TSL color space

TSL color space is a perceptual color space which defines color as tint (the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from another stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, yellow, and white, can be thought of as hue with white added), saturation (the colorfulness of a stimulus relative to its own brightness), and lightness (the brightness of a stimulus relative to a stimulus that appears white in similar viewing conditions). Proposed by Jean-Christophe Terrillon and Shigeru Akamatsu,^[1] TSL color space was developed primarily for the purpose of face detection.

Conversion between RGB and TSL

The conversion from gamma-corrected RGB values to TSL is straightforward:^[1]

$T = \begin{cases} \frac{1}{2\pi} \arctan{\frac{r'}{g'}} + \frac{1}{4}, & \mbox{if}~g'>0 \\ \frac{1}{2\pi} \arctan{\frac{r'}{g'}} + \frac{3}{4}, & \mbox{if}~g'<0 \\ 0, & \mbox{if}~g'=0 \\ \end{cases}$

$S = \sqrt{\frac{9}{5}\left( r'^2 + g'^2 \right)}$

$L = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B$

where:

$r' = r - \tfrac{1}{3}$

$g' = g - \tfrac{1}{3}$

$r = \tfrac{R}{R+G+B}$

$g = \tfrac{G}{R+G+B}$

Likewise, the reverse transform is as follows:

$R = k \cdot r$

$G = k \cdot g$

$B = k \cdot (1-r-g)$

where:

$r = \begin{cases} \frac{\sqrt{5}}{3} S, & \mbox{if}~T=0 \\ x \cdot g + \frac{1}{3}, & \mbox{if}~T \ne 0 \\ \end{cases}$

$g = \begin{cases} - \sqrt{\frac{5}{9(x^2+1)}} \cdot S, & \mbox{if}~T>\frac{1}{2} \\ \sqrt{\frac{5}{9(x^2+1)}} \cdot S, & \mbox{if}~T<\frac{1}{2} \\ 0, & \mbox{if}~T=0 \\ \end{cases}$

$k = \frac{L}{0.185r + 0.473g + 0.114}$

$x = - \cot ({2\pi \cdot T})$

Advantages of TSL

The advantages of TSL color space lie within the normalization within the RGB-TSL transform. Utilizing normalized r and g allows for chrominance spaces TSL to be more efficient for skin color segmentation. Additionally with this normalization, the sensitivity of the chrominance distributions to the variability of skin color is significantly reduced, allowing for an easier detection of different skin tones.^[2]

Comparison of TSL to other color spaces

Terrillon investigated the efficiency of facial detection for several different color spaces. Testing consisted of using the same algorithm with 10 different color spaces to detect faces in 90 images with 133 faces and 59 subjects - 27 Asian, 31 Caucasian, and 1 African). TSL showed superior performance to the other spaces, with 90.8% correct detection and 84.9% correct rejection. A full comparison can be seen in the table below.^[2]

Color Space	# of Elements	CD (%)	CR (%)
TSL	258	90.8	84.9
r-g	328	74.6	80.3
CIE-xy	388	56.6	83.5
CIE-DSH	318	60.9	75.0
HSV	408	55.7	84.7
YIQ	471	47.3	79.8
YES	494	41.6	80.3
CIELUV	418	24.1	79.0
CIELAB	399	38.4	83.6

Disadvantages of TSL

TSL space could be made more efficient and robust. There currently exists no color correction algorithms for different camera systems. Additionally, despite a better accuracy of skin tone detection, detecting dark skin color still proves to be a challenge.^[1]

Applications

Being a relatively new color space and having very specific uses, TSL hasn’t been widely implemented. Again, it is only very useful in skin detection algorithms. Skin detection itself can be used for a variety of applications – face detection, person tracking (for surveillance and cinematographic purposes), and pornography filtering are a few examples. A Self-Organizing Map (SOM) was implemented in skin detection using TSL and achieved comparable results to older methods of histograms and Gaussian mixture models.^[3]

See also

• HSL and HSV
• Face detection
• List of color spaces and their uses

References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Terrillon, Jean-Christophe; Akamatsu, Shigeru (1998). Automatic Detection of Human Faces in Natural Scene Images by Use of a Skin Color Model and of Invariant Moments. Proc. Of the Third International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. Nara, Japan. pp. 130–135.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Terrillon, Jean-Christophe; Akamatsu, Shigeru (1999). "Comparative Performance of Different Chrominance Spaces for Color Segmentation and Detection of Human Faces in Complex Scene Images". Vision Interface 99. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
3. ↑ Brown, D.; Craw, I.; Lewthwaite, J. (2001). A SOM Based Approach to Skin Detection with Application in Real Time Systems. British Machine Vision Conference. Manchester, United Kingdom.