House of Lorraine

House of Habsburg-Lorraine Haus Habsburg-Lothringen
Country	Austria, Bohemia, Brabant, Flanders, Hungary, Lorraine, Luxembourg, Mexico, Modena and Tuscany
Parent house	Ardennes–Metz Habsburg
Titles	Holy Roman Emperor Emperor of Austria Emperor of Mexico King of Bohemia King of Croatia King of Hungary Archduke of Austria Grand Duke of Tuscany Duke of Brabant Duke of Lorraine Duke of Luxembourg Duke of Modena Count of Flanders and so forth
Current head	Karl Habsburg-Lothringen
Dissolution	Lorraine: 1738 – Francis I ceded title in accordance with the Treaty of Vienna, gaining Tuscany Holy Roman Empire, Luxembourg, Brabant, and Flanders: 1805 – Francis II & I ceded titles in accordance with the Peace of Pressburg Parma: 1847 – Marie Louise died without issue Tuscany: 1859 – Leopold II abdicated due to pressure from Italian nationalists Mexico: 1867 – Maximilian I executed by Liberal revolutionaries Austria, Hungary and Bohemia: 1918 – Charles I & IV relinquished participation in state affairs following the end of World War I
Cadet branches	Vaudemont Guise (extinct) Habsburg-Lorraine Austria-Este Hohenberg

The House of Lorraine, the main and now only remaining line known as Habsburg-Lorraine, was one of the most important and longest-reigning royal houses in the history of Europe.^[1] Its senior agnates are the Dukes of Hohenberg, although the house is currently headed by Karl Habsburg-Lothringen, the titular Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Galicia and Lodomeria, Croatia, Illyria, as well as the titular King of Jerusalem.^[2]

Ancestry

House of Ardennes–Metz

The house claims descent from Gerard I of Paris (Count of Paris) (died 779) whose immediate descendants are known as the Girardides. The Matfridings of the 10th century are thought to have been a branch of the family;^[3] at the turn of the 10th century they were Counts of Metz and ruled a set of lordships in Alsace and Lorraine. The Renaissance dukes of Lorraine tended to arrogate to themselves claims to Carolingian ancestry, as illustrated by Alexandre Dumas, père in the novel La Dame de Monsoreau (1846);^[4] in fact, so little documentation survives on the early generations that the reconstruction of a family tree for progenitors of the House of Alsace involves a good deal of guesswork.^[3]

What is more securely demonstrated is that in 1048 Emperor Henry III gave the Duchy of Upper Lorraine first to Adalbert of Metz and then to his brother Gerard whose successors (collectively known as the House of Alsace or the House of Châtenois) retained the duchy until the death of Charles the Bold in 1431.^[5]

Houses Vaudemont and Guise

The Château du Grand Jardin in Joinville, the seat of the Counts and Dukes of Guise.

After a brief interlude of 1453–1473, when the duchy passed in right of Charles's daughter to her husband John of Calabria, a Capetian, Lorraine reverted to the House of Vaudemont, a junior branch of House of Lorraine, in the person of René II who later added to his titles that of Duke of Bar.^[6]

The French Wars of Religion saw the rise of a junior branch of the Lorraine family, the House of Guise, which became a dominant force in French politics and, during the later years of Henri III's reign, was on the verge of succeeding to the throne of France.^[7] Mary of Guise, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, also came from this family.

Under the Bourbon monarchy the remaining branch of the House of Guise, headed by the duc d'Elbeuf, remained part of the highest ranks of French aristocracy, while the senior branch of the House of Vaudemont continued to rule the independent duchies of Lorraine and Bar. Louis XIV's imperialist ambitions (which involved the occupation of Lorraine in 1669–97) forced the dukes into a permanent alliance with his archenemies, the Holy Roman Emperors from the House of Habsburg.

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

The coat of arms of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The shield displays the marshaled arms of the Habsburg, Babenberg and Lorraine families.

Following the failure of both Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI to produce a son and heir, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 left the throne to the latter's yet unborn daughter, Maria Theresa. In 1736 Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Francis of Lorraine who agreed to exchange his hereditary lands for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (as well as Duchy of Teschen from the Emperor).

At Charles's death in 1740 the Habsburg lands passed to Maria Theresa and Francis, who was later elected Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I. The Habsburg-Lorraine nuptials and dynastic union precipitated, and survived, the War of the Austrian Succession. Francis and Maria Theresa's daughters Marie Antoinette and Maria Carolina became Queens of France and Naples-Sicily, respectively; while their sons Joseph II and Leopold II succeeded to the imperial title.

Apart from the core Habsburg dominions, including the triple crowns of Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia, several junior branches of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine reigned in the Italian duchies of Tuscany (until 1860), Parma (until 1847) and Modena (until 1859). Another member of the house, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, was Emperor of Mexico (1863–67).

In 1900, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (then heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne) contracted a morganatic marriage with Countess Sophie Chotek. Their descendants, known as the House of Hohenberg, have been excluded from succession to the Austrian-Hungarian crown, but not that of Lorraine, where morganatic marriage has never been outlawed. Nevertheless, Otto von Habsburg, the eldest grandson of Franz Ferdinand's younger brother, was universally regarded as the head of the house until his death in 2011.^[8] It was at Nancy, the former capital of the House of Vaudemont, that the crown prince married Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen in 1951.^[2]

Dukes of Lorraine family tree

Francis I of Lorraine with his family.

The genealogical history of the house is securely documented from the early 11th century but may tentatively be traced in male line to the 8th century:^[3]

1. Gérard, Duke of Lorraine, c. 1028–1070
2. Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine, c. 1055–1115
3. Simon I, Duke of Lorraine, c. 1080–1138
4. Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine, c. 1110–1176
5. Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine, c. 1140–1207
6. Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine, c. 1165–1213
7. Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine, c. 1192–1251
8. Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine, c. 1230–1303
9. Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine, c. 1260–1312
10. Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine, 1282–1328
11. Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine, c. 1310–1346
12. John I, Duke of Lorraine, 1346–1390
13. Frederick I, Count of Vaudémont, 1346–1390
14. Antoine, Count of Vaudémont, c. 1395–1431
15. Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont, 1417–1470
16. René II, Duke of Lorraine, 1451–1508
17. Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, 1489–1544
18. Francis I, Duke of Lorraine, 1517–1545
19. Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, 1543–1608
20. Francis II, Duke of Lorraine, 1572–1632
21. Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine, 1609–1679
22. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, 1643–1690
23. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, 1679–1729
24. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 1708–1765
25. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1747–1792
26. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1768–1835
27. Archduke Franz Karl of Austria, 1802–1878
28. Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria, 1833–1896
29. Archduke Otto Francis of Austria, 1865–1906
30. Blessed Charles I of Austria, 1887–1922
31. Crown Prince Otto von Habsburg, 1912–2011
32. Karl von Habsburg, 1961–
33. Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg, 1997–

Notes and references

1. Benjamin Arnold. Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany. Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-52148-3. Pages 263–264.
2. Gordon Brook-Shepherd. Uncrowned Emperor: the Life and Times of Otto von Habsburg. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 1-85285-439-1. Pages XI, 179, 216.
3. Cawley, Charles, Lorraine, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved August 2012, , in Medieval Lands Project
4. See Chapter XXI.
5. William W. Kibler, Grover A. Zinn. Medieval France: an Encyclopedia. Routledge, 1995. ISBN 0-8240-4444-4. Page 561.
6. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (ed. by André Vauchez). Routledge, 2000. ISBN 1-57958-282-6. Page 1227.
7. Robert Knecht. The Valois: Kings of France 1328–1589. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2007. ISBN 1-85285-522-3. Page 214.
8. Brook-Shepherd also notes that morganatic alliances were not forbidden by ancient Magyar laws. See Brook-Shepherd 179.

External links