Sideroxylon

bully trees
Sideroxylon persimile
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Sapotaceae
Subfamily:	Sapotoideae
Tribe:	Sideroxyleae
Genus:	Sideroxylon L.[1]
Type species
Sideroxylon inerme L.[2][3]
Synonyms[4]
Apterygia Baehni Bumelia Sw. Calvaria Comm. ex C.F.Gaertn. Cryptogyne Hook.f. Decateles Raf. Dipholis A.DC. Edgeworthia Falc. 1842, illegitimate homonym, not Meisn. 1841 (Thymelaeaceae) Lyciodes Kuntze Mastichodendron (Engl.) H.J.Lam Monotheca A.DC. Nesoluma Baill. Reptonia A.DC. Robertia Scop., rejected name Robertsia Endl. Rostellaria C.F.Gaertn. Sclerocladus Raf. Sinosideroxylon (Engl.) Aubrév. Spiniluma (Baill.) Aubrév. Spondogona Raf., rejected name Tatina Raf.

Leaves of Sideroxylon marmulano

Sideroxylon is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.^[3][5] They are collectively known as bully trees. The generic name is derived from the Greek words σιδηρος (sideros), meaning "iron", and ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood."^[6]

Distribution

The genus is distributed mainly in North and South America, but also in Africa, Madagascar, southern Asia, and various oceanic islands.^[4] Some species, such as gum bully (S. lanuginosum), S. tenax, and buckthorn bully (S. lycioides), are found in subtropical areas of North America. The only South African species, the white milkwood (S. inerme), is associated with three historical sites, and these individuals were declared national monuments due to their unusual longevity.^[7][8]

Ecology

Several species have become rare due to logging and other forms of habitat destruction. The Tambalacoque (S. grandiflorum, syn. Calvaria major) of Mauritius was affected by the extinction of the birds which dispersed its seed; it was suggested that the species entirely depended on the dodo (Raphus cucullatus) for that purpose and nearly became a victim of coextinction, but this is not correct.^[9][10] Bully trees provide food for the larvae of certain Lepidoptera, such as the bumelia webworm moth (Urodus parvula) as well as several species of Coleoptera of the genus Plinthocoelium, commonly known as bumelia borers.

Species

Accepted Species^[4]

1. Sideroxylon acunae (Borhidi) T.D.Penn. - Cuba
2. Sideroxylon alachuense L.C.Anderson - Florida
3. Sideroxylon altamiranoi (Rose & Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Hidalgo, Querétaro
4. Sideroxylon americanum (Mill.) T.D.Penn. - Yucatan, West Indies
5. Sideroxylon anomalum (Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Barahona
6. Sideroxylon beguei Capuron ex Aubrév. - Madagascar
7. Sideroxylon bequaertii De Wild. - Zaïre
8. Sideroxylon betsimisarakum Lecomte - Madagascar
9. Sideroxylon borbonicum A.DC. - Réunion
10. Sideroxylon boutonianum A.DC. - Mauritius
11. Sideroxylon bullatum (R.A.Howard & Proctor) T.D.Penn. - Jamaica
12. Sideroxylon canariense Leyens, Lobin & A.Santos - Canary Is
13. Sideroxylon cantoniense Lour. - SE China
14. Sideroxylon capiri (A.DC.) Pittier - Mesoamerica, West Indies
15. Sideroxylon capuronii Aubrév. - Madagascar
16. Sideroxylon cartilagineum (Cronquist) T.D.Penn. - Sinaloa, Jalisco, Guerrero
17. Sideroxylon celastrinum (Kunth) T.D.Penn. - Texas, Mesoamerica, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Bahamas
18. Sideroxylon cinereum Lam. - Mauritius
19. Sideroxylon contrerasii (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica
20. Sideroxylon cubense (Griseb.) T.D.Penn. - West Indies
21. Sideroxylon discolor Radcl.-Sm. - Socotra
22. Sideroxylon dominicanum (Whetstone & T.A.Atk.) T.D.Penn. - Dominican Rep
23. Sideroxylon durifolium (Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Chiapas, Belize
24. Sideroxylon ekmanianum (Urb.) Bisse, J.E.Gut. & Iglesias - Cuba
25. Sideroxylon eriocarpum (Greenm. & Conz.) T.D.Penn. - Oaxaca
26. Sideroxylon eucoriaceum (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Veracruz, Guatemala
27. Sideroxylon eucuneifolium (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Guatemala
28. Sideroxylon excavatum T.D.Penn. - Guerrero, Oaxaca
29. Sideroxylon fimbriatum Balf.f. - Socotra
30. Sideroxylon floribundum Griseb. - Belize, Guatemala, Jamaica
31. Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. - West Indies, S Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Florida
32. Sideroxylon galeatum (A.W.Hill) Baehni - Rodrigues
33. Sideroxylon gerrardianum (Hook.f.) Aubrév. - Madagascar
34. Sideroxylon grandiflorum A.DC. - Mauritius
35. Sideroxylon hirtiantherum T.D.Penn. - Guatemala, Honduras
36. Sideroxylon horridum (Griseb.) T.D.Penn. - Cuba, Cayman Is
37. Sideroxylon ibarrae (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Baja Verapaz
38. Sideroxylon inerme L. - Africa (from Somalia to Cape Province), Aldabra, Juan de Nova I
39. Sideroxylon jubilla (Ekman ex Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Cuba
40. Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. – - United States (AZ to SC + KY),^[11] NE Mexico
41. Sideroxylon leucophyllum S.Wats. - Baja California, Sonora
42. Sideroxylon lycioides L. – buckthorn bully - United States (TX to DE)^[12]
43. Sideroxylon macrocarpum (Nutt.) J.R.Allison - Georgia
44. Sideroxylon majus (Gaertn.f.) Baehni Réunion
45. Sideroxylon marginatum (Decne. Ex Webb) - Cape Verde
46. Sideroxylon mascatense (A. DC.) T.D. Penn. - from Ethiopia to Pakistan
47. Sideroxylon mirmulans' R.Br. - Madeira
48. Sideroxylon moaense (Bisse & J.E.Gut.) J.E.Gut. - Cuba
49. Sideroxylon montanum (Sw.) T.D.Penn. - Jamaica
50. Sideroxylon nadeaudii (Drake) Smedmark & Anderb. - Tahiti
51. Sideroxylon nervosum Wall. ex G.Don - Myanmar
52. Sideroxylon obovatum Lam. - West Indies, Venezuela
53. Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn. - from Veracruz to Paraguay
54. Sideroxylon occidentale (Hemsl.) T.D.Penn. - Baja California, Sonora
55. Sideroxylon octosepalum (Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Clarendon
56. Sideroxylon oxyacanthum Baill. - Ethiopia, Eritrea, Saudi Arabia
57. Sideroxylon palmeri (Rose) T.D.Penn. - Mexico
58. Sideroxylon peninsulare (Brandegee) T.D.Penn. - Baja California
59. Sideroxylon persimile (Hemsl.) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad
60. Sideroxylon picardae (Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola
61. Sideroxylon polynesicum (Hillebr.) Smedmark & Anderb. - Hawaii, Rapa-Iti
62. Sideroxylon portoricense Urb. - Mesoamerica, Greater Antilles
63. Sideroxylon puberulum A.DC. - Mauritius
64. Sideroxylon reclinatum Michx. - United States (LA, MS, AL, GA, FL, SC)^[13]
65. Sideroxylon repens (Urb. and Ekman) T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola
66. Sideroxylon retinerve T.D.Penn. - Honduras
67. Sideroxylon rotundifolium (Sw.) T.D.Penn. - Jamaica
68. Sideroxylon rubiginosum T.D.Penn. - Dominican Rep
69. Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lam. - West Indies, Mesoamerica, Florida
70. Sideroxylon saxorum Lecomte - Madagascar
71. Sideroxylon sessiliflorum (Poir.) Capuron ex Aubrév. - Mauritius
72. Sideroxylon socorrense (Brandegee) T.D.Penn. - Socorro I
73. Sideroxylon st-johnianum (H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse) Smedmark & Anderb. - Henderson I
74. Sideroxylon stenospermum (Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica
75. Sideroxylon stevensonii (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm. - Chiapas, Belize, Guatemala
76. Sideroxylon tambolokoko Aubrév. - Madagascar
77. Sideroxylon tenax L. - United States (FL, GA, SC, NC)^[14]
78. Sideroxylon tepicense (Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica
79. Sideroxylon thornei (Cronquist) T.D.Penn. - USA (FL, GA, AL)^[15]
80. Sideroxylon verruculosum (Cronquist) T.D.Penn. - Mexico
81. Sideroxylon wightianum S.Mori - Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangdong, Vietnam

Formerly placed here

• Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels (as S. spinosum L.)^[16]
• Micropholis acutangula (Ducke) Eyma (as S. acutangulum Ducke)^[16]
• Micropholis crassipedicellata (Mart. & Eichler ex Miq.) Pierre (as S. crassipedicellatum Mart. & Eichler ex Miq.)^[16]
• Micropholis guyanensis (A.DC.) Pierre (as S. guyanense A.DC.)^[16]
• Micropholis rugosa (Sw.) Pierre (as S. rugosum (Sw.) Roem. & Schult.)^[16]
• Olinia ventosa (L.) Cufod. (as S. cymosum L.f.)^[16]
• Planchonella australis (R.Br.) Pierre (as S. australe (R.Br.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex F.Muell.)^[16]
• Planchonella costata (Endl.) Pierre (as S. costatum (Endl.) F.Muell.)^[16]
• Planchonella eerwah (F.M.Bailey) P.Royen (as S. eerwah F.M.Bailey)^[16]
• Pouteria elegans (A.DC.) Baehni (as S. elegans A.DC.)^[16]
• Pouteria macrantha (Merr.) Baehni (as S. macranthum Merr.)^[16]
• Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E.Moore & Stearn (as S. sapota Jacq.)^[16]
• Pouteria reticulata (Engl.) Eyma (as S. uniloculare Donn.Sm.)^[16]
• Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach.) Daniell (as S. dulcificum (Schumach.) A.DC.)^[16]

References

1. "Genus: Sideroxylon L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-31. Retrieved 2010-11-01. Check date values in: |date= (help)
2. lectotype designated by Baillon, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 908 (1891)
3. Tropicos, Sideroxylon L.
4. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
5. Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 192-193 in Latin
6. Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
7. Flora of North America, Vol. 8 Page 236, Bully, Sideroxylon Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 192. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 89. 1754.
8. Flora of China, Vol. 15 Page 212, 铁榄属 tie lan shu Sinosideroxylon (Engler) Aubreville, Adansonia, n.s. 3: 32. 1963.
9. Witmer, M. C.; A. S. Cheke (1991). "The dodo and the tambalacoque tree: an obligate mutualism reconsidered". Oikos 61 (1): 133–137. doi:10.2307/3545415.
10. Hershey, D. R. (2004). "The widespread misconception that the tambalacoque absolutely required the dodo for its seeds to germinate". Plant Science Bulletin 50: 105–108.
11. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon lanuginosum
12. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon lycioides
13. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon reclinatum
14. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon tenax
15. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon thornei
16. "GRIN Species Records of Sideroxylon". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-09-10.

External links

• "Sideroxylon". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.