Tahlequah, Oklahoma

Tahlequah, Oklahoma
City

Downtown Tahlequah
Motto: "City Of Firsts"

Location within Cherokee County and the state of Oklahoma
Tahlequah, Oklahoma

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 35°54′46″N 94°58′17″W / 35.91278°N 94.97139°W / 35.91278; -94.97139Coordinates: 35°54′46″N 94°58′17″W / 35.91278°N 94.97139°W / 35.91278; -94.97139
Country United States
State Oklahoma
County Cherokee
Cherokee Nation founded 1838; second capital city
Government
 • Mayor Jason Nichols
Area[1]
 • Total 12.45 sq mi (32.2 km2)
 • Land 12.45 sq mi (32.2 km2)
 • Water 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)
Elevation 797 ft (243 m)
Population (2013)[2]
 • Total 16,359
 • Density 1,300/sq mi (510/km2)
Time zone Central (CST) (UTC-6)
 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP codes 74464-74465
Area code(s) 539/918
FIPS code 40-72100 [2]
GNIS feature ID 1098721 [3]
Website cityoftahlequah.com

Tahlequah (/ˈtælᵻkwɑː/ TAL-ə-kwah; Cherokee: ᏓᎵᏆ)[4] is a city in Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States located at the foothills of the Ozark Mountains. It was established as a capital of the 19th-century Cherokee Nation in 1839, as part of the new settlement in Indian Territory after the Cherokee Native Americans were forced west from the American Southeast on the Trail of Tears.

The city's population was 15,753 at the 2010 census, an increase of 8.96 percent from 14,458 at the 2000 census.[5] The 2014 estimated population is 16,496.[6]

It is the county seat of Cherokee County.[7] The main campus of Northeastern State University is located in the city. Tahlequah is the capital of the two federally recognized Cherokee tribes based in Oklahoma, the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians and the modern Cherokee Nation.

History

Etymology

Cherokee stop sign with Cherokee language transliteration and the Cherokee syllabary in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, with "alehwisdiha" (also spelled "halehwisda") meaning "stop"
Cherokee traffic sign in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, reading "tla adi yigi", meaning "no parking" from "tla" meaning "no"

Many linguists believe the word 'Tahlequah' (Tah-le-quah) and the word 'Teh-li-co' are the same as 'di li gwa,' the Cherokee word for grain or rice. (See Cherokee Nation Lexicon (dikaneisdi) at cherokee.org under culture/language). Scholars report the Cherokee word 'di li gwa' describes a type of native grain with a red hue that grew in the flat open areas of east Tennessee. One area, Great Tellico (Tellico Plains, Tennessee), was named for the grass with the red seed tops. Others interpret a word 'tel-i-quah' as 'plains;' however, there is no word for 'plains' in the Cherokee lexicon, and the word 'tel-i-quah' is not found in the lexicon. The idea that 'tahlequah' means 'plains' lends weight to the belief that the name refers to the wide open grassy areas of Great Tellico.

Another explanation is the name Tahlequah came from the Cherokee words Ta-li (meaning two) and Ye-li-quu (enough). The story goes that when the Cherokee came to Tahlequah there were supposed to be 3 different Chiefs at the meeting. For whatever reason the 3rd Chief was delayed. The people said "two is enough" or ta-li-ye-li-quu which later became anglicanized to Tahlequah.

When the Cherokee first arrived in the Tahlequah area, they noticed the native grasses that grew in the open areas around the foothills of the Ozark Mountains. This reminded them of the grassy open ‘Overhill’ areas of Tellico, so they called their new home 'di li gwa' (tah-le-quah or teh-li-co), the open place where the grass grows.

Local legend states the name is derived from Cherokee words meaning 'just two' or 'two is enough.' Supposedly three tribal elders had planned to meet to determine the location of the Cherokee Nation's permanent capital. Two elders arrived and waited for the third. As dusk approached, they decided that 'two is enough.' According to tribal elders and Cherokee County elders, this legend first began to circulate in the 1930s. Tahlequah was a settlement as early as 1832. After the Western Cherokee agreed in 1834 to let the newer migrants settle near them, they joined their government with the Eastern Cherokee at Tahlequah in 1839. Tahlequah was named long before it was chosen as the Cherokee capital.

Cherokee Nation capital

In 1839, Tahlequah was designated the capital of ancestors of both the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. Initially the government buildings were a complex of log or framed structures. Most of these buildings were destroyed during the Civil War, during which the Cherokee became divided into two bitterly opposing sides.

After the war, a brick capitol was built and first occupied in 1870. In 1907, at the time of Oklahoma statehood, the building was converted into the Cherokee County courthouse. It was returned to the Cherokee Nation in 1970.[8]

Several markers of Cherokee and Native American heritage are found in town: street signs and business signs are noted in both the Cherokee language and English. Such signs use the syllabary created by Sequoyah, a Cherokee scholar of the 1820s who created the writing system.

The Cherokee Supreme Court Building, located in downtown Tahlequah and constructed in 1844, is the oldest public building in Oklahoma.[9]

Geography

Tahlequah is located at 35°54′55″N 94°58′12″W / 35.91528°N 94.97000°W / 35.91528; -94.97000 (35.9153700, -94.9699560).[3] The city has a total area of 12.45 square miles (32.2 km²), all land.[1]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
19001,482—
19102,89195.1%
19202,271−21.4%
19302,4959.9%
19403,02721.3%
19504,75056.9%
19605,84022.9%
19709,25458.5%
19809,7084.9%
199010,3987.1%
200014,45839.0%
201015,7539.0%
Est. 201416,496[10]4.7%
Sources:
2013 Estimate[2]
U.S. Decennial Census[5]

As of the 2010 census,[5] there were 15,753 people, 6,111 households, and 3,351 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,312.75 per square mile (506.5/km²). There were 6,857 housing units at an average density of 571.4 per square mile (220.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 53.8% White, 2.4% African American, 30.0% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 3.7% from other races, and 8.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.8% of the population.

Out of 6,111 households, 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.5% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.2% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city the population was spread out with 21.1% under the age of 18, 23.6% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27.8 years. For every 100 females there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.

As of 2013, the median household income was $29,114 and the median family income was $43,940. Males had a median income of $32,475 versus $27,939 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,003. About 20.7% of families and 33.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.2% of those under age 18 and 21.8% of those age 65 or over.[11]

Many people in Tahlequah speak Cherokee, and there is a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade with the Cherokee language as the medium of instruction, and no English.[12]

Education

Oklahoma Cherokee language immersion school student writing in the Cherokee syllabary.
Adams Corner Cherokee language chalk board in schoolhouse.

Primary and secondary education

Education within the Tahlequah city limits consists of one early learning center serving students in Pre-K: Sequoyah; three elementary schools serving students in Kindergarten through 4th grade: Greenwood, Cherokee, and Heritage; one middle school with grades 5 through 8: Tahlequah Middle School; and one high school with grades 9-12: Tahlequah High School. Tahlequah High School serves as the main high school within the county as well and is fed by other rural Pre-K through 8th grade schools within Cherokee County.

The Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma educates students from pre-school through eighth grade.[13] Because Oklahoma's official language is English, Cherokee immersion students are hindered when taking state-mandated tests because they have little competence in English.[14] The Department of Education of Oklahoma said that in 2012 state tests: 11% of the school’s sixth-graders showed proficiency in math, and 25% showed proficiency in reading; 31% of the seventh-graders showed proficiency in math, and 87% showed proficiency in reading; 50% of the eighth-graders showed proficiency in math, and 78% showed proficiency in reading.[14] The Oklahoma Department of Education listed the charter school as a Targeted Intervention school, meaning the school was identified as a low-performing school but has not so that it was a Priority School.[14] Ultimately, the school made a C, or a 2.33 grade point average on the state’s A-F report card system.[14] The report card shows the school getting an F in mathematics achievement and mathematics growth, a C in social studies achievement, a D in reading achievement, and an A in reading growth and student attendance.[14] “The C we made is tremendous,” said school principal Holly Davis, “[t]here is no English instruction in our school’s younger grades, and we gave them this test in English.”[14] She said she had anticipated the low grade because it was the school’s first year as a state-funded charter school, and many students had difficulty with English.[14] Eighth graders who graduate from the Tahlequah immersion school are fluent speakers of the language, and they usually go on to attend Sequoyah High School where classes are taught in both English and Cherokee.

Colleges

Tahlequah is home to Northeastern State University.

Northeastern State University is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of Oklahoma as well as one of the oldest institutions of higher learning west of the Mississippi River.[15] Tahlequah is home to the capital of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and about 25 percent of the students at NSU identify themselves as American Indian.[16] The university has many courses focused on Native American linguistics, and offers Cherokee language Education as a major.[17] Cherokee can be studied as a second language, and some classes are taught in Cherokee for first language speakers as well.[18]

Notable people

In media

References

  1. 1 2 "2010 Census Gazetteer". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
  2. 1 2 3 "Census QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
  3. 1 2 "Geographic Names Information System". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
  4. ↑ Cowen, Agnes Spade and Jane B. Noble. Comptemporary Cherokee Language Book. Tahlequah, OK: Heritage Printing, 1996: 77
  5. 1 2 3 "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
  6. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  8. ↑ Harrington, Beth. "Tahlequah," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, 2009. Accessed March 30, 2015.
  9. ↑ Martindale, Robert. "Cherokee Nation places three historical buildings in trust", Tulsa World, 28 June 2003
  10. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  11. ↑ "2009-2013 American Community Survey: Economic Characteristics". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
  12. ↑ Chavez, Will (April 5, 2012). "Immersion students win trophies at language fair". Cherokeephoenix.org. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  13. ↑ Chavez, Will (April 5, 2012). "Immersion students win trophies at language fair". Cherokeephoenix.org. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Cherokee Immersion School Strives to Save Tribal Language". Youth on Race. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  15. ↑ "General Information". NSU. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
  16. ↑ Agnew, Brad. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "Northeastern State University."
  17. ↑ ' + auElement.html() + '. "NSU, Cherokee Nation Partner to Train and Hire Language Instructors - ICTMN.com". Indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
  18. ↑ "Cherokee". Ethnologue.

External links

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