Sinclair Executive

Sinclair Executive

Sinclair Executive Type 1
Introduced September 1972
Invented by Clive Sinclair
Cost GB£79.95
Calculator
Display type Light-emitting diode
Display size 8 digits
CPU
Processor Texas Instruments GLS 1802[1]
Frequency 200 kHz
Programming
Other
Power supply 4 button cells
Power consumption 20 milliwatts
Dimensions 56 by 138 by 9 millimetres (2.20 in × 5.43 in × 0.35 in)

The Sinclair Executive was the world's first "slimline" pocket calculator, and the first to be produced by Clive Sinclair's company Sinclair Radionics. Introduced in 1972, there were at least two different versions of the Sinclair Executive, with different keyboard markings, and another called the Sinclair Executive Memory, introduced in 1973.

Its small size was made possible by pulsing the current to the Texas Instruments integrated circuit, reducing the power consumption by a factor of more than 10. The Executive was highly successful, making GB£1.8 million of profit for Sinclair and winning a Design Council Award for Electronics.

History

The Executive was launched in September 1972 at the price of GB£79.95 plus VAT, equivalent to £950 in 2015 when adjusted for inflation. This was around half the price of comparable calculators, but still twice the average weekly wage.[2][3][4] It was the first pocket calculator, and the first to be mass-produced, and its introduction to the market coincided with a number of other companies entering the calculator market.[4][5]

Clive Sinclair, reckoning that the market for "executive toys" was not especially sensitive to price, ordered components for 100,000 calculators.[6] The Executive was highly successful, and made 1.8 million pounds profit for Sinclair Radionics.[7] It was well received by both domestic and foreign markets, and US$1.5 million worth of Executives were sold in Japan in early 1974 at six times the price of Japanese models.[8] The parts, consisting of the TI 1802 chip, 22 transistors, 50 resistors and 17 capacitors, cost close to GB£10, compared with a sale price of close to GB£80.[9] The Executive impressed the engineers at Texas Instruments, who had used the same chip to produce a longer and wider calculator that was over three times as thick and a great deal more expensive.[9] In 1974, sales of the Executive were greater than GB£2.5 million, and Sinclair was producing 100,000 calculators each month, of which 55% were exported.[10]

A Sinclair Executive purchased by a Russian diplomat exploded in his breast pocket, allegedly leading to an official Soviet investigation.[11] It was found that it had been left on by accident, leading to a current drain on the batteries that overheated them until they burst.[12]

Design

It was significantly smaller than any of its competitors, and the first calculator that could easily be carried in a pocket.[2][13] According to a Sinclair executive quoted in the Financial Times, "one must always bear a packet of cigarettes in mind as the ideal size," possibly a quip on Clive Sinclair's smoking habit.[9] The Executive weighed 2.5 ounces (71 g) and measured 56 by 138 by 9 millimetres (2.20 in × 5.43 in × 0.35 in).[13] The case, designed by Richard Torrens and made of black injection-moulded polycarbonate, required flexible glue to hold the two halves together.[9]

Design Magazine described it as "at once a conversation piece, a rich man's plaything and a functional business machine".[11][14] An example of the calculator is displayed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and the futuristic design earned it the Design Council Award for Electronics in 1973.[7][15] It was the first calculator designed to appeal to people because of its looks, and New Scientist described it as "not so much a professional calculator - more a piece of personal jewellery".[9]

Functions

As well as four-function arithmetic, the Executive had the ability to compute squares, reciprocals, and multiply or divide by a fixed constant.[6] The Executive could carry out sums to two, four or six decimal places, or use a floating decimal point.[14]

Chip

The calculator was powered by a Texas Instruments GLS 1802, a metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit with 7000 transistors.[1][6] A chip of this kind normally consumes 350 milliwatts, but by pulsing the power this requirement was reduced to 20 milliwatts.[6] It was discovered that an early prototype continued to work if the batteries were disconnected and then reapplied quickly enough, as the capacitors in the circuit could hold a charge for up to five seconds.[16]

Power is supplied to the chip in 1.7 microsecond pulses as determined by the storage time of a control transistor. An oscillator clock operating at 200 kilohertz during calculations and dropping to 15 kilohertz between each operation means shut off time ranges from 3.3 microseconds during calculations to over 65 microseconds between.[6] The device relies on the capacitance of the chips to store information when there is no power, and 1.7 microseconds proved sufficient for the chip to carry out a single change of state of the electronics.[6] Any calculation can be done in 1000 such changes.[6] This had the effect of extending battery life to about 20 hours of continuous use with three small hearing aid batteries, equivalent to about four months of normal usage.[6][13]

Screen

The screen on the Executive was a monolithic seven-segment gallium arsenide light emitting diode display, bought from a Canadian firm.[17] Its small size reduced the power consumption and material cost,[14] but it was still changed several times in pursuit of lower power consumption, creating issues with the reliability.[18]

Executive Memory

The Executive Memory was launched in November 1973, with the same physical dimensions as the original, but with the ability to memorise subtotals from any number of chain calculations.[19][20][18] There were at least 3 versions, including the black and white Type 1, and the Type 2 with a gold keyboard.[19][20] The Executive Memory sold at the lower price of GB£24.95.[7]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Tout, Nigel. "Clive Sinclair and the Pocket calculator". vintagecalculators.com. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  2. 1 2 "Have you got a Sinclair Executive?". BBC. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  3. ↑ "A sectioned Sinclair Executive pocket calculator, 1972". Science Museum. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  4. 1 2 Cockshott, Mackenzie & Michaelson 2012, p. 90
  5. ↑ "Calculator Time-line". vintagecalculators.com. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Information, Reed Business (20 July 1972). "Pocket calculators add up to a big market". New Scientist: 144.
  7. 1 2 3 "Executive". www.vintagesinclair.co.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  8. ↑ Dale 1985, p. 53
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Dale 1985, p. 45
  10. ↑ Dale 1985, p. 54
  11. 1 2 Rawsthorn, Alice (4 March 2012). "Farewell, Pocket Calculator?". New York Times. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  12. ↑ Dale 1985, pp. 55-56
  13. 1 2 3 "Sinclair Executive and Sinclair Executive Memory". vintagecalculators.com. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  14. 1 2 3 Rowlands, David (1973). "The push-button abacus". Design: 36–7.
  15. ↑ "Executive Pocket Calculator". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  16. ↑ Dale 1985, p. 44
  17. ↑ Infoworld Media Group, Inc (29 November 1982). "Clive Sinclair: "creative electronics" visionary". InfoWorld: 112–116.
  18. 1 2 Dale 1985, p. 48
  19. 1 2 "Sinclair Executive Memory". vintagecalculators.com. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  20. 1 2 "Sinclair Executive Memory". mycalcdb.free.fr. Retrieved 6 December 2013.

Sources

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