St. Albans Raid

St. Albans Raid
Part of the American Civil War
St. Albans bank tellers being forced to pledge allegiance to the Confederacy,
Date October 19, 1864 Location St. Albans (city), Vermont 44°48′37″N 73°09′08″W / 44.81028°N 73.15222°WCoordinates: 44°48′37″N 73°09′08″W / 44.81028°N 73.15222°W Result Confederate victory
Belligerents
United States (Union)	Confederate States of America Supported by: Canadian sympathizers
Commanders and leaders
	Bennett H. Young
Strength
local police and militia	21 cavalry
Casualties and losses
1 killed 2 wounded	1 wounded

The St. Albans Raid was the northernmost land action of the American Civil War. It was a controversial raid from Canada by Confederate soldiers meant to rob banks to raise money and to trick the Union Army to divert troops to defend their northern border against further raids. There were no more raids. It took place in St. Albans, Vermont, on October 19, 1864.^[1]

Background

In this wartime incident, Kentuckian Bennett H. Young led the Confederate States Army forces. Young had been captured after the Battle of Salineville in Ohio ended Morgan's Raid the year before. He managed to escape to Canada, then part of the British Empire. After meeting with Confederate agents there, he returned to the Confederacy, where he proposed raids on the Union from the Canadian border to build the Confederate treasury and force the Union Army to divert troops from the South. Young was commissioned as a lieutenant and returned to Canada, where he recruited other escaped Confederates for a raid on St. Albans, Vermont, a quiet city just 15 miles (24 km) from the Canadian border.

Raid

Young and two others checked into a local hotel on October 10, saying they had come from St. John's, Canada East, for a "sporting vacation". Two or three more men arrived daily, until by October 19, 21 Confederate cavalrymen had assembled. Shortly before 3 p.m. the men staged simultaneous robberies of the city's three banks. They identified themselves as Confederate soldiers and took a total of $208,000 (US$ 3,150,000 in 2016). During the robberies, eight or nine Confederates held the villagers at gun point on the village green, taking their horses to prevent pursuit. Several armed villagers tried to resist, and one was killed and another wounded. Young ordered his men to burn the city, but the 4-US-fluid-ounce (120 ml) bottles of Greek fire they used failed to ignite, and only one shed was destroyed by fire.

The raiders escaped to Canada, despite a delayed pursuit. In response to U.S. demands, the Canadian authorities arrested the raiders, recovering $88,000. However, a Canadian court ruled that because they were soldiers under military orders, officially neutral Canada could not extradite them. Canada freed the raiders, but returned to St. Albans the money they had found.^[2]

As an unintended consequence, the raid served to turn many Canadians against the Confederacy, since they felt that Canada was being drawn into the conflict without its consent. The Confederate agents in Canada realized this and no further raids were made.

Only one of the three banks still stands, the Franklin County Bank, which became the Franklin Lamoille Bank and is now a TD Bank branch. Other sites surviving are Taylor Park and the American House, where some of the raiders stayed.^[3]

Battle or raid?

The Confederate raid by Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan into Ohio and Indiana in July 1863, and culminating in the Battle of Salineville is considered by many historians to be the northern most land battle of the Civil War. The dispute arises over meaning of the word battle. The St. Albans raiders were not an official command of the Confederate army but connected to the Confederate Secret Service to conduct the St. Albans Raid. General Morgan’s place of surrender at West Point, Ohio is considered to be the northernmost point reached by an officially organized Confederate military body during the Civil War.^[4] The northernmost battle of the war came at sea at the Battle of Cherbourg (1864) at 49 degrees north latitude.

Film

The 1954 film The Raid was loosely based on this incident.^[5]

See also

• Canada in the American Civil War
• Military history of Vermont

References

1. Wilson, 1992
2. "Saint Albans Raid". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
3. Campi p.11
5. "The Raid (1954)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved May 2, 2014.

Further reading

• Kazar, John D. "The Canadian View of the Confederate Raid on Saint Albans," Vermont History 1964 (1): 255-273,
• Stouffer, Allen P. "Canadian-American Relations in the Shadow of the Civil War," Dalhousie Review 1977 57(2): 332-346
• Wilson, Dennis K. (1992), Justice under Pressure: The Saint Albans Raid and Its Aftermath, University Press of America, p. 203, ISBN 0819185094
• Rush, Daniel S. and Pewitt, E. Gale "The St. Albans Raiders" (2008) Riedel, Leonard W. ed. McNaughton and Gunn, Saline Michigan.
• Campi, James (2007). Civil War Sites, 2nd: The Official Guide to the Civil War Discovery Trail. Globe Pequot. p. 11. ISBN 0-7627-4435-9.

External links

• The St. Albans raid
• St. Albans Raid: Spies, Raiders and Partisans
• Newspaper article providing an eyewitness account of the St. Albans Raid
• Raise The Flag & Sound The Cannon, a historical novel based on the St. Albans Raid by Donald Davison
• A musical comedy about the St. Albans Raid, Waiting on a Dream, is based on the book Raise the Flag & Sound The Cannon. Stage play by Roger de la Mare, lyrics by Graham Hardman, music by Donald Patriquin.