Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia

Soběslav I of Bohemia
Duke of Bohemia
Image of Duke Soběslav
Duke of Bohemia
Reign	12 April 1125 – 14 February 1140
Predecessor	Vladislaus I
Successor	Vladislaus II
Born	c. 1075
Died	14 February 1140 (aged 64–65)
Spouse	Adelaide of Hungary
Issue	Wenceslaus II Udalrich II Maria of Bohemia Soběslav II Vladislaus
House	Přemyslid dynasty
Father	Vratislaus II
Mother	Świętosława of Poland
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Soběslav I (also "Sobeslaus"; c.1075 – 14 February 1140) was Duke of Bohemia from 1125 until his death. He was a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, the youngest son of Vratislaus II (d. 1092), the first Bohemian duke to also rule as king, with his third wife Świętosława of Poland.

Life

Soběslav is first documented about 1107, when he and his elder brother Duke Bořivoj II of Bohemia were expelled by their Přemyslid relative Svatopluk of Olomouc and fled to the court of their maternal cousin Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland. After Svatopluk was assassinated during the Battle of Głogów in 1109, Bořivoj's attempts to regain the Bohemian throne failed, as in the following fratricidal war his younger brother Vladislaus I prevailed, backed by King Henry V of Germany. Later the brothers reconciled and Soběslav was vested with rule at Brno and Znojmo in Moravia from 1115 until 1123, when the tensions between the brothers rose again and Soběslav was once more expelled.

Nevertheless, as the last surviving son of Vratislaus II he succeeded to the ducal throne after Duke Vladislaus' death in 1125. From the beginning his rule was contested by Otto II of Olomouc, the younger brother of Svatopluk, who gained the support not only from Vladislaus' widow Richeza of Berg but also from King Lothair III of Germany. Soběslav therefore was an adversary of the German monarchy throughout his reign and began by using the divisiveness of the 1125 election of King Lothair against rival Duke Frederick II of Swabia to further Bohemian independence.

When Soběslav decided to remove Otto II from Olomouc, the despoiled prince recoursed to the German king. Lothair III declared that no one could succeed to the Bohemian throne without Imperial investiture and proceeded to invade on behalf of Otto II. This, however, was dangerous to the interests of the local nobility, and they rallied around Soběslav. On 18 February 1126, the German and Moravian troops under Lothair met with the Bohemian forces at the Battle of Chlumec, a frontier fortress at the border with the March of Meissen. Soběslav routed and captured King Lothair, while Otto II was killed in battle. However, the relationship between the two countries returned to the former vassal-suzerain relation, as King Lothair was released on condition of Soběslav investiture with Bohemia.

Throughout his reign, he continued to possess the Olomouc duchy. Meanwhile, however, the duke's rule in Bohemia was again undermined by his nephew, Bretislaus, son of Soběslav's eldest brother Duke Bretislaus II (d. 1100). Young Bretislaus referred to the principle of agnatic seniority and had the support of the Moravian dukes, Conrad II of Znojmo and Vratislaus II of Brno, as well as of the church party under Bishop Meinhard of Prague. In June 1130, the conspiracy was discovered and thwarted with much bloodshed. The dukes survived and continued to rule, but Bretislaus was blinded. Upon the accession of his brother-in-law King Bela II of Hungary in 1131 he was entangled into an armed conflict with Duke Bolesław III of Poland, who supported Bela's rival Boris Kalamanos.

Conrad III of Hohenstaufen, elected King of the Romans in 1138, tried to amend relations between the two thrones of Bohemia and Germany. At the Reichstag of Bamberg in the same year, he gave Soběslav the hereditary dignity of the archcupbearer of the Holy Roman Empire and the promise to vest his eldest son Vladislaus with Bohemia upon his death. The duke's reign saw the foundation of many new German colonies in Czech lands in the course of the Ostsiedlung.

Soběslav died on 14 February 1140 at Hostinné Castle. The succession by his son failed, as the Bohemian estates called for his nephew Vladislaus II, the son of his elder brother and predecessor Duke Vladislaus, who became duke with the approval by Conrad.

Marriage and issue

About 1123 Soběslav married Adelaide, daughter of Prince Álmos of Hungary. The marriage produced at least five children:

1. Vladislaus (d. 1165), Duke at Olomouc
2. Maria (1124/25-1172)
3. Soběslav II (~1128-1180), Duke of Bohemia
4. Udalrich II (1134–1170), Duke at Olomouc
5. Wenceslaus II (1137–1192), Duke of Bohemia

Ancestry

Ancestors of Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia

16. Boleslaus II of Bohemia               8. Oldřich of Bohemia                       17. Emma of Mělník               4. Bretislaus I of Bohemia                             18. Křesina               9. Božena                       2. Vratislaus II of Bohemia                                   20. Berthold               10. Henry of Schweinfurt                       21. Eilika of Walbeck               5. Judith of Schweinfurt                             22. Otto II of Henneberg               11. Gerberga of Henneberg                       1. Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia                                         24. Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland               12. Mieszko II Lambert of Poland                       25. Emnilda of Lusatia               6. Casimir I of Poland                             26. Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia               13. Richeza of Lotharingia                       27. Matilda of Germany               3. Świętosława of Poland                                   28. Sviatoslav I of Kiev               14. Vladimir the Great of Kiev                       29. Malusha               7. Maria Dobroniega of Kiev

References

• Petr Sommer; Třeštík, Dušan; Žemlička, Josef, et al.: Přemyslovci. Budování českého státu. Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, Praha 2009, ISBN 978-80-7106-352-0, besonders S. 198–200.