MV Struma

MV Struma was a small ship with a long history that included a number of changes of use and many changes of name. She was built in 1867 as a British marquess's luxury steam yacht and ended 75 years later as a Greek and Bulgarian diesel ship for carrying livestock. She was launched as SS Struma,[1] but subsequently carried the names SS Sölyst,[1] SS Sea Maid,[1] SS Kafireus,[1] SS Esperos,[1] Makedoniya[2] and finally MV Struma.[2] As Struma she tried to take nearly 800 Jewish refugees from Romania to Palestine in December 1941. Turkey detained her in Istanbul because Britain refused to admit her passengers to Palestine. In February 1942 a Soviet submarine torpedoed and sank Struma in the Black Sea after Turkish authorities had towed her out to sea and cast her adrift.

Building

Engraving by Francis William Wilkin of Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey,
for whom Xantha was built

Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company[1] of Jarrow in North East England built her in 1867 as the iron-hulled yacht Xantha for Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey,[2] who was a courtier to Queen Victoria and Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey in North Wales. She had a quadruple-expansion steam engine built by Ernest Scott & Co of Newcastle upon Tyne,[1] and three schooner-rigged masts.[2]

Changes of owner and use

At some date an owner renamed her Sölyst.[1] In 1898 she was acquired by a JL Phipps,[2] who renamed her Sea Maid.[1] After 1902 Sea Maid's ownership is unclear. At some date she sailed to Greek waters, and one source suggests that in 1913 during the Balkan Wars the Kingdom of Greece requisitioned her as a troopship to take soldiers from Chalkidiki to Amphipolis.[3]

In 1916 a Greek shipping company, Thrakiki Atmoploia[2] ("Thracian Steamships") acquired her, renamed her Kafireus[1] and used her as a coastal trading vessel. At an unknown date she passed to another Greek owner, Giorgios Mylonas,[2] who renamed her Esperos[1] and registered her in Thessaloniki.[3]

In 1932 Mylonas sold her to a Bulgarian owner, Dimiter Nenkov, who renamed her Makedoniya,[2] based her in the port of Varna and used her to carry cattle on the River Danube.[3] Lloyd's Register of Shipping does not list her as Makedoniya, and she last appears as Esperos in the 1934 edition.[4] If she was no longer ocean-going she may have been de-registered. One source claims Makedoniya was not in service after 1937.[3]

In 1941 Nenkov sold her to Compañía Mediterránea de Vapores Limitada, which was controlled by a Greek shipping agent, Jean D. Pandelis.[3] He renamed her Struma and registered her under the Panamanian flag of convenience.[5][2]

At some date one of the ship's three masts had been removed. Lloyd's Register of Shipping lists her as still having her steam engine in 1934, but within a few years it had been replaced with a three-cylinder marine diesel engine built by Benz & Cie. of Mannheim in Germany.[3] Some sources claim that the diesel engine had been salvaged from a wreck sunk in the Danube.[3][6]

Sinking

Photo believed to show Struma in port in Istanbul, 1942
Main article: Struma disaster
Map of the Bosphorus strait showing where Struma anchored in quarantine in Istanbul harbour (1), and where she was torpedoed and sank in the Black Sea (2)

In 1941 the New Zionist Organisation and the Betar Zionist youth movement chartered Struma from Jean Pandelis to take Jewish refugees from Romania to Palestine.[5] On 12 December 1941 she left the port of Constanța in Romania carrying 10 crew and about 781 refugees.[7] Her diesel engine was not working so a tug towed Struma out to sea.[8] She drifted overnight while her crew tried in vain to start her engine.[8] She transmitted distress signals and on 13 December the tug returned and the tug's crew repaired Struma's engine in exchange for the passenger's wedding rings.[8][9] Struma then got under way but by 15 December her engine had failed again and she was towed into Istanbul in Turkey.[8]

While Turkish mechanics made unsuccessful attempts to repair Struma's engine, there was a 10-week impasse between British diplomats and Turkish officials over the fate of the refugees. Because of Arab and Zionist unrest in Palestine, Britain was determined to minimise Jewish immigration to Palestine under the terms of the White Paper of 1939. Under pressure from Britain, Turkey denied the refugees permission to come ashore. One pregnant refugee who suffered a miscarriage was allowed to disembark and admitted to an Istanbul hospital.[10]

On 23 February Turkish authorities boarded Struma. Her engine still did not work so they towed her back out into the Black Sea and cast her adrift about 10 miles off Istanbul.[10] On the morning of 24 February the Soviet submarine Shch-213[11] torpedoed her.[12] Struma sank quickly and many people were trapped below decks and drowned.[13]

Many others aboard survived the sinking and clung to pieces of wreckage, but for hours no rescue came and all but one of them died from drowning or hypothermia.[13] Struma's First Officer clung to a piece of wreckage that was floating in the sea along with a 19-year-old refugee, David Stoliar.[13] The officer died overnight but Turks in a rowing boat rescued Stoliar the next day: the only survivor of about 791 people who were aboard.[13]

Memorials at Ashdod and Holon in Israel commemorate those who were killed by her sinking. Struma's wreck has not yet been found, although an attempt to locate it in 2000 did not turn up anything successful.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Lloyd's Register of Shipping (PDF). London: Lloyd's Register. 1932. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Allen, Tony; Lettens, Jan (22 December 2012). "SS Struma (Струма) (+1942)". The Wreck Site. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "סטרומה Kafireus Καφηρεύς Espiros Есперос Macedonia Makedoniya Македония Strymon Струма Struma". Haapalah / Aliyah Bet. 27 September 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  4. ↑ Lloyd's Register of Shipping (PDF). London: Lloyd's Register. 1934. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  5. 1 2 Ofer 1990, p. not cited.
  6. ↑ "Day 834 December 12, 1941". World War II Day-by-Day. 11 December 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  7. ↑ Frantz & Collins 2003, pp. 295–335.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "David Stoliar Born 1922 Kishinev, Romania". Holocaust Personal Histories. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  9. 1 2 McFadden, Robert D. (23 January 2016). "David Stoliar, Survivor of World War II Disaster, Dies at 91". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  10. 1 2 Frantz & Collins 2003, p. not cited.
  11. ↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "USSR Shch-213". uboat.net. Guðmundur Helgason. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  12. ↑ Rohwer 1964, p. not cited.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Rubinstein, Shimon. "David Stoliar". Personal Tragedies as a Reflection on a Great Tragedy Called Struma. Retrieved 25 March 2013.

http://www.geni.com/projects/Struma/1123

Sources

Coordinates: 41°23′N 29°13′E / 41.383°N 29.217°E / 41.383; 29.217

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