South-West African legislative election, 1978

Parliamentary elections were held in South-West Africa between 4 and 8 December 1978. These first elections conducted under universal adult suffrage—all previous elections had been Whites-only—were won by the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance, which claimed 41 of the 50 seats. The elections were conducted without United Nations (UN) supervision, and in defiance of the 1972 United Nations General Assembly's recognition of the liberation movement SWAPO as the "sole representative of Namibia's people". The UN henceforth declared the elections null and void. The resulting government, dependent on South African approval for all its legislation, was in power until its dissolution in 1983.

Background

The elections were a direct outcome of the 1975–1977 Turnhalle Constitutional Conference, a controversial conference in Windhoek that developed a draft constitution for a self-governed Namibia under South African control. Representatives of 11 ethnic South-West African groups were invited, selected by the South African government. Political parties were not considered.^[1]

As a result of the conference, the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) was founded, mainly from the attending ethnic groups and smaller, ethnically based parties. This was done to form a counterbalance to SWAPO, representing the part of the population that resisted the liberation movement's violence.^[2] The Turnhalle Conference developed a draft constitution called the Turnhalle Plan for the territory. The constitution was approved in a Whites-only referendum in 1977 but never enacted, due to pressure by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).^[3] However, the planned elections under general adult suffrage were still held.

Conduct

The 1978 legislative elections were the first multi-racial elections in the territory of South-West Africa, all previous elections were only for Whites.^[4] Even though the elections excluded the Namibia National Front, SWAPO Democrats and SWAPO,^[5] who in turn called for a boycott,^[6] voter turnout was surprisingly high at 80%. The presence of South African troops, particularly in the north of Namibia, might have been a reason for both high turnout and the DTA result,^[5] and there were several charges of coercion levelled at major South-West African employers and the South African security forces.^[7]

However, the level of support of SWAPO's liberation struggle within the general population was unclear,^[8] which cast some doubt on the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) 1972 decision to accept SWAPO as the "sole representative of Namibia's people".^[9] There was a general perception that everyone deciding not to vote, was in fact voting SWAPO. Encouraged by a voter turnout that high, the DTA subsequently indeed claimed that the popular support was with them, and not with the liberation movement.^[10]

Results

The interim government consisted of a National Assembly and a Council of Ministers. The DTA won the elections by a landslide, gaining 41 of the 50 seats in the National Assembly and the chairmanship of the ministerial council, to which Dirk Mudge was appointed. Johannes Skrywer became speaker of the National Assembly. The UNSC declared the election "null and void", and the subsequent interim government illegitimate.^[11][12]

Party	Votes	%	Seats
Democratic Turnhalle Alliance	268,130	82.18	41
Action Front for the Retention of Turnhalle Principles	38,716	11.87	6
Namibia Christian Democratic Party	9,073	2.78	1
Herstigte Nasionale Party	5,781	1.77	1
Rehoboth Liberation Front	4,564	1.40	1
Invalid/blank votes	4,791	–	–
Total	331,055	100	50
Registered voters/turnout	412,635	80.2	–
Source: African Elections Database

Aftermath

The interim government was dissolved on 18 January 1983 when South Africa again assumed full administrative authority over South-West Africa after the Council of Ministers had resigned in the face of South African interference.^[13]

The subsequent void was filled by South African administrators. In September 1983 the Multi-Party Conference (MPC) was established. It consisted of 19 "internal" (that is, South-West African) parties but again excluded SWAPO.^[14] The MPC suggested in its April 1985 Bill of Fundamental Rights and Objectives the establishment of a Transitional Government of National Unity (TNGU). South Africa followed this suggestion three months later. This interim government was again rejected by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 566.^[15]

References

1. Napierala, Nils (2010). Namibia zu Zeiten des Kolonialismus und der Mandatsherrschaft [Namibia During the Periods of Colonialism and Foreign Administration] (in German). GRIN. p. 16. ISBN 3-640-74284-2.
2. Kangueehi, Kuvee (22 October 2004). "DTA 'Down but Not Out'". New Era (via rehobothbasters.com). Retrieved 23 September 2014.
3. "The South Africa Mandate 1915-1989". Vantaa City Museum. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
4. Mudge, Dirk. The art of compromise: Constitution-making in Namibia (PDF). Konrad Adenauer Foundation. p. 126. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
5. Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1978". klausdierks.com. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
6. Okoth, Assa (2006). A History of Africa: African nationalism and the de-colonisation process [1915-1995] 2. East African Publishers. p. 195. ISBN 9966253580.
7. Weinberg, Paul (March 1979). "The S.W.A. / Namibia Election" (PDF). Reality (University of KwaZulu-Natal) 11 (2): 6–7.
8. Owen, Robert C (Winter 1987–88). "Counterrevolution in Namibia". Airpower Journal.
9. Namibia profile BBC News
10. Udogu, E Ike (2011). Liberating Namibia: The Long Diplomatic Struggle Between the United Nations and South Africa. McFarland & Company. pp. 57–58. ISBN 0786488786.
11. "Johannes Skrywer gestorben" [Johannes Skrywer died]. Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). 18 September 2014.
12. "Democratic Elections in Namibia. An International Experiment in Nation Building" (PDF). National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. June 1989. p. 12.
13. Nohlen, Dieter; Krennerich, Michael; Thibaut, Bernhard (1999). Elections in Africa: a data handbook. Oxford University Press. p. 660. ISBN 0-19-829645-2.
14. Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1983". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
15. Dierks, Klaus. "Chronology of Namibian History, 1985". klausdierks.com. Retrieved 29 October 2014.