Solomon Lefschetz

Solomon Lefschetz
Born	3 September 1884 Moscow, Russian Empire
Died	5 October 1972 (aged 88) Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Nationality	American
Fields	Algebraic topology
Institutions	University of Nebraska University of Kansas Princeton University
Alma mater	École Centrale Paris Clark University
Doctoral advisor	William Edward Story[1]
Doctoral students	Edward Begle Richard Bellman Felix Browder Clifford Dowker George F. D. Duff Ralph Fox Ralph Gomory John McCarthy Robert Prim Paul A. Smith Norman Steenrod Clifford Truesdell Albert W. Tucker John Tukey Henry Wallman Shaun Wylie[1]
Known for	Lefschetz fixed point theorem Picard–Lefschetz theory Lefschetz connection Lefschetz hyperplane theorem Lefschetz duality Lefschetz manifold Lefschetz number Lefschetz zeta function Lefschetz pencil Lefschetz theorem on (1,1)-classes
Notable awards	Bôcher Memorial Prize (1924) National Medal of Science (1964) Leroy P. Steele Prize (1970) Fellow of the Royal Society[2]

Solomon Lefschetz (Russian: Соломо́н Ле́фшец; 3 September 1884 – 5 October 1972) was an American mathematician who did fundamental work on algebraic topology, its applications to algebraic geometry, and the theory of non-linear ordinary differential equations.^[1][2][3][4]

Life

He was born in Moscow into a Jewish family (his parents were Ottoman citizens) who moved shortly after that to Paris. He was educated there in engineering at the École Centrale Paris, but emigrated to the USA in 1905.

He was badly injured in an industrial accident in 1907, losing both hands.^[5] He moved towards mathematics, receiving a Ph.D. in algebraic geometry from Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1911. He then took positions in University of Nebraska and University of Kansas, moving to Princeton University in 1924, where he was soon given a permanent position. He remained there until 1953.

In the application of topology to algebraic geometry, he followed the work of Charles Émile Picard, whom he had heard lecture in Paris at the École Centrale Paris. He proved theorems on the topology of hyperplane sections of algebraic varieties, which provide a basic inductive tool (these are now seen as allied to Morse theory, though a Lefschetz pencil of hyperplane sections is a more subtle system than a Morse function because hyperplanes intersect each other). The Picard–Lefschetz formula in the theory of vanishing cycles is a basic tool relating the degeneration of families of varieties with 'loss' of topology, to monodromy. His book L'analysis situs et la géométrie algébrique from 1924, though opaque foundationally given the current technical state of homology theory, was in the long term very influential (one could say that it was one of the sources for the eventual proof of the Weil conjectures, through SGA7 also for the study of Picard groups of Zariski surface). In 1924 he was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize for his work in mathematical analysis.

The Lefschetz fixed point theorem, now a basic result of topology, he developed in papers from 1923 to 1927, initially for manifolds. Later, with the rise of cohomology theory in the 1930s, he contributed to the intersection number approach (that is, in cohomological terms, the ring structure) via the cup product and duality on manifolds. His work on topology was summed up in his monograph Algebraic Topology (1942). From 1944 he worked on differential equations.

He was editor of the Annals of Mathematics from 1928 to 1958. During this time, Annals became an increasingly well-known and respected journal, and Lefschetz played an important role in this.^[6]

Lefschetz came out of retirement in 1958, because of the launch of Sputnik, to augment the mathematical component of Glenn L. Martin Company’s Research Institute for Advanced Studies (RIAS) in Baltimore, Maryland. His team became the world's largest group of mathematicians devoted to research in nonlinear differential equations.^[7] The RIAS mathematics group stimulated the growth of nonlinear differential equations through conferences and publications. He left RIAS in 1964 to form the Lefschetz Center for Dynamical Systems at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.^[8]

Selected works

• L´Analysis situs et la géométrie algébrique, Paris, Gauthier-Villars 1924^[9]
• Intersections and transformations of complexes and manifolds, Transactions American Mathematical Society (AMS), vol. 28, 1926, pp. 1–49, online ; fixed point theorem, published in vol. 29, 1927, pp. 429–462, online.
• Géométrie sur les surfaces et les variétés algébriques, Paris, Gauthier Villars 1929^[10]
• Topology, AMS 1930^[11]
• Algebraic Topology, New York, AMS 1942
• Introduction to topology, Princeton 1949
• with Joseph P. LaSalle, Stability by Liapunov's direct method with applications, New York, Academic Press 1961^[12]
• Algebraic geometry, Princeton 1953, 2nd edn., 1964
• Differential equations: geometric theory, Interscience, 1957,^[13] 2nd edn., 1963
• Stability of nonlinear control systems, 1965
• Reminiscences of a mathematical immigrant in the United States, American Mathematical Monthly, vol.77, 1970, pp. 344–350.

References

1. Solomon Lefschetz at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
2. Hodge, W. (1973). "Solomon Lefschetz 1884-1972". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 19: 432. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0016.
3. Markus, L. (1973). "Solomon Lefschetz: An appreciation in memoriam". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (4): 663–680. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1973-13256-2.
4. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Solomon Lefschetz", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
5. Mathematical Apocrypha: Stories and Anecdotes of Mathematicians and the Mathematical, p. 148, at Google Books
6. Phillip Griffiths, Donald Spencer and George Whitehead (1992). "Solomon Lefschetz 1884-1972" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences.
7. Allen, K. N. (1988, January). Undaunted genius. Clark News, 11(1), p. 9.
8. About LCDS (Lefschetz Center for Dynamical Systems @ Brown University)
9. Alexander, J. W. (1925). "Review: S. Lefschetz, L'Analysis Situs et la Géométrie Algébrique". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 31 (9): 558–559. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1925-04116-6.
10. Zariski, O. (1930). "Review: S. Lefschetz, Géométrie sur les Surfaces et les Variétés Algébriques". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 36 (9): 617–618. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1930-05017-x.
11. Smith, P. A. (1931). "Letschetz on Topology". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 37 (9, Part 1): 645–648. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1931-05201-0.
12. Antosiewicz, H. A. (1963). "Review: Joseph LaSalle and Solomon Lefschetz, Stability by Liapunov's direct method with applications". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 69 (2): 209–210. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1963-10915-5.
13. Haas, Felix (1958). "Review: S. Lefschetz, Differential equations: Geometric theory". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 64 (4): 203–206. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1958-10212-8.

External links

• Works by or about Solomon Lefschetz at Internet Archive
• Works by Solomon Lefschetz at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• "Fine Hall in its golden age: Remembrances of Princeton in the early fifties" by Gian-Carlo Rota. Contains a lengthy section on Lefschetz at Princeton.
• Gompf: What is a Lefschetz Pencil?, Notices AMS 2005
• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir