Pacific Station

This article is about the 19th century British Royal Navy formation. For the Canadian Pacific Station, see Maritime Forces Pacific. For the United States Navy Pacific Station of 1872–1878, see Pacific Squadron. For the television show, see Pacific Station (TV series). For the Los Angeles Metro station, also called "Pacific", see Pacific Avenue station.
Not to be confused with Pacific Fleet.
Pacific Station

Active South America Station (1826–1837)[1]
Pacific Station (1837–1905)[1]
Country United Kingdom and Canada
Branch  Royal Navy
Type Fleet
Part of Admiralty
Garrison/HQ Valparaíso, Chile &
Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard
Notable ships President
Engagements Siege of Petropavlovsk
Disbanded Sunset 1 March 1905[2]
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 George Seymour,
Fairfax Moresby,
Thomas Maitland

The Pacific Station, often referred to as the Pacific Squadron, was one of the geographical divisions into which the Royal Navy divided its worldwide responsibilities. Before 1837, it was called the South America Station.

History

The capture of USS Essex by Phoebe and Cherub off Valparaíso, 28 March 1814
An 1830 illustration of Valparaíso Bay shows a mix of commercial and military vessels

It was established in the early nineteenth century to support British interests along the eastern shores of the Pacific Ocean at Valparaíso, Chile. In 1834, the Station hosted a visit by the survey ship Beagle on her second voyage. In 1837, the South America Station was renamed the Pacific Station.[1] In 1843, George Paulet, captain of Carysfort, took her out from Valparaíso to Honolulu to demand the islands of the Kingdom of Hawaii for Britain. King Kamehameha III capitulated and signed the islands over to Paulet. In the summer of that year, Rear-Admiral Richard Darton Thomas set out from Valparaíso in Dublin to rein Paulet in. On 31 July 1843, Thomas assured the King that the occupation was over and that there was no British claim over the islands.

In 1842, Pandora was sent north to survey the coast of Vancouver Island and what would become the Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard. During the survey trip, the crew of Pandora found that Esquimalt Harbour had a size and depth suited for use as a Royal Navy harbour.[2] As tensions between Britain and America rose during the Oregon boundary dispute a base at the southern end of Vancouver Island would help strengthen the British claim to all of the island. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 ceded control over all of the island to Britain. In 1848, Constance was sent to Esquimalt and was the first vessel to be stationed there.[2] In the summer of 1854, several ships, including President, Pique, Trincomalee, Amphitrite, and Virago set out from Valparaíso and sailed across the Pacific Ocean stopping at the Marquesas Islands then they went on to Honolulu where they met a French fleet of warships. In late August, the combined fleets sailed to Russia to engage in the Siege of Petropavlovsk at which Commander-in-Chief David Price died. Captain Frederick William Erskine Nicolson of Pique was brevetted and took command of the British naval forces from 31 August 1854 until the arrival of the next Commander-in-Chief. In 1855, three "Crimean huts" were built at Esquimalt to serve as a hospital intended to receive wounded from the Crimean War. The huts were the first shore establishment at Esquimalt.

The presence of forests full of straight grained conifers such as the Coast Douglas fir meant that Vancouver Island could provide shipbuilding material suitable for spar making in the age of sail. The later discovery of coal on the island and at Vancouver's Coal Harbour, meant that the area could also serve as a useful resource in the age of steam as well. Rear-Admiral Robert Lambert Baynes, aware of the political importance of maintaining British sovereignty amidst the San Juan Boundary Dispute and the British Columbia gold rushes recommended to the Admiralty a move of the station headquarters from Valparaíso to Esquimalt in November 1859.[3]

By 1865, Esquimalt was recognized as the base headquarters of the Pacific Station.[2] The move from Valparaíso to Esquimalt helped the Pacific Station avoid involvement in the Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) between Spain, Chile, and Peru. Rear-Admiral de Horsey ordered Shah commanded by Frederick Bedford, against the Nicolás de Piérola-led Huáscar in the Battle of Pacocha on 29 May 1877. In that battle, Shah fired two Whitehead torpedoes at Huáscar, but they missed their mark and Huáscar got away.[4][5][6]

A graving dock large enough to accommodate the largest ships in the Pacific fleet was commissioned at Esquimalt in 1887.[2] After a period of relaxing tensions meant that British interests in British Columbia were secured, the Station was maintained to counter Russian ambitions in the Pacific. The Station was also crucial in defending British Columbia from United States aggression during the Spanish–American War of 1898 and the contemporaneous Alaska Boundary Dispute, when the US threatened to forcibly invade and annex British Columbia if its demands over Alaska were not met.

Unknown Monmouth-class cruiser in Esquimalt Harbour, 1906

By the end of the 19th century, improved communications, the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the need to concentrate warships in British waters to counter the developing German High Seas Fleet, meant that the station was closed down at sunset on 1 March 1905.[2] Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard was transferred to the Canadian Department of Marine and Fisheries. The Pacific Station's responsibilities were divided between the China, Australia and the North America and West Indies Stations.

After passage of the Naval Service Bill in 1910, there was a Canadian Naval Service that controlled the base at Esquimalt and that service became the Royal Canadian Navy in 1911. In the 1960s, the amalgamation of defence services in Canada led to its re-constitution as Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt.

Commanders

Most commanders-in-chief of the station held the rank of rear admiral, with the exceptions of Hamond and Hastings who were each promoted to vice admiral before being reassigned to other duties, and Goodrich who was a commodore.

List of Commanders-in-chief
South America Station (1826–1837)[1]
Commander-in-Chief, South America From Until Notes
Rear Admiral Robert Otway[7]1826 1829Later promoted to Admiral, flagship was the HMS Ganges
Rear Admiral Thomas Baker 9 January 1829 January 1833 Promoted to Vice Admiral 10 January 1837
Rear Admiral Sir Michael Seymour 1 January 1833 9 July 1834 Died en route to station
Vice Admiral Graham Hammond 16 September 1834 17 May 1838 Promoted to Vice Admiral 10 January 1837
Pacific Station (1837–1905)[1]
Commander in Chief, Pacific From Until Notes
Rear Admiral Charles Ross[8][9] 1837 1841
Rear Admiral Richard Thomas 5 May 1841 1844 Promoted to Admiral of the White 19 May 1857
Rear Admiral George Seymour 14 May 1844 25 August 1847 Appointed Admiral of the Fleet 30 November 1866
Rear Admiral Phipps Hornby 25 August 1847 21 August 1850
Rear Admiral Fairfax Moresby 21 August 1850 17 August 1853 Stationed at Valparaíso also visited Vancouver.[10][11] Appointed Admiral of the Fleet 21 January 1870
Rear Admiral David Price 17 August 1853 30 August 1854 Died at the Siege of Petropavlovsk
Rear Admiral Henry Bruce[12] 25 November 1854 8 July 1857
Rear Admiral Robert Baynes 8 July 1857 5 May 1860
Rear Admiral Thomas Maitland 5 May 1860 31 October 1862 Appointed Admiral of the Fleet 27 December 1877
Rear Admiral John Kingcome 31 October 1862 10 May 1864 After whom Kingcome Inlet is named, flagship was the HMS Sutlej
Rear Admiral Henry Denham[13] 10 May 1864 21 November 1866
Vice Admiral George Hastings 21 November 1866 1 November 1869 Promoted to Vice Admiral 10 September 1869
Rear Admiral Arthur Farquhar 1 November 1869 9 July 1872 An investor in the coal mines of Robert Dunsmuir
Rear Admiral Charles Hillyar 9 July 1872 6 June 1873 Son of James Hillyar
Rear Admiral Arthur Cochrane 6 June 1873 15 April 1876 Son of Thomas Cochrane
Rear Admiral George Hancock 15 April 1876 August 1876
Rear Admiral Algernon de Horsey 20 September 1876 21 July 1879 Promoted to Vice Admiral 27 November 1879. Promoted to Admiral 29 April 1885.
Rear Admiral Frederick Stirling 21 July 1879 10 December 1881
Rear Admiral Algernon Lyons 10 December 1881 13 September 1884
Rear Admiral John Baird 13 September 1884 4 July 1885
Rear Admiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour 4 July 1885 20 September 1887
Rear Admiral Algernon Heneage 20 September 1887 4 February 1890
Rear Admiral Charles Hotham 4 February 1890 4 May 1893
Rear Admiral Henry Stephenson 4 May 1893 19 June 1896
Rear Admiral Henry Palliser 19 June 1896 22 June 1899
Rear Admiral Lewis Beaumont 22 June 1899 15 October 1900
Rear Admiral Andrew Bickford[14] 1900 1903 Builder of the Bickford tower.[15] Promoted to Vice Admiral 10 February 1904.[16]
Commodore James Goodrich[17] 1903 1 March 1905 Last Royal Navy commander.

Legacy

Arco Británico erected 1910 at Eleuterio Ramirez and Avenue Brasil in Valparaíso commemorates Lord Cochrane, Robert Simpson, and other founders of the Chilean Navy

The largest remnant of the Pacific Station is the CFB Esquimalt naval base in western Canada. Many geographical features of Vancouver Island and British Columbia are named after captains, commanders, and ships assigned to the Pacific Station. The Arco Británico triumphal arch in Valparaíso was constructed to commemorate the British presence in the city, including several Naval commanders.[18] Thomas Square in Honolulu is named after Admiral Richard Darton Thomas. Although Union Flags were flown over Hawaii as early as 1816, the current state flag of Hawaii design dates from the close of the Paulet Affair and features a British Union Flag in its canton to commemorate the help that Thomas rendered the Kingdom of Hawaii.

Charles Darwin's visits to Valparaíso, Cerro La Campana, and the Galápagos Islands led to publication of The Voyage of the Beagle which, along with later works such as On the Origin of Species, helped to establish the field of evolutionary biology.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Davis, Peter. "Principal Royal Navy Commanders-in-Chief 1830-1899". Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "History of CFB Esquimalt and Naden". Retrieved 2010-02-17.
  3. ↑ Gough, Barry M. (2000). "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online: BAYNES, Sir ROBERT LAMBERT". University of Toronto. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  4. ↑ del Campo, Juan. "AGAINST THE BRITISH SQUAD: THE BATTLE OF PACOCHA: BRITONS AND PERUVIANS FIGHT AT SEA". Retrieved 2010-03-01.
  5. ↑ Oram, Steve (18 February 2010). "The Battle of Pacocha, 1877". Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
  6. ↑ "Maintaining Naval Supremacy 1815-1914". Royal Navy. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  7. ↑ "HMS Ganges circa late 1800s - Wisdom is strength". Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  8. ↑ "Canadian Navy: MARPAC - Maritime Forces Pacific - Profiles: RAdm of the White C B H Ross". Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  9. ↑ Gough, Barry M. (1969). "The Records of the Royal Navy's Pacific Station". The Journal of Pacific History 4. pp. 146–153.
  10. ↑ Lowther, Marcus. "HMS Portland. 50 guns. Admiral Fairfax Moresby wor... (photo/image) - RGS Picture Library". Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  11. ↑ Davenport, Charles Benedict; Scudder, Mary Theresa (1919). "Naval Officers: Their Heredity and Development". Carnegie Institution of Washington publication (259-265). p. 133.
  12. ↑ "Admiral Sir Henry William Bruce". 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
  13. ↑ "Biography of Henry Mangles Denham R.N.". Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  14. ↑ "Canadian Navy: MARPAC - Maritime Forces Pacific - Profiles: RAdm A K Bickford". Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  15. ↑ "The Bickford Tower". Retrieved 2010-02-17.
  16. ↑ "Royal Navy Flag Officers of the Dreadnought Era 1904-1945: Royal Navy Full Admirals: Vice Admiral Andrew Kennedy Bickford CMG". Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  17. ↑ "Canadian Navy: MARPAC - Maritime Forces Pacific - Profiles: Cmdre J E C Goodrich". Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  18. ↑ Tatum, Fred. "South American Station 1950-51". Retrieved 2010-02-28.

Further reading

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