Statistics of incarcerated African-American males

The process of gathering and analyzing statistics on the incarceration in the United States of African-American males has been taken by several studies on a specific age group, geographical location, causes of incarceration or simply the upbringing of a child over a course of years. Approximately 12–13% of the American population is African-American, but they make up 35% of jail inmates, and 37% of prison inmates of the 2.2 million male inmates as of 2014 (U.S. Department of Justice, 2014).,^[2][3] Census data for 2000 of the number and race of all individuals incarcerated in the United States revealed a wide racial disproportion of the incarcerated population in each state: the proportion of blacks in prison populations exceeded the proportion among state residents in twenty states.

According to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ), African Americans constitute nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million incarcerated population, and have nearly six times the incarceration rate of whites.^[4] A 2013 study confirmed that black men were much more likely to be arrested and incarcerated than white men, but also found that this disparity disappeared after accounting for self-reported violence and IQ.^[5] An August 2013, Sentencing Project report on Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System, submitted to the United Nations, found that "one of every three black American males born today can expect to go to prison in his lifetime".^[6][7]

Statistics by age group

• A black male born in 1991 has a 29% chance of spending time in prison at some point in his life.^[8]
• One out of nine African American men will be in prison between the ages of 20 and 34.
• Black males ages 30 to 34 have the highest crime rate of any race/ethnicity gender and age combination. (According to America Community Survey.)
• "In 2014, 6% of all black males ages 30 to 39 were in prison, compared to 2% of Hispanic and 1% of white males in the same age group."^[9]
• "The Lifetime chances of going to prison are 32.2% for Black males and 17.2% for Latino males, while only 5.9% for White males." (Finzen 301)
• 1 in 3 black males will go to prison in their lifetime. ( Sentencing Project)

Prison vs. college

Several studies have concluded that overall, more black males are in prison than are enrolled in colleges and universities. In 2000 there were 791,600 black men in prison and 603,032 enrolled in college versus 1980, when there were 143,000 black men in prison and 463,700 enrolled in college. In 2003, according to Justice Department figures, 193,000 black college-age men were in prison, while 532,000 black college-age men were attending college. On an average day in 1996, more black male high school dropouts aged 20–35 were in custody than in paid employment; by 1999, over one-fifth of black non-college men in their early 30’s had prison records.^[10]

Other studies contradict this, see NPR Are There Really More Black Men In Prison Than College?.

According to Antonio Moore in his Huffington Post article, "there are more African American men incarcerated in the U.S. than the total prison populations in India, Argentina, Canada, Lebanon, Japan, Germany, Finland, Israel and England combined." There are only 19 million African American males in the United States, collectively these countries represent over 1.6 billion people.^[11]The Black Male Incarceration Problem is Real and Catastrophic - Huffington Post

Black high school dropouts by year

Percentage of Black high school dropouts 16 to 25

Year	Percentage
1972	22.3
1980	20.8
1985	16.1
1990	11.9
1995	11.1
1996	13.5
1997	13.3
1998	15.5
1999	12.1
2000	15.3
2001	13.0
2002	12.8
2003	12.5
2004	13.5
2005	12.0
2006	9.7

A new release as September 2012 from Schott Foundation finds only 52% of Black males graduate from high school. From 2001–2002 black males increased and by 10 percent, and 2010–11,was the first year that more than half the black males received a diploma according to Holzman, Michael (2012), Jackson, John H.; Beaudry, Ann, eds., The Urgency of Now: The Schott 50 state report on public education and black males, Schott Foundation for Public Education, retrieved 2014-03-02.

The leading causes of incarceration for African American males

1. The leading cause of incarceration of an African American male is a non-violent drug offense. www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/node/64
   1. Between 1985 and 1995 the American prison population of drug offenders increased from 38,900 to 224,900 with African American males at the top (King 166).
2. Person crimes
3. Property crimes

See also

• African-American family structure#Black male incarceration and mortality
• African-American organized crime
• African-Americans and recidivism
• Incarceration in the United States
• Innocence Project
• Sentencing Project
• Race and crime in the United States
• Race and the War on Drugs#African American Communities
• Racial profiling in the United States

References

1. Prison Inmates at Midyear 2009 - Statistical Tables (NCJ 230113). U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. The rates are for adult males, and are from Tables 18 and 19 of the PDF file. Rates per 100,000 were converted to percentages.
2. "Jail Inmates at Midyear 2014." (PDF).
3. "Prisoners in 2014." (PDF).
4. "Criminal Justice Fact Sheet". National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
5. Beaver, Kevin M.; DeLisi, Matt; Wright, John Paul; Boutwell, Brian B.; Barnes, J.C.; Vaughn, Michael G. (July 2013). "No evidence of racial discrimination in criminal justice processing: Results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health". Personality and Individual Differences 55 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.020.
6. "Report of The Sentencing Project to the United Nations Human Rights Committee:Regarding Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System" (PDF). August 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
7. Knafo, Saki (October 4, 2013). "1 In 3 Black Males Will Go To Prison In Their Lifetime, Report Warns". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
8. http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/rd_crisisoftheyoung.pdf
9. http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p14.pdf
10. Western, Bruce (August 2002). "The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality" (PDF).
11. Antonio Moore (February 23, 2015). The Black Male Incarceration Problem Is Real and It's Catastrophic. The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 23, 2015.

Bibliography

• Bruce Western (2002): The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality. American Sociological Review, Vol. 67, pp. 526–546 (http://scholar.harvard.edu/brucewestern/files/western_asr.pdf)
• Miller, Jerome G. (1993). African American Males in the Criminal Justice System.
• Boothe, Demico (2007). Why are So Many Black Men in Prison?. Full Surface Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9792953-0-0.
• Othello Harris; R. Robin Miller (2006). Impacts of Incarceration on the African American Family. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-2597-9.
• Pettit, Becky (2012). Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-1-61044-778-2.
• King, Wilma. African American Childhoods: Historical Perspectives from Slavery to Civil Rights . Wilma King. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Print.
• Gordon, Jacob U. (2004). The Black Male in White America. Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59033-757-8.
• Alexander, Michelle (2013). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-819-7.
• Roberts, Dorothy E. (2004). "Social and Moral Cost of Mass Incarceration in African American Communities" (PDF). Pennsylvania Law School.
• Miller, Jerome G. Search and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice (PDF). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74381-5.