Special linear Lie algebra
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In mathematics, the special linear Lie algebra of order n (denoted ) is the Lie algebra of matrices with trace zero and with the Lie bracket . This algebra is well studied and understood, and is often used as a model for the study of other Lie algebras. The Lie group that it generates is the special linear group.
Applications
The Lie algebra is central to the study of special relativity, general relativity and supersymmetry: its fundamental representation is the so-called spinor representation, while its adjoint representation generates the Lorentz group SO(3,1) of special relativity.
The algebra plays an important role in the study of chaos and fractals, as it generates the Möbius group SL(2,R), which describes the automorphisms of the hyperbolic plane, the simplest Riemann surface of negative curvature; by contrast, SL(2,C) describes the automorphisms of the hyperbolic 3-dimensional ball.
Representation Theory of
The simplest non-trivial Lie algebra is , consisting of two by two matrices with zero trace. There are three basis elements, ,, and , with
and
The commutators are
, , and
Let be a finite irreducible representation of , and let be an eigenvector of with the highest eigenvalue . Then,
or
Since is the eigenvector of highest eigenvalue, . Similarly, we can show that
and since h has a lowest eigenvalue, there is a such that . We will take the smallest such that this happens.
We can then recursively calculate
and we find
Taking , we get
Since we chose to be the smallest exponent such that , we conclude that (for example by writing ). From this, we see that
, , ...
are all nonzero, and it is easy to show that they are linearly independent. Therefore, for each , there is a unique, up to isomorphism, irreducible representation of dimension spanned by elements , , ... .[1]
The beautiful special case of shows a general way to find irreducible representations of Lie Algebras. Namely, we divide the algebra to three subalgebras "h" (the Cartan Subalgebra), "e", and "f", which behave approximately like their namesakes in . Namely, in an irreducible representation, we have a "highest" eigenvector of "h", on which "e" acts by zero. The basis of the irreducible representation is generated by the action of "f" on the highest eigenvectors of "h".
References
- Etingof, Pavel. "Lecture Notes on Representation Theory".
- Hall, Brian C. (2015), Lie Groups, Lie Algebras, and Representations: An Elementary Introduction, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 222 (2nd ed.), Springer
- A. L. Onishchik, E. B. Vinberg, V. V. Gorbatsevich, Structure of Lie groups and Lie algebras. Lie groups and Lie algebras, III. Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences, 41. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994. iv+248 pp. (A translation of Current problems in mathematics. Fundamental directions. Vol. 41, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Vsesoyuz. Inst. Nauchn. i Tekhn. Inform., Moscow, 1990. Translation by V. Minachin. Translation edited by A. L. Onishchik and E. B. Vinberg) ISBN 3-540-54683-9
- V. L. Popov, E. B. Vinberg, Invariant theory. Algebraic geometry. IV. Linear algebraic groups. Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences, 55. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994. vi+284 pp. (A translation of Algebraic geometry. 4, Akad. Nauk SSSR Vsesoyuz. Inst. Nauchn. i Tekhn. Inform., Moscow, 1989. Translation edited by A. N. Parshin and I. R. Shafarevich) ISBN 3-540-54682-0
See also
- Affine Weyl group
- Finite Coxeter group
- Hasse diagram
- Linear algebraic group
- Nilpotent orbit
- Root system
- sl2-triple
- Weyl group