Sixteen Arhats

The 16 Arhats, with various associated symbolic items; as depicted in a "gentle caricature" style Japanese painting, late 19th - early 20th century

The Sixteen Arhats (Japanese: 十六羅漢, Juroku Rakan; Tibetan: གནས་བརྟན་བཅུ་དྲུག, "Neten Chudrug") are a group of legendary Arhats in Buddhism. The grouping of sixteen Arhats was brought to China, and later to Tibet, from India. In China, an expanded group of Eighteen Arhats became more popular, but worship of the sixteen Arhats continues to the present day in Japan and Tibet. In Japan sixteen Arhats are particularly popular in Zen Buddhism, where they are treated as examples of behaviour.^[1] In Tibet, the sixteen Arhats, also known as sixteen sthaviras ('elders') are the subject of a liturgical practice associated with the festival of the Buddha's birth,^[2] composed by the Kashmiri teacher Shakyahribhadra (1127-1225).^[3] They are also well represented in Tibetan art.^[4]

The sixteen Arhats are:

Sanskrit	Chinese	Japanese pronunciation	Tibetan	Tibetan pronunciation
Pindola Bharadvāja	賓度羅跋囉惰闍尊者	Bindora Baradāja sonja	བྷ་ར་དྭ་ཛ་སོ་ཉོམ་ལེན	Baradadza Sonyomlen
Kanakavatsa	迦諾迦伐蹉尊者	Kanakabassa sonja	གསེར་གྱི་བེའུ	Sergyi Be'u
Kanaka Bharadrāja	迦諾迦跋釐堕闍尊者	Kanakabarudaja sonja	བྷ་ར་དྭ་ཛ་་གསེར་ཅན	Baradadza Serchen
Subinda/Abhedya	蘇頻陀尊者	Subinda sonja	མི་ཕྱེད་པ	Michepa
Nakula/Vakula	諾距羅尊者	Nakola sonja	བ་ཀུ་ལ	Bakula
Bhadra	跋陀羅尊者	Badara sonja	བཟང་པོ	Zangpo
Kālika	迦哩迦尊者	Kalika sonja	དུས་ལྡན	Duden
Vajriputra	伐闍羅弗多羅尊者	Bajarabutara sonja	རྡོ་རྗེ་མོའི་བུ	Dorje Mobu
Jīvaka/Gopaka	戎博迦尊者	Jubaka sonja	སྦྱེ་བྱེད་པ	Bejepa
Panthaka	半託迦尊者	Hantaka sonja	ལམ་བསྟན	Lamten
Rāhula	囉怙羅尊者	Ragon sonja	སྒྲ་གཅན་འཛིན	Drachendzin
Nāgasena	那伽犀那尊者	Nagasena sonja	ཀླུ་སྡེ	Lude
Ańgaja	因掲陀尊者	Ingada sonja	ཡན་ལག་འབྱུང	Yanlag Jung
Vanavāsin	伐那婆斯尊者	Banabasu sonja	ནགས་ན་གནས	Nagnane
Ajita	阿氏多尊者	Ajita sonja	མ་ཕམ་པ	Mapampa
Cūdapanthaka	注荼半吒迦尊者	Chudahantaka sonja	ལམ་ཕྲན་བསྟན	Lamtrenten

The Sixteen Arhats in Art
Covered Box in the Shape of Sixteen Arhats in a Begging Bowl
Pindolabharadrāja (Binzuru) statue in Mitsu-tera Temple, Osaka, Japan.
Ańgaja (Ingada sonja) holding a stupika in his right hand. Musée Guimet.

The Sixteen Arhats from the Alice S. Kandell Collection
Arhats Rahula, Cudapanthaka, and Pindola
Arhats Kanakavasta, Vajriputra, Kanaka-Bharadvaja, and Bhadra
Arhats Ajita, Kalika, and Vanavasin
Arhats Panthaka, Nagasena, Gopaka, and Abheda

Notes

Japanese Buddhist pantheon

Buddhas (Nyorai-bu)	Vairocana (Dainichi Nyorai) Amoghasiddhi (Fukujoju Nyorai) Amitābha (Amida Nyorai) Akshobhya (Ashuku Nyorai) Ratnasambhava (Hossho Nyorai) Shakyamuni (Shaka Nyorai) Bhaisajyaguru (Yakushi Nyorai)

Bodhisattvas (Bosatsu-bu)	Vajraparamita (Kongō-Haramitsu) Vajrasattva (Kongosatta) Maitreya (Miroku) Avalokitesvara (Kannon) Samantabhadra (Fugen) Manjusri (Monju) Mahapratisara (Daizuigu) Kshitigarbha (Jizo) Akasagarbha (Kokuzo) Mahasthamaprapta (Seishi)

Wisdom Kings (Myōō-bu)	Five Wisdom Kings Acala (Fudo-Myoo) Rāgarāja (Aizen-Myoo) Ucchusma (Ususama) Hayagriva (Bato Kannon) Mahamayuri (Kujaku-Myoo) Yamantaka (Daiitoku)

Heavenly deities (Ten-bu)	Shitennō Marici (Marishi-ten) Mahakala (Daikokuten) Saraswati (Benzaiten) Brahma (Bonten) Hotei Jurōjin Fukurokuju Vaisravana (Bishamonten) Ebisu Ugajin Kangiten

Circumstantial appearances (Suijakushin-bu)	Izuna Gongen Atago Gongen Konpira Daigongen

Religious masters (Kōsō・Soshi-bu)	Bodhidharma Prince Shōtoku Kūkai Saichō Eisai Dōgen Kigen Honen Shinran Nichiren Sixteen Arhats

Zen Tendaishū Pure Land Vajrayana Tantrism Shingon Nichiren Japanese mythology

Buddhism topics

Outline Glossary Index

Foundations	Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way

The Buddha	Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Physical characteristics Footprint Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna (father) Māyā (mother) Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother) Yasodhara (wife) Rāhula (son) Ānanda (cousin) Devadatta (cousin) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions

Key concepts	Dharma Three Marks of Existence Impermanence Dukkha Anatta Pratītyasamutpāda Skandha Karma Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Kleshas Ignorance Craving Five hindrances Ten Fetters Indriya Enlightenment Parinirvana Tathātā Dharmas Two truths doctrine Śūnyatā Bodhicitta Bodhisattva Buddha-nature Mindstream

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Practices	Refuge Buddhist devotion Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Merit Paritta Dāna Nekkhamma Śīla Five Precepts Bodhisattva vow Prātimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Pāramitā Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Vīrya Four Right Exertions Iddhipada Five Strengths Faith Mindfulness Satipatthana Dhyāna Bhavana Satya Sacca Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassana movement Shikantaza Zazen Kōan Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma

Nirvana	Bodhi Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Bodhisattva Four stages of enlightenment Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat

Monasticism	Bhikkhu Bhikkhuni Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagarika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery

Major figures	Gautama Buddha Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Mulian Ānanda Mahākassapa Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhuti Punna Upali Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Buddhaghosa Nagasena Bodhidharma Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Atiśa Padmasambhava Nichiren Ambedkar Songtsen Gampo Emperor Wen of Sui Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Karmapa Shamarpa Naropa Xuanzang

Texts	Tripiṭaka Mahayana sutras Pāli Canon Chinese Buddhist canon Tibetan Buddhist canon

Branches	Theravada Mahayana Chan Buddhism Zen Seon Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Navayana Vajrayana Tibetan Shingon Dzogchen Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna

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Culture	Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Temple of the Tooth Art Greco-Buddhist art Poetry Buddha statue Budai Symbolism Dharmachakra Flag Bhavacakra Swastika Thangka Prayer wheel Mala Mudra Mantra Om mani padme hum Funeral Music Holidays Vesak Uposatha Magha Puja Asalha Puja Rains retreat Kassaya Architecture Temple Vihara Wat Stupa Pagoda Candi Thai temple art and architecture Pilgrimage Lumbini Maya Devi Temple Bodh Gaya Sarnath Kushinagar Bodhi Tree Mahabodhi Temple Calendar Cuisine Vegetarianism

Miscellaneous	Lineage Maitreya Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Amitābha Brahmā Māra Dhammapada Vinaya Sutra Koliya Hinayana Sacred languages Pali Sanskrit Dharma talk Kalpa Abhijñā Ṛddhi Siddhi

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Sixteen Arhats

See also

Notes