1963 Skopje earthquake

1963 Skopje earthquake
Date July 26, 1963 (1963-07-26)
Magnitude 6.1 Mw
Depth 6 kilometres (4 mi)[1]
Epicenter 42°06′N 21°24′E / 42.10°N 21.40°E / 42.10; 21.40[1][2]
Areas affected Yugoslavia (mainly present-day Republic of Macedonia)
Casualties

1,000–1,100 killed[1][3]
Other:macedonia skopje

  • 3,000–4,000 injured[4][5]
  • 200,000 left homeless[3]
  • 75–80% of city destroyed[6][7]

The 1963 Skopje earthquake (Macedonian: Скопски земјотрес 1963, transliterated Skopski zemjotres 1963) was a 6.1 moment magnitude earthquake which occurred in Skopje, SR Macedonia (present-day Republic of Macedonia) then part of the SFR Yugoslavia, on July 26, 1963 which killed over 1,070 people, injured between 3,000[4] and 4,000[5] and left more than 200,000 people homeless.[3] About 80 percent of the city was destroyed.[3]

Facts

The earthquake, which measured 6.1 on the moment magnitude scale[1] (equivalent to 6.9 on the Richter scale),[6][7] occurred on July 26, 1963 at 04:17 UTC[2] (5:17 am local time)[3][6] in Skopje, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, then part of SFR Yugoslavia (present-day Republic of Macedonia). The tremor lasted for 20 seconds[6][7] and was felt mostly along the Vardar River Valley.[7] There were also smaller aftershocks until 5:43.[8]

Aftermath

Members of the US Army 8th Evacuation Hospital in Skopje, Yugoslavia, following the earthquake in 1963. The unit was flown to the disaster site to provide medical care to the victims.

Within days after the earthquake took place, 35 nations requested that the United Nations General Assembly place relief for Skopje on their list of agendas. Relief, in the form of money, medical, engineering and building teams and supplies was offered from 78 countries.[3]

United States president John F. Kennedy ordered the Department of Defense and the Agency for International Development (USAID) to take actions for disaster assistance in Skopje by sending personnel, prefabricated houses, tent cities and other forms of relief.[9] Large amount of relief also arrived from the Soviet Union. Its leader, Nikita Khrushchev, visited Skopje personally.[10] As the SFR Yugoslavia was a member of the Non Aligned Movement during the Cold War, the American and Soviet troops stationed in Skopje could freely shake hands for the first time since their historical encounter on Elbe in 1945.[11]

The first foreign journalist who arrived in Skopje to report on the earthquake was David Binder of the New York Times.[12] As he watched Skopje from the plane, he commented that the city looked like it was bombed.[13]

The United Kingdom-based engineer Demetrius Comino provided Dexion building frame materials to enable 49 Royal Engineers to build 1560 dwellings, enough for two complete villages, one of which was nicknamed Dexiongrad.[14][15] Dexion belongs to the Skopje's Municipality of Gjorče Petrov.[16]

In 1965, the Japanese architect Kenzo Tange was asked by the United Nations to enter a limited competition for the redevelopment of Skopje, after which Tange won 60% of the prize while the Yugoslav team won the remaining 40%. However, Tange's plan for Skopje (one of his major works) remains partly implemented, specifically concerning the New Skopje Railway Station and the so-called City Wall.

From John F. Kennedy Library: National Security Action Memorandum No. 267 Disaster Assistance for Skopje – NARA – 193638, written and signed on 18 October 1963 by president Kennedy's national security advisor McGeorge Bundy

As the city gradually began to recover, the need for revival of cultural life arose. The famous artist Pablo Picasso donated his painting Head of a Woman (1963), which was exhibited in the new post-earthquake Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia. The museum building was a donation from Poland and was designed by several notable Polish architects. The concert hall "Univerzalna sala" was built with donations from around 35 countries and its prefabricated building was made in neighbouring Bulgaria.

Several streets and objects in Skopje were named in honor of the countries which helped in their construction and/or donated housing. For example, the government of Romania donated the polyclinic medical center, which was named after its capital, Bucharest. In Karposh Municipality, there are soviet-donated apartment buildings called in Macedonian: „руски згради“ (trаnslit.: "ruski zgradi", meaning "Russian buildings") and Swedish and Finnish prefabs called „шведски / фински бараки“ ("švedski / finski baraki").[13]

One notable example is Skopje's Mexico Street (улица Мексичка, ulica Meksička). It was officially named in honor of the country Mexico and a memorial plaque from the Mexican president Adolfo López Mateos was unveiled at the location. In 2012, the street's most notable resident, the rock musician Vlatko Stefanovski and his brother, the playwright Goran Stefanovski protested against the mayor's decision to rename several city streets, including Mexico Street. The Stefanovski brothers reminded people that the street they grew up on and where the notable Macedonian rock group Leb i sol was formed was built with donations from Mexico and argued that this act of solidarity must never be forgotten.[17]

Being rebuilt from ruins thanks to the relief from all around the world, Skopje is often referred to as "The City of International Solidarity", which is its motto.[18]

Quotes

Following the earthquake, Josip Broz Tito, then-president of SFR Yugoslavia, sent a message of condolences to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia before visiting the city personally:[10]

“ Together with all the peoples of Yugoslavia we will endeavour to mitigate the misfortune that has befallen your republic. ”

Alberto Moravia, one of the leading Italian novelists:

“ Skopje must not remain merely a newspaper report of its first sufferings, but must be the responsibility of all of us, of all men who today or tomorrow, through some similar new catastrophe, may become Skopians. ”

Jean-Paul Sartre, one of the leading figures of the French philosophy and literature:

“ Skopje is not a film, not a thriller where we guess the chief event. It is a concentration of man’s struggle for freedom, with a result which inspires further struggles and no acceptance of defeat. ”

.

Popular culture

The Skopje Earthquake is referenced in many works of art including literature, music, theatre and films. Notable example is the Macedonian feature film Memento, directed by Dimitrie Osmanli in 1967. An example from the field of literature is the poem Skoplje 1963 by the Austrian poet Christine Busta.[19]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Seismic Ground Motion Estimates for the M6.1 earthquake of July 26, 1963 at Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Department of Earth Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  2. 1 2 "1963 Skopje Macedonia Earthquake". Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Marking the 44th anniversary of the catastrophic 1963 Skopje earthquake MRT, Thursday, July 26, 2007
  4. 1 2 "My Info Agent". Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  5. 1 2 "Макфакс - Макфакс". Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "The 1963 earthquake". Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "BBC ON THIS DAY - 26 - 1963: Thousands killed in Yugoslav earthquake". Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  8. ↑ Vecer online Болката и сеќавањата остануваат засекогаш
  9. ↑ John F. Kennedy Library: National Security Action Memorandum No.267 Disaster Assistance for Skopje
  10. 1 2 Video: Chairman Khruschev and President Tito visit the earthquake areas of Skopje city in Macedonia, Newsreel, 1963
  11. ↑ Nova Makedonija: Скопје 1963–2010 година (Macedonian)
  12. ↑ "Quake - Macedonia". Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  13. 1 2 Radio Free Europe: Годишнина од катастрофалниот земјотрес (Macedonian)
  14. ↑ The New Yorker, Oct 17, 1964
  15. ↑ Davis Ian (1977) "Emergency Shelters", Disasters: the international journal of disaster relief, vol 1, no 1, p.27
  16. ↑ Večer:Населба Дексион (Macedonian)
  17. ↑ Utrinski vesnik:Трајановски се мисли да ја смени одлуката за улица „Киро Глигоров“ (Macedonian)
  18. ↑ Skopje Official Site
  19. ↑ Christine Busta, Unterwegs zu älteren Feuern. Gedichte. 3rd ed. Salzburg, Wien: O. Müller, 1995, p. 31

External links

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