Sthavira nikāya

The Sthavira nikāya (Sanskrit: स्थविर; traditional Chinese: 上座部; ; pinyin: Shàngzuò Bù) literally "Sect of the Elders," was one of the early Buddhist schools. It was one of the two main movements in early Buddhism that arose from the Great Schism in pre-sectarian Buddhism, the other being that of the Mahāsāṃghika school.[1] The Sthavira sect was also called Sthāvirīya.

Scholarly views

Origin

Most sources place the origin of the Sthaviras to the Second Buddhist council. Traditions regarding the Second Council are confusing and ambiguous, but it is agreed that the overall result was the first schism in the Saṃgha, between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṃghikas, although it is not agreed upon by all what the cause of this split was.[2]

One suggested cause of the Great Schism were the disagreements in the five theories about an Arhat supposedly put forward by Mahādeva, who later founded the Mahāsāṃghika. The monks who rejected the five theories became the Sthavira.[3] However, this account relies on a later text, the Mahāvaṃsa. Vasumitra's Samayabhedoparacanacakra, an earlier source whose writing probably dates from around 100 CE, and which is preserved in Chinese and Tibetan, there is no mention of any such person named Mahādeva. Instead, it lists the names of the well-known figures who accepted or rejected the five theories. Étienne Lamotte has also demonstrated that the existence of the "Mahādeva" character was a later sectarian interpolation.[4]

Andrew Skilton has suggested that the problems of contradictory accounts are solved by the Mahāsāṃghika Śāriputraparipṛcchā, which is the earliest surviving account of the schism.[5] In this account, the council was convened at Pāṭaliputra over matters of vinaya, and it is explained that the schism resulted from the majority (Mahāsaṃgha) refusing to accept the addition of rules to the Vinaya by the minority (Sthaviras).[5] The Mahāsāṃghikas therefore saw the Sthaviras as being a breakaway group which was attempting to modify the original Vinaya.[6]

Scholars have generally agreed that the matter of dispute was indeed a matter of vinaya, and have noted that the account of the Mahāsāṃghikas is bolstered by the vinaya texts themselves, as vinayas associated with the Sthaviras do contain more rules than those of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya.[5] Modern scholarship therefore generally agrees that the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya is the oldest.[5] According to Skilton, future scholars may determine that a study of the Mahāsāṃghika school will contribute to a better understanding of the early Dharma-Vinaya than the Theravāda school.[6]

Language

The Tibetan historian Buton Rinchen Drub wrote that the Mahāsāṃghikas used Prākrit, the Sarvāstivādins used Sanskrit, the Sthaviras used Paiśācī, and the Saṃmatīya used Apabhraṃśa.[7]

Legacy

The Sthaviras later divided into other schools such as:

The Vibhajyavāda branch gave rise to a number of schools such as:[8]

Relationship to Theravāda

Scholarly accounts

The Theravāda school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia has identified itself exclusively with the Sthaviras, as the Pali word thera is equivalent to the Sanskrit sthavira.[9] This has led early Western historians to assume that the two parties are identical.[9] However, this is not the case, and by the time of Ashoka, the Sthavira sect had split into the Sammitīya (Pudgalavada), Sarvāstivāda, and the Vibhajyavāda schools.[9]

The Vibhajyavāda school is believed to have split into other schools as well, such as the Mahīśāsaka school and the ancestor of the Theravāda school.[9] According to Damien Keown, there is no historical evidence that the Theravāda school arose until around two centuries after the Great Schism which occurred at the Third Council.[10]

Theravādin accounts

Starting with the Dīpavaṃsa chronicle in the 4th century, the Theravādins of the Mahāvihāra in Sri Lanka attempted to identify themselves with the original Sthavira sect.[11] The Theravādin Dīpavaṃsa clarifies that the name Theravāda refers to the "old" teachings, making no indication that it refers to the Second Council.[12] Similarly, the name Mahāsāṃghika is in reference to those who follow the original Vinaya of the undivided Saṃgha.[12] The Dīpavaṃsa chronicle lauds the Theravāda as a "great banyan tree," and dismissively portrays the other early Buddhist schools as thorns (kaṇṭaka).[11] Dīpavaṃsa, 4.90–91 says:

These 17 sects are schismatic,
only one is non-schismatic.
With the non-schismatic sect,
there are eighteen in all.
Like a great banyan tree,
the Theravāda is supreme,
The Dispensation of the Conqueror,
complete, without lack or excess.
The other sects arose
like thorns on the tree.
— Dīpavaṃsa, 4.90–91[13]

According to the Mahāvaṃsa, a Theravādin source, after the Second Council was closed those taking the side of junior monks did not accept the verdict but held an assembly of their own attended by ten thousand calling it a Mahasangiti (Great Convocation) from which the school derived its name Mahāsāṃghika. However, such popular explanations of Sthavira and Mahāsāṃghika are generally considered folk etymologies.[12]

Bhikkhu Sujato explains the relationship between the Sthavira sect and the Theravāda:

The term sthavira (meaning "elder") is the Sanskrit version of the term better known today in its Pali version thera, as in Theravāda, the "Teaching of the Elders." The original Sthaviras, however, are by no means identical with the modern school called Theravāda. Rather, the Sthaviras are the ancestor of a group of related schools, one of which is the Theravāda.[14]

See also

References

Citations
Bibliography
  • Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (1998), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 9788120809550 
  • Dutt, Nalinaksha (2007), Buddhist Sects in India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120804289 
  • Keown, Damien (2003), A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198605607 
  • Morgan, Diane (2010), Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice, Praeger, ISBN 978-0313384523 
  • Skilton, Andrew (2004), A Concise History of Buddhism, Windhorse Publications, ISBN 978-0904766929 
  • Sujato, Bhikkhu (2006), Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools, Santi Forest Monastery 
  • Williams, Paul (2004), Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, vol. 2., Routledge, ISBN 978-0415332262 
  • Yao, Zhihua (2012), The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415544382 

External links

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