Sponge isolates

Halichondria produces the eribulin (Halaven) precursor halichondrin B

Lacking an immune system, protective shell, or mobility, sponges have developed an ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. C-nucleosides isolated from Caribbean Cryptotethya crypta, were the basis for the synthesis of zidovudine (AZT), aciclovir (Cyclovir), cytarabine (Depocyt), and cytarabine derivative gemcitabine (Gemzar).

Isolate	Source	Researched activity / Chemical description
Aciculitin	Aciculites ciliate	antifungal cyclic peptide
Discodermin	Discodermia kiiensis	antimicrobial tetradecapeptide
Halichondrin B	Halichondria okadai Kadota (Miura Peninsula)	precursor to eribulin (Halaven)[1]
Halicylindramide	Halichondria	antifungal peptide
Hymenamides	Phakellia fusca	proline-containing cyclopeptide[2]
Hymenistatin	Phakellia fusca	bio-active proline-containing cyclopeptide
Hyrtinadine A	Hyrtios	bio-active bis-indole alkaloid
Manzamines	various sponge species	bio-active β-carbolines
Mirabamide	Siliquariaspongia mirabilis	antiviral depsipeptide
Neamphamide A	Neamphius huxleyi	antiviral depsipeptide
Peloruside A	Mycale sp. (New Zealand)	cytotoxic / structurally similar to bryostatin
Phakellistatins	Phakellia fusca	proline-containing cyclopeptides[2]
Phoriospongin	Phoriospongia and Callyspongia bilamellata	nematocidal compound
Plakevulin A	Plakortis	DNA polymerase inhibitor
Plakoridine A	Plakortis
Polydiscamide B	Ircinia	the first example of a nonendogenous human SNSR (human sensory neuron-specific G protein couple receptor) agonist[3]
Ptilomycalin A	Monanchora arbuscula	antifungal spirocyclic guanidine alkaloid / laccase and melanization inhibitor
Theonellamide F	Theonella	antimicrobial/antifungal cytotoxic bicyclic dodecapeptide[4][5]
Topsentolides	Topsentia	cytotoxic oxylipins[6]

Semisynthetic analogs of the sponge isolate jasplakinolide, were submitted to National Cancer Institute’s Biological Evaluation Committee in 2011.

Other marine isolates

Trabectedin, aplidine, didemnin, were isolated from sea squirts. Monomethyl auristatin E is a derivative of a dolastatin 10, a compound made by Dolabella auricularia. Bryostatins were first isolated from Bryozoa.

Salinosporamides are derived from Salinispora tropica. Ziconotide is derived from the sea snail Conus magus.

See also

• Bacillus isolates
• Biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing
• Fungal isolates
• Marine pharmacognosy
• Medicinal molds
• Streptomyces isolates comprise a number of fundamental chemotherapy medicines, as well as more than two thirds of all marketed antibiotics
• Discovery and development of tubulin inhibitors

References

1. Towle MJ, Salvato KA, Budrow J, Wels BF, Kuznetsov G, Aalfs KK et al. (2001). "In vitro and in vivo anticancer activities of synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogues of halichondrin B.". Cancer Res 61 (3): 1013–21. PMID 11221827.
2. Zhang HJ, Yi YH, Yang GJ, Hu MY, Cao GD, Yang F et al. (2010). "Proline-containing cyclopeptides from the marine sponge Phakellia fusca.". J Nat Prod 73 (4): 650–5. doi:10.1021/np9008267. PMID 20345147.
3. Feng Y, Carroll AR, Pass DM, Archbold JK, Avery VM, Quinn RJ (2008). "Polydiscamides B-D from a marine sponge Ircinia sp. as potent human sensory neuron-specific G protein coupled receptor agonists.". J Nat Prod 71 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1021/np070094r. PMID 18163586.
4. Otero-González AJ, Magalhães BS, Garcia-Villarino M, López-Abarrategui C, Sousa DA, Dias SC et al. (2010). "Antimicrobial peptides from marine invertebrates as a new frontier for microbial infection control.". FASEB J 24 (5): 1320–34. doi:10.1096/fj.09-143388. PMID 20065108.
5. Espiritu RA, Matsumori N, Murata M, Nishimura S, Kakeya H, Matsunaga S et al. (2013). "Interaction between the marine sponge cyclic peptide theonellamide A and sterols in lipid bilayers as viewed by surface plasmon resonance and solid-state (2)H nuclear magnetic resonance.". Biochemistry 52 (14): 2410–8. doi:10.1021/bi4000854. PMID 23477347.
6. Luo X, Li F, Hong J, Lee CO, Sim CJ, Im KS et al. (2006). "Cytotoxic oxylipins from a marine sponge Topsentia sp.". J Nat Prod 69 (4): 567–71. doi:10.1021/np0503552. PMID 16643027.