is 2830 meters (9,282 feet).[35] A descent down the west side of the ridgeline leads into the Shuryek valley. The northeastern gulch in which the SEALs became trapped was in this direction, above the village of Salar Ban. To the east of the Sawtalo Sar ridgeline is the Korangal valley. As the wounded Luttrell descended the gulch, he encountered a Pashtun named Mohammad Gulab Khan from the mountain village of Salar Ban.[36] Known simply as Gulab, he took Luttrell into his home that first day and evoked the assistance of others from his village to protect Luttrell until American forces could be contacted. This was in accordance with the cultural tradition of Pashtunwali, whereby asylum (Nanawatai) is offered to a person to protect them from their enemies.

It is likely Luttrell would have been turned over to the Taliban had he descended into the Korangal instead of Shuryek.[37] While the villagers of the Shuryek valley weren't considered overly friendly to American forces they were nonetheless less hostile than villagers in the nearby mountainous Chichal (part of neighboring Korangal), with whom the Shuryek villagers have been traditionally been at odds over grazing-land boundaries.

Not long before Operation Red Wings had occurred, relations with the Americans had improved in the Shuryek Valley and the greater Pech river region because of humanitarian work that had been occurring. Medical services had been extended, and a girls school was built at Nangalam.[37] Gulab was aware of these developments and had introduced himself to the Marine commander at Nangalam, Matt Bartels, when he was visiting Matin.[38] It was within this context that Gulab stumbled upon Luttrell and gave him sanctuary.[39] The Taliban leader, Ahmad Shah, knew that the wounded man that he was tracking had to pass through the village of Salar Ban as he contoured downhill. Through intimidation Shah was able to ascertain which house sheltered the wounded man and demanded that he be turned over. But Shah couldn't risk a fight at that moment because he was outnumbered and other relatives and villagers would come to Gulab's aid. Luttrell was subsequently moved to different places until forces could arrive to extract him.

Luttrell wrote a note and asked that it be taken to the American base at Asadabad. Because Gulab had previously met the Marine commander based at Nangalam, he asked an older man named Shina, of another part of the village of Salar Ban, to make the trek with the note to that base instead.[36] This required a longer journey down the trails of the Shuryek valley to Matin, where he then hired a cab to drive the Pech road to Nangalam.[40] Gulab gave Shina 1000 Afghanis (about twenty U.S. dollars). When Shina reached the base in Nangalam in the middle of the night he met with the commander and related the story about a wounded American soldier in their village. He then gave him the note that Luttrell had written.[41]

In the weeks following Marcus Luttrell's rescue, Gulab and his family received threats from the Taliban and they were relocated to Asadabad.[33]

American casualties

Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy of the U.S. Navy, posthumous Medal of Honor recipient.
Memorial plaque in memory of the U.S. Army Night Stalkers killed in Operation Red Wings.
Name Age Action Hometown
Navy SEALs
LT Michael P. Murphy 29 Part of 4-Man SEAL team, killed in an ambush Patchogue, New York
SO2 Matthew Axelson 29 Cupertino, California[42]
SO2 Danny Dietz 25 Littleton, Colorado[42]
SOC Jacques J. Fontan 36 Killed aboard the helicopter when it was shot down New Orleans, Louisiana
SOCS Daniel R. Healy 36 Exeter, New Hampshire
LCDR Erik S. Kristensen 33 San Diego, California
SO1 Jeffery A. Lucas 33 Corbett, Oregon
LT Michael M. McGreevy, Jr. 30 Portville, New York
SO2 James E. Suh 28 Deerfield Beach, Florida
SO1 Jeffrey S. Taylor 30 Midway, West Virginia
SO2 Shane E. Patton 22 Boulder City, Nevada
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment[9]
SSG Shamus O. Goare 29 Killed aboard the helicopter when it was shot down Danville, Ohio
CWO3 Corey J. Goodnature 35 Clarks Grove, Minnesota.
SGT Kip A. Jacoby 21 Pompano Beach, Florida
SFC Marcus V. Muralles 33 Shelbyville, Indiana
MSG James W. Ponder III 36 Franklin, Tennessee
MAJ Stephen C. Reich 34 Washington Depot, Connecticut.
SFC Michael L. Russell 31 Stafford, Virginia
CWO4 Chris J. Scherkenbach 40 Jacksonville, Florida

Aftermath and repercussions

Ahmad Shah and his group recovered a large amount of weapons, ammunition, and other materials, including three SOPMOD M4 Carbines fitted with M203 40mm grenade launchers, a ruggedized laptop with an intact hard drive containing maps of embassies in Kabul, night vision equipment, and a sniper spotting scope, among other items from the Navy SEAL reconnaissance and surveillance team, items which they could then use against American, Coalition, and Government of Afghanistan entities. Shah had with him two videographers during the ambush, and As-Sahab Media released a video of the ambush and the items recovered from the SEALs.

A large amount of resources were devoted to the search, rescue, and recovery operations of Red Wings II. As such, Ahmad Shah and his men left the region and regrouped in Pakistan. During the following weeks of Red Wings II, ground units of 2/3 undertook a number of patrols, as did members of the Afghan National Army, Army Special Operations units, and Navy Special Operations units. These "presence operations" achieved the goal of disrupting anti-coalition militia activity, but at great cost, and upon the exfiltration of troops, Ahmad Shah and his reinforced cell was able to return to the area weeks later.[2]

A tremendous amount of global media attention was focused on the ambush and the MH-47 shootdown. The size of Shah's group increased as additional fighters joined his ranks. With the withdrawal of American and Coalition troops at the end of Red Wings II, Shah and his group was able to return to the Kunar Province and begin attacks again. The "sequel" to Operation Red Wings was Operation Whalers, which 2/3 planned and executed in August 2005.[2][3] Some survivors have suffered from PTSD.[43]

Legacy

Military decorations and honors

On September 14, 2006, Dietz and Axelson were posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for "undaunted courage" and heroism. Luttrell was also awarded the Navy Cross in a ceremony at the White House. In 2007, Murphy was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle.

On June 28, 2008, Luttrell and the family members of soldiers killed overseas were honored at a San Diego Padres game.[44] In addition, the United States Navy Parachute Team, the Leap Frogs, brought in the American flag, the POW/MIA flag and the San Diego Padres flag. The attendees were given a standing ovation by the more than 25,000 there to watch the game.

A statue entitled The Guardians stands in the Cupertino Veterans Memorial Park,[45] in Cupertino, California. Sculpted by noted artist W. Stanley Proctor, the statue depicts both Matthew Axelson and James Suh, natives of the region, standing back-to-back.[46]

Ahmad Shah

Ahmad Shah's group in Kunar Province was neutralized and Shah was seriously wounded during Operation Whalers weeks later in August 2005.[1][2][7]

In April 2008, Shah was killed during a shootout with Pakistani police in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[47]

Disputed information

There exists some conflict over the exact numbers of Taliban forces involved in the engagement, among other mistakes by some sources. In Luttrell's own official after-action report filed with his superiors after his rescue, he estimated the size of the Taliban force to be around 20–35. Luttrell claims in his book that during the briefing his team was told around 80 to 200 fighters were expected to be in the area.[6] Initial intel estimates estimated approximately 10 to 20.[3] Official media reports from the military estimated the size of the Taliban force to be around 20 as well, while in the Medal of Honor citation for LT Michael P. Murphy, the Navy cited 30–40 enemies.[48] In the Summary of Action related to the same MOH, the Navy cites an "enemy force of more than 50 anti-coalition militia".[49] In his book, Victory Point: Operations Red Wings and Whalers – the Marine Corps' Battle for Freedom in Afghanistan, military journalist Ed Darack cites a military intelligence report stating the strength of the Taliban force to be 8–10, compared to the 80-200 claimed by Luttrell in Lone Survivor. The military intelligence estimate cited by Darack is based on research sourced from intelligence reports, including aerial and eye-witness studies of the battlefield after the fact, including the men sent in to rescue Luttrell, as well as reports from Afghan intelligence.[3][11][12]

The claim in Luttrell's memoir Lone Survivor, written with Patrick Robinson, that Lieutenant Murphy even considered and then put to vote the possible execution of the unarmed civilians who stumbled upon the SEAL reconnaissance and surveillance team has been roundly criticized and dismissed by many as fiction. In an article by Sean Naylor, Army Times senior correspondent, Navy Special Warfare Command spokesman Lieutenant Steve Ruh stated that with respect to making command decisions in the field, "Whether they’re officer or enlisted, the senior guy ultimately has the ultimate authority." And with regards to voting whether or not to execute unarmed civilians, he admitted, "This is the first time I’ve ever heard of anything put to a vote like that. In my 14 years of Navy experience, I’ve never seen or heard of anything like that."[32]

In the June 12, 2007 article "Survivor's book dishonors son's memory" by Michael Rothfeld in Newsday, Michael P. Murphy's father Dan claims that Lieutenant Murphy would never have considered executing unarmed civilians, let alone putting such a grave decision up for a vote (in reference to the purported vote of execution of unarmed locals). Military protocol, United States and international military doctrine, and rules of engagement strictly forbid harming unarmed non-combatant civilians, with one of the specific rules of engagement in effect at the time stating, "Civilians are not targets!"[29][50][51]

In popular culture

Film

Literature

Memorials

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Operation Redwing was a 1956 series of nuclear weapons tests.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 MacMannis, Colonel Andrew (USMC) and Scott, Major Robert (USMC), Operation Red Wings: A Joint Failure in Unity of Command, Pages 14–20, Marine Corps Association / Marine Corps Gazette, retrieved 2012-02-05
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Darack, Ed (2010), Victory Point: Operations Red Wings and Whalers – The Marine Corps' Battle for Freedom in Afghanistan, Penguin Group, ISBN 978-0-425-23259-0
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Darack, Ed (December 14, 2010), "Operation Red Wings: What Really Happened?", Marine Corps Gazette (January 2011) (Marinecorpsgazette-digital.com): 62–65, retrieved 2011-06-13
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Darack, Ed, Topographic Map by Ed Darack used in Victory Point of Named Areas of Interest on Sawtalo Sar for Operation Red Wings, Darack.com, retrieved 2012-02-06
  5. ↑ OPERATION RED WINGS – The (Mis)Information Aftermath
  6. 1 2 3 4 Luttrell, Marcus; Robinson, Patrick (2007), Lone Survivor: The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10, Back Bay Books, ISBN 0-316-06759-8
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Darack, Ed, Operation Red Wings, Operation Whalers, and the book VICTORY POINT in which they are comprehensively documented, Darack.com, retrieved 2011-06-13
  8. ↑ Operation Redwing June 28, 2005
  9. 1 2 "Helicopter crash victims identified". CNN News. July 4, 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
  10. ↑ Summary of Action
  11. 1 2 3 C, Eric, On Violence: He Got the Title Wrong? And 6 More Mistakes from Luttrell's "Lone Survivor.", OnViolence.com, retrieved 2012-02-06
  12. 1 2 3 Ricks, Tom, "'Lone Survivor' smackdown", The Best Defense (Ricks.foreignpolicy.com), retrieved 2011-06-13
  13. 1 2 Seiffert, 1st Lietuenant Lance, (USMC), Operation Red Wings Possible Hockey Team Names List by Lance Seiffert, Darack.com, retrieved 2011-06-13
  14. ↑ Darack, Ed, Archived Version of Victory Point Web Site, from 2006, Pointing out Difference between Operation Redwing and Operation Red Wings, Darack.com, retrieved 2012-02-06
  15. ↑ Rich, Motoko (2007-08-09), Books: Lone Survivor, New York Times, retrieved 2012-02-06
  16. ↑ Robinson, Patrick (2010-02-02), Writing Lone Survivor: The Honor and the Anguish, Huffington Post, retrieved 2012-02-06
  17. ↑ Mraz, Steve, Operation Pil Targets Taliban in Kunar Province, Stars and Stripes, retrieved 2011-06-13
  18. ↑ Storm, Sergeant Robert M., (USMC), Operation Sorkh Khar (Red Donkey) (PDF), Hawaii Marine / MCBH.USMC.MIL, retrieved 2011-06-13
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