Sixth Street (Austin, Texas)

Sixth Street Historic District
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Historic buildings lining sixth street
Location	Roughly bounded by 5th, 7th, Lavaca Sts. and I-35, Austin, Texas
Coordinates	30°16′2″N 97°44′23″W / 30.26722°N 97.73972°WCoordinates: 30°16′2″N 97°44′23″W / 30.26722°N 97.73972°W
Built	1839
Architect	Multiple
Architectural style	Early Commercial, Classical Revival, Late Victorian
NRHP Reference #	75002132[1]
Added to NRHP	December 30, 1975

Sixth Street is a historic street and entertainment district in Austin, Texas located within the city's urban core in downtown Austin.^[2] Sixth Street was formerly named Pecan Street under Austin's older naming convention, which had east-west streets named after trees and north-south streets named after Texas rivers (the latter convention remains in place).^[3]

The nine-block area of East Sixth Street roughly between Lavaca Street to the west and Interstate 35 to the east is recognized as the Sixth Street Historic District and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 1975.^[4] Developed as one of Austin's trade and commercial districts in the late 1800s, the predominant building style are two- or three-story masonry Victorian commercial architecture. Most structures in the area had already been built by the 1880s, though a few notable exceptions include the Driskill Hotel (1886), the Scarbrough Building (1910), and the Littlefield Building.

The area around nearby 4th Street and 6th Street has been a major entertainment district since the 1970s.^[5] Many bars, clubs, music venues, and shopping destinations are located on East 6th Street between Congress Avenue and Interstate 35, and many offer live music at one time or another during the week.^[6] Traffic is generally blocked on East 6th Street and most crossroads from I-35 to Brazos Street on weekend evenings, and football home games (depending on pedestrian traffic), as well as holidays and special events, to allow the crowds to walk unfettered to the many venues that line the street.

East Sixth Street (known locally as Dirty Sixth)^[7] plays host to a wide variety of events each year, ranging from music and film festivals (such as South by Southwest) to biker rallies (such as The Republic of Texas Biker Rally) and the Pecan Street Festival.^[8]

The area of Sixth Street west of Lavaca is known as the West 6th Street District. Recently, a movement has been growing to develop this area as an entertainment district of its own, geared toward the live-music crowd.^[9]

History

Austin was planned on a 15-block grid plan developed by Edwin Waller that was bisected by Congress Avenue running north-south. The Bastrop Highway linking the town to earlier settlements in East Texas was charted in 1839 and chose the route into Austin along Pecan Street. The stagecoach followed this route when it arrived in Austin in 1840, and used the Bullock Hotel at the northwest corner of Pecan and Congress as the stage stop. The Bullock, built in 1839 by Richard Bullock, was a complex of log building which served as the quasiformal and informal meeting place in Austin for several years. That particular intersection quickly became the focal point of town life.

The town grew like a cross up and down Congress and Pecan. Pecan had an obvious advantage for development. The street was far enough from the river to escape flooding, which occasionally spread as far as Cypress Street (3rd Street), and it was the last east-west street flat enough for wagons and pedestrians to travel comfortably. Following an explosive growth in town population between 1850 and 1860, Pecan soon contained not only log and frame houses, but also was lined with wagon yards, livery stables, and saloons to meet the needs of travelers.

While the Civil War interrupted Sixth Street's growth in the 1860s, the two subsequent centuries were the height of Sixth Street's importance as a commercial center. The arrival of the railroad in 1871 was very much to Sixth Street's benefit, as some of Austin's most prestigious business enterprises were located here to be near the railroad depot. Lots along the street were in great demand and fine two- and three-story limestone Victorian commercial structures began to line the streets where one-story frame buildings or vacant lots had been.

During the late 1880s, however, Congress Avenue began to pre-empt Sixth Street as the most fashionable shopping destination in the city. The new Capitol building was being built at the head of Congress and most businesses catering to city-dwellers and/or a state government clientele moved to a Congress location. Sixth Street, though, continued to function as a site for offices, warehouses, and showrooms of businesses using the railroad, as well as to businesses catering to farmers or other travelers. In 1886, the famous four-story Driskill Hotel was completed at 122 E. 6th Street. Called "the finest hotel south of St. Louis", the hotel was built in a Romanesque Revival style by Jesse Driskill, a cattleman who spent his fortune constructing it.^[10]

Scarbrough and Hicks department store, founded on the southwest corner of 6th and Congress in 1893, decided to remain in this same location in 1909 when it undertook the construction of Austin's first modern skyscraper; the Scarborough Building is an eight-story brick building in the Commercial style. George Littlefield chose the northeast corner of that intersection in 1911 for a 9-story brick and limestone building to be built to house his American Bank.

A biracial character was evident along Sixth Street during this period of development, although it became more pronounced in the 1890s and early 1900s. For example, a black physician had an office in the 300 block of East Sixth, and several businesses on the north side of the 400 and 500 blocks were operated by blacks and catered to Austin's black community. By the early 20th century, racial and ethnic diversity had become one of Sixth Street's most striking characteristics. Lebanese businesses also began to appear on 6th Street in the 1890s. One of the first Lebanese immigrants to Austin, Cater Joseph, opened a confectionery on Congress in the 1880s. The Joseph family still maintains a business on East 6th Street, as do several other Lebanese and Syrian families who founded businesses there in the early 20th century. By 1940, businesses on 6th Street were owned by blacks, Jewish, German, Chinese, and Mexican-Americans, as well.

A steady erosion of the commercial importance of the East 6th Street area occurred in the 1940s and particularly accelerated after World War II. A proliferation of second-hand stores, chain and discount stores catered to a lower-income clientele, followed by an increasing number of vacated buildings. A skid-row atmosphere was fostered in the 1950s and 1960s by the multiplying number of pawn shops, loan companies, and bars in the area. However, a number of owner-operated businesses kept the area alive for commercial activity.

One of the last residents on Sixth Street was local architect David Graeber. Graeber purchased the building at 410 E. 6th Street and made it his family's residence until he died in 2010. The building is notable as the last building on Sixth Street to be used exclusively as a primary residence. The building's interior was modern for the time, including an indoor swimming pool, and substantial sound mitigation.

The Ritz, a historic theater, open its doors on 320 E. 6th Street in 1929. Throughout its history, the Ritz was used as a movie theater, music hall, club, comedy house, and more. It reopened after renovations in fall 2007 as the new downtown location for the Alamo Drafthouse.^[11] On March 20, 2007, the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema announced that they would be relocating their downtown cinema, which was the original theater opened in 1997, to the Ritz. They began construction on April 1, 2007, to revive the Ritz as a movie theater.^[12]

Pecan Street Festival

Until the 1970s, Sixth Street was in decline and downtown was scarcely populated, with abandoned buildings scattered about. A pioneering group of Austinites, including Dr. Emma Lou Linn, known as the Old Pecan Street Association, was instrumental in reclaiming the downtown space and starting renovation of the old buildings. The association needed adequate funding for restoration costs and bringing a street fair to life was a solution to their problems.

In 1978, the Pecan Street Festival was started and included local food and art vendors along with bands from the surrounding area, establishing a community event for cultural preservation and creativity. Due to the festival’s positive turnout, the celebration became a biannual spring and fall tradition, honoring 6th Street’s original name, Pecan Street. In the past, the event has attracted more than 300,000 people, generating an economic impact around $43 million in 2010.^[13]

Peaceful Streets Project

Beginning in 2012, local police accountability group Peaceful Streets Project began to patrol Sixth Street on Friday and Saturday evenings to record interactions between police and the public. While the Peaceful Streets Project spent significant time patrolling communities with a heavy police presence such as Manor, Springdale, Riverside, and Rundberg, their Sixth Street patrols provided the majority share of their videos^[14] given the high concentration of police officers, the homeless, and inebriated bar patrons.

In retaliation for their cop watch activities, Peaceful Streets Project founder Antonio Buehler has been arrested on Sixth Street three times for filming the police, as have other Peaceful Streets Project activists such as Mike Bluehair Smith of Portland, OR.^[15] After Buehler's second arrest the Austin Police Department indicated that they would seek to create a buffer zone that would prohibit anyone from recording police activity within 60 feet of a police officer.^[16][17] Two of the arrests of Buehler were referenced in a civil rights lawsuit against the City of Austin.^[18] Thus far, all the arrests of Peaceful Streets Project activists by the Austin Police Department have been dropped by prosecutors.

National Register of Historic Places listings

[19]	Name on the Register[20]	Image	Date listed[21]	Location	City or town	Description
1	U.S. Post Office and Federal Building		August 25, 1970 (#70000771)	126 W. 6th St. 30°16′07″N 97°44′36″W / 30.268611°N 97.743333°W	Austin
2	Richmond Kelley Smoot House		August 12, 1982 (#82004527)	1316 W. 6th St. 30°16′28″N 97°45′35″W / 30.274444°N 97.759722°W	Austin

References

1. Staff (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
2. "AROUND THE STATE: A Selective Guide to Entertainment and Events of More Than Usual Interest". Texas Monthly. November 1979: 28. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
3. "Homemade crafts a main attraction at the Old Pecan Street Festival". Associated Press. 2004-09-25. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
4. Whitacre, Whitacre (2001-08-15). "6th Bar Blues". The Daily Texan. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
5. Barton, Laura (2008-02-23). "We're Austin Music". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
6. Ezell, Kyle (2006). Retire Downtown. Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 160, 162. ISBN 978-0-7407-6049-5. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
7. http://www.austinchronicle.com/food/2013-05-24/the-dirty-word/
8. "6th Street Revealed". Celebrate Austin Magazine. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
9. Gerbe, Bret (Nov 8, 2006). "A night on the other side reveals a burgeoning entertainment district among the office buildings and condos". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved Nov 24, 2011.
10. Carmack, Liz. Historic Hotels of Texas, Texas A&M University Press: College Station, Texas, 2007. pp 76-80.
11. Pearson, Jon "The Ritz: 50-year survivor" The Daily Texan, February 8, 1985
12. Novak, Shonda "Alamo Drafthouse moving to 6th St." Austin American-Statesman, March 21, 2007
13. Hinojos, Elizaneth (Sep 22, 2011). "Pecan Street Festival brings magic back downtown". The Daily Texas. Retrieved Nov 24, 2011.
14. Peaceful Streets Project \ | https://www.youtube.com/user/PeacefulStreets
15. https://photographyisnotacrime.com/2015/08/02/austin-police-arrest-peaceful-streets-founder-antonio-buehler-again-for-recording-cops-in-public/
16. https://shadowproof.com/2012/08/30/the-antonio-bubble/
17. http://legacy.kvue.com/story/news/2014/05/21/2325434/
18. http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/the-stream/the-stream-officialblog/2014/1/8/activist-sues-austinpoliceforrighttofilmarrests.html
19. Numbers represent an ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
20. Staff (2008-04-24). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
21. The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.

External links

• 6th Street In Austin
• City of Austin - Austin's E. 6th Street Map