Summis desiderantes affectibus

Pope Innocent VIII

Summis desiderantes affectibus, (Latin for Desiring with supreme ardor), sometimes abbreviated to Summis desiderantes [1][2] was a papal bull regarding witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII on December 5, 1484.

Background

Belief in witchcraft is ancient. Deuteronomy 18:11-12 in the Hebrew Bible states: "Let there not be found among you anyone who immolates his son or daughter in the fire, nor a fortune-teller, soothsayer, charmer, diviner, or caster of spells, nor one who consults ghosts and spirits or seeks oracles from the dead."

Early Irish canons treated sorcery as a crime to be visited with excommunication until adequate penance had been performed. Pope Gregory VII wrote to Harald III of Denmark in 1080 forbidding witches to be put to death upon presumption of their having caused storms or failure of crops or pestilence. According to Herbert Thurston, the fierce denunciation and persecution of supposed sorceresses which characterized the cruel witchhunts of a later age, were not generally found in the first thirteen hundred years of the Christian era.[3]

The early Church distinguished between "white" and "black" magic. The latter was generally dealt with through confession, repentance, and charitable work assigned as penance.[4]

Context

The bull was written in response to the request of Dominican Inquisitor Heinrich Kramer for explicit authority to prosecute witchcraft in Germany, after he was refused assistance by the local ecclesiastical authorities,[2] who maintained that as the letter of deputation did not specifically mention where the inquisitors may operate, they could not legally exercise their functions in their areas. The bull sought to remedy this jurisdictional dispute by specifically identifying the dioceses of Mainz, Köln, Trier, Salzburg, and Bremen.[5]

Innocent's Bull enacted nothing new. Its direct purport was to ratify the powers already conferred upon Henry Institoris and James Sprenger, to deal with witchcraft as well as heresy, and it called upon the Bishop of Strasburg to lend the inquisitors all possible support.[3] Some scholars view the bull as "clearly political", motivated by jurisdictional disputes between the local German Catholic priests and clerics from the Office of the Inquisition who answered more directly to the pope.[6]

Content

The bull recognized the existence of witches:

"[m]any persons of both sexes, unmindful of their own salvation and straying from the Catholic Faith, have abandoned themselves to devils, incubi and succubi, and by their incantations, spells, conjurations, and other accursed charms and crafts, enormities and horrid offences, have slain infants yet in the mother's womb, as also the offspring of cattle, have blasted the produce of the earth, the grapes of the vine, the fruits of the trees, nay, men and women, beasts of burthen, herd-beasts, as well as animals of other kinds, vineyards, orchards, meadows, pasture-land, corn, wheat, and all other cereals; these wretches furthermore afflict and torment men and women, beasts of burthen, herd-beasts, as well as animals of other kinds, with terrible and piteous pains and sore diseases, both internal and external; they hinder men from performing the sexual act and women from conceiving, ...they blasphemously renounce that Faith which is theirs by the Sacrament of Baptism, and at the instigation of the Enemy of Mankind they do not shrink from committing and perpetrating the foulest abominations and filthiest excesses to the deadly peril of their own souls, (...) the abominations and enormities in question remain unpunished not without open danger to the souls of many and peril of eternal damnation."[7]

It gave approval for the Inquisition to proceed "correcting, imprisoning, punishing and chastising" such persons "according to their deserts". The bull essentially repeated Kramer's view that an outbreak of witchcraft and heresy had occurred in the Rhine River valley, specifically in the bishoprics of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier, as well as in Salzburg and Bremen, including accusations of certain acts.[8]

The bull urged local authorities to cooperate with the inquisitors and threatened those who impeded their work with excommunication.[9] Despite this threat, the bull failed to ensure that Kramer obtained the support he had hoped for, causing him to retire and to compile his views on witchcraft into his book Malleus Maleficarum, which was published in 1487. The Malleus professed, in part fraudulently, to have been approved by the University of Cologne, and it was sensational in the stigma it attached to witchcraft as a worse crime than heresy and in its notable animus against women.[3] Summis desiderantes affectibus was published as part of the preface of the book, implying papal approval for the work.[10] However, the Malleus Malificarum received an official condemnation by the Church three years later, and Kramer's claims of approval are seen by modern scholars as misleading.[11]

The bull, which synthesized the spiritual and the secular crimes of witchcraft,[12] is often viewed as opening the door for the witchhunts of the early modern period. However, its similarities to previous papal documents, emphasis on preaching, and lack of dogmatic pronouncement complicate this view.[2]

Notes

  1. ↑ Kors and Peters, p. 180; Burr, p. 7: Burr also refers to this document as The Witch-Bull of 1484.
  2. 1 2 3 Kors and Peters, 2000, p. 177.
  3. 1 2 3 Thurston, Herbert. "Witchcraft." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 Jul. 2015
  4. ↑ Del Rio, Martin Antoine and Maxwell-Stuart, P. G., Investigations Into Magic, Manchester University Press, 2000, ISBN 9780719049767
  5. ↑ Halsall, Paul. "Innocent VIII: BULL Summis desiderantes, Dec. 5th, 1484", Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University
  6. ↑ Darst, 1979, p. 298.
  7. ↑ Quotes from the 1928 English translation of the bull.
  8. ↑ Black, 2003, p. 6.
  9. ↑ Darst, 1979, p. 299.
  10. ↑ Russell, pp. 229-231
  11. ↑ See Malleus Maleficarum.
  12. ↑ This specific cultural and intellectual background that made the German witchhunts possible is explored by H. Erik Midelfort, Witch Hunting in Southwestern Germany, 1562-1684,(Stanford University Press) 1972, with full bibliography.

References

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Published in the series: Translations and reprints from the original sources of European history; v. 3, no. 4.

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