Tapachula

Tapachula
City & Municipality
The location of Tapachula municipality in Chiapas
Tapachula Location in Mexico
Coordinates: 14°54′N 92°16′W / 14.900°N 92.267°W
Country	Mexico
State	Chiapas
Government
• Mayor	Samuel Alexis Chacon Morales
Area
• Total	117 sq mi (303 km^2)
Population (2010)
• Total	320,451

Tapachula is a city and municipality located in the far southwest of the state of Chiapas in Mexico, near the Guatemalan border and the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most important cities of Chiapas economically as the capital of the agriculturally rich Soconusco region as well as port for trade between Mexico and Central America. The area was originally inhabited by the Mame-Maya as a region under the control of the Mame state of Xelaju but was first established as a city by the Aztecs in the 13th century. Most of its economic importance has come since the late 19th century with the establishment of coffee plantations. This agricultural production began a history of migration into the area which continues to this day and has left the city with a significant Asian and German cultural presence as well as large Mayan and Nahua indigenous populations.

The city

The city of Tapachula is capital of the Chiapas region of Soconusco with the nickname of the “pearl of the Soconusco.”^[1] The name “Tapachula” comes from Nahuatl and means “between the waters” due to the area’s frequent flooding.^[1] It is located on a low-lying coastal plain with various small rivers about 120 meters above sea level.^[2]

Tapachula is Mexico’s main border city with Guatemala on the Pacific coast area even though it is located some kilometers away from the border proper. The main commercial border crossing is in Ciudad Hidalgo about forty kilometers away.^[3] Nonetheless it is the principal port for the crossing of goods and people between Mexico and Central America, making it economically and socially similar to cities on the US southern border such as Laredo, Texas.^[2][3] The flow of goods through the area as well as being the economic center of the rich agricultural region of the Soconusco, makes Tapachula one of the most important economically for Chiapas with one of the highest per capita incomes in the state.^[1][3] As its wealth is relatively recent, since the late 19th century, Tapachula is mostly a modern city.^[1] Like border cities in the United States, Tapachula and other communities in the area have problems with illegal immigration, drug traffic and violence, with most of the illegal border crossers coming from Central America.^[3] This has led to a strong and very visible police presence in the city along with special security measures for major events such as the Feria Internacional Tapachula.^[3][4]

The city has had a strong Chinese presence since around 1900, when a number of people from China came to work in the coffee plantations of the area. Most of the descendents of these first immigrants have since dispersed throughout the Soconusco region, but there is still Asian immigration to Tapachula to this day. Most modern immigrants work in commerce rather than in agriculture.^[5] The most visible evidence of Asian presence is the significant number of Chinese and other Asian restaurants in the city, especially in the center.^[2][5] A number of businesses selling Chinese food and imported items are concentrated in the San Juan market.^[5] The Casa de la Comunidad China (Chinese Community House) is located Cuarta Avenida Sur. The structure is dedicated to education about Chinese culture and was reopened in 2012 after renovations.^[6] Tapachula signed a sister city agreement with Dongying, China in 2011.^[7]

Street in a residential area of the city

Most of the city’s monumental structures in the historic center were built in the first decades of the 20th century, although there are a number of significant large homes near this same area built in the 1960s in Art Deco style such as the La Portaviandas building.^[2] Outside the city center, the structures just about all date from the latter 20th century on due to recent growth.^[1] The historic center is marked by a large, tree-lined plaza called Parque Miguel Hidalgo. The center of this plaza contains an octagon kiosk with Baroque ironwork with some Moorish influence. Parque Miguel Hidalgo is the center of the city surrounded by the old and new municipal palaces, the Perez Porta and the Teatro al Aire Libre (Open Air Theater), which often has marimba concerts.^[2] The main monumental buildings of the area surround this plaza and include the old and new municipal palaces, the Perez Portal and the Teatro al Aire Libre (Open Air Theater).^[2]

The San Agustín parish church dates from the 18th century, established to honor the patron saint of the city, Augustine. It is a simple construction with a red Spanish tile roof, supported by wood beams. The facade is a simple Neoclassical with six Ionic order columns, three on each side of the entrance, joined by false arches. The top of the facade has two bell towers. This design is based on the Teopisca church.^[2] The church became a cathedral in 1958, shortly after the Tapachula diocese was established but that status has since been ceded to the San José Cathedral, consecrated in 2009.^[8]

The Soconusco Archeological Museum faces Parque Hidalgo. This building houses a number of pieces from the various archeological sites of the region, especially Izapa and several coastal sites. One special piece is a skull covered in gold and incrusted with turquoise. Another is a stele called Number 25, because of the quality of its engravings.^[1]

The Casa de Cultura was built in 1929 as the municipal palace when the city was prosperous because of the surrounding coffee plantations. Although the style is Art Deco, the facade is decorated with Oaxacan style fretwork, images of Aztec warriors and stylized serpents along with the Mexican and state coats of arms. Today, the building functions as a cultural center for the city.^[1][2]

The municipal cemetery is notable as a testament to the immigrant past of the area, with gravestones with German names and Chinese characters.^[1] The best examples of both date from the late 19th to early 20th century.^[2]

One of Tapachula's most famous natives is the actress and singer Bibi Gaytan, who first achieved stardom in the 1990s.

The municipality

The city of Tapachula is the governmental authority for a number of other communities which combined cover an area of 303km2. It borders the municipalities of Motozintla, Cacahoatán, Tuxtla Chico, Frontera Hidalgo, Suchiate, Tuzantán, Huehuetán and Mazatán with the Pacific on the south and the Guatemala to the northwest.^[9]

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 320,451.^[10]

The municipality had 574 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Tapachula (Tapachula de Córdova y Ordóñez) (202,672), Puerto Madero (San Benito) (9,557), Vida Mejor I (6,460), Álvaro Obregón (5,717), Los Cafetales (3,054), Raymundo Enríquez (3,049), Carrillo Puerto (2,676), classified as urban, and Veinte de Noviembre (2,184), El Encanto (1,726), José María Morelos (1,717), Viva México (1,691), Llano de la Lima (1,579), Nuevo Pumpuapa (Cereso) (1,431), Cebadilla 1ra. Sección (1,384), Los Palacios (1,217), Congregación Reforma (1,132), Octavio Paz (1,124), Acaxman (1,099), San Nicolás Lagartero (1,071), Tinajas 1ra. Sección (1,055), Cantón Villaflor (1,046), Pavencul (1,039), and Cebadilla 2da. Sección (1,000), classified as rural.^[10]

The cuisine of the municipality varies greatly as the topography extends from the ocean into the mountains.^[2] Main annual events include Chinese New Year, San Benito, the Feria Tapachula, San Agustín, Jesús de la Buena Esperanza and San Miguel.^[9]

The population of the municipality represents about forty percent of the entire population of the Socunusco region. Over sixty percent of the population is under the age of thirty and the average age is twenty two years. The average rate of population growth is just over two percent, about on par with that of the state. Population density is only 3.17 people per square kilometer, far under the 52 per square km for the state.^[9] Because of its proximity to neighboring Guatemala, the Tapachula area has absorbed a number of ethnicities from this country but the main indigenous group remains the Mame.^[2] About sixty three percent of the municipality’s population is Catholic with about 19 percent professing some other type of Christianity. Most of the rest state that they have no faith. This is about average for the state.^[9]

Of those over age fifteen, about twenty percent have not finished primary school, about sixteen percent have only a primary school education, with about 49% with some level higher than this. As of 2000, the municipality had an illiteracy rate of 12.36%, down from 16.32% in 1990.^[9]

There are 578.84 kilometers of highway most of which are rural roads maintained by state and federal authorities. The main highway in the area is Federal Highway 200 which follows the coastline of Chiapas.^[9]

History

The Mame Maya are one of the largest ethnic groups of the city and were the original inhabitants of the city, which was previously a territory subservient to the Mame-Maya Kingdom of Xelaju.

Traditional German architecture is common throughout the city

The name comes from the Nahuatl phrase “Tapachollan” which means” between the waters.” The official name of the city was changed to Tapachula de Córdova y Ordóñezin 1997 to honor a Brother Matías de Córdova y Ordóñez.^[11]

The first people to settle in the area migrated from the south in Central America and most likely are the ancestors of today’s Mame people. The Olmecs conquered the area, driving many Mames to migrate back south. The Toltecs arrived next but never completely subjugated the native peoples. However, these conquests resulted in the Mames never developing major civilization. The city of Tapachula was founded as a tribute collection center for the Aztecs in1486 by a military leader named Tiltototl, sent by Ahuziotl to conquer the Soconusco.^[11]

After the Spanish conquest, Tapachula was part of the Soconusco region, known for its then production of cacao. This region was larger than it is today, with the very south of the old extension now part of Guatemala. As such, Tapachula became a border area, first among the Spanish colonial authorities of New Spain, Chiapas and the Captaincy General of Guatemala. For example, when the Diocese of Chiapas was created in 1539, it included the Tapachula area.^[8] However, the Soconusco region had political differences with all of these authorities at one time or another. Tapachula became the capital of Soconusco region in 1794, replacing Escuintla.^[11][12] In 1809, shortly before the start of the Mexican War of Independence, Tapachula protested the high rate of taxation to Spanish authorities to no avail.^[9] During the war, it was officially declared a town in 1813,^[11] and a parish in 1818, with the San Agustín parish church established in 1819.^[8] At the end of the war, Tapachula, as capital of the Soconusco, declared its own independence from Spain and Guatemala in 1821,^[11] and away from Mexico in 1824.^[9] However, for most of the rest of the 19th century, the Soconusco would be disputed territory between Mexico (as part of Chiapas) and Guatemala, until a final border was drawn between the two countries in 1888. In the meantime, Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna declared Tapachula a city as he fought to force the region back under Mexican control.^[11][12] The city was occupied by French troops during the French Intervention in Mexico until 1865 when they were expelled by Sebastián Escobar.^[9]

The current municipality was created in 1915, with Tapachula as the governing entity. It was declared the provisional capital of Chiapas by forces loyal to Victoriano Huerta in 1924.^[9][11]

The first air route to the city was established in 1929, connecting it with Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Mexico City.^[9]

Tapachula became a diocese separate from Chiapas in 1957 covering the entire Chiapas coast area.^[8]

It was reaffirmed as the capital of the Soconusco region in 1983.^[11]

In 1984, a coat of arms was chosen for the city, designed by Edgar José Cabrera Arriaga.^[11]

The growth of the city and its economy has presented problems in the early 21st century. The city during this time has grown outward, surrounding industrial structures such as petroleum storage facilities belonging to PEMEX and a terminal of the Chiapas-Mayab railroad. This raised questions of safety until both were moved further outside of the city limits in 2011.^[13][14]

Geography and environment

The municipality stretches over a section of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and west onto the coastal plain to the Pacific with an average altitude of 170 meters above sea level.^[9] The main ecosystems in the municipality include low growth rainforest, medium growth rainforest and holm oak-pine forests. Many of these forest areas have been over exploited with significant loss of both plant and animal life. Ecological reserves include El Cabildo-Amatán, El Gancho-Murillo and part of the Tacaná Volcano.^[9]

The climate varies by altitude from hot in the low coastal areas to temperate in the higher elevations. There is a small area with a cold climate as part of the Tacaná Volcano. Precipitation also varies by altitude.^[9] The climate of the city area is hot and humid most of the year.^[2] The area is one of the rainiest in the world with annual rainfall of about 3,900mm drained by a number of rivers and streams that flow from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas over the coastal plain to the Pacific Ocean.^[1] The main rivers are the Huehuetán, the Coatán and the Cuilco.^[9] There are eighty-two communities considered to be at high risk to natural disasters due to flooding of rivers and insufficient roadways to evacuate. Fifty-two of these located on riverbanks of three rivers: Coatán, Texcuyuapan and Cahoacán. Much of the flood control of the area was damaged or destroyed by Hurricane Stan in 2005.^[15]

Climate data for Tapachula (1951–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	39.0 (102.2)	38.1 (100.6)	38.8 (101.8)	39.0 (102.2)	39.6 (103.3)	38.7 (101.7)	39.3 (102.7)	39.2 (102.6)	39.0 (102.2)	38.1 (100.6)	37.3 (99.1)	37.0 (98.6)	39.6 (103.3)
Average high °C (°F)	33.6 (92.5)	34.4 (93.9)	35.2 (95.4)	35.3 (95.5)	34.1 (93.4)	32.8 (91)	33.2 (91.8)	33.1 (91.6)	32.2 (90)	32.5 (90.5)	32.9 (91.2)	33.0 (91.4)	33.5 (92.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	25.7 (78.3)	26.4 (79.5)	27.4 (81.3)	28.1 (82.6)	27.6 (81.7)	26.7 (80.1)	26.7 (80.1)	26.7 (80.1)	26.2 (79.2)	26.3 (79.3)	26.2 (79.2)	25.5 (77.9)	26.6 (79.9)
Average low °C (°F)	17.9 (64.2)	18.5 (65.3)	19.7 (67.5)	20.9 (69.6)	21.1 (70)	20.6 (69.1)	20.2 (68.4)	20.2 (68.4)	20.2 (68.4)	20.0 (68)	19.5 (67.1)	18.1 (64.6)	19.7 (67.5)
Record low °C (°F)	10.0 (50)	9.4 (48.9)	10.6 (51.1)	12.5 (54.5)	15.0 (59)	15.5 (59.9)	10.1 (50.2)	12.2 (54)	14.5 (58.1)	12.2 (54)	9.0 (48.2)	11.5 (52.7)	9.0 (48.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	7.2 (0.283)	6.3 (0.248)	22.4 (0.882)	80.7 (3.177)	245.0 (9.646)	362.5 (14.272)	310.1 (12.209)	330.4 (13.008)	432.1 (17.012)	294.1 (11.579)	71.3 (2.807)	9.3 (0.366)	2,171.4 (85.488)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	0.8	0.9	2.0	7.3	17.5	22.3	21.0	22.2	23.9	19.6	6.6	1.7	145.8
Average relative humidity (%)	69	67	68	70	75	79	78	78	80	79	76	73	74
Mean monthly sunshine hours	230	207	222	191	153	138	167	167	149	180	200	221	2,225
Source #1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (humidity 1981–2000)[16][17][18]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[19][lower-alpha 1]

Economy

View of the port of Puerto Chiapas, a traditional Mayan wood building can be seen in the right.

The municipality is considered to have a medium level of socioeconomic marginalization. As of 2000, there were 61,444 residences, of which over 72% were the property of the residents. The average household size was 4.36 inhabitants. About one quarter of the homes have dirt floors, thirteen percent have wood floors and about sixty two with cement or stone floors. Walls generally consist of cement block with about fourteen percent having wood walls. About sixty percent of the roofs are made with metal/asbestos laminate.^[9]

Tapachula accounts for much of Chiapas’ economic activities as the economic center of the Soconusco economic region and as a port for commerce between Mexico and Central America.^[11] Hurricane Stan severely damaged the rail line through here connecting Oaxaca and Chiapas with Guatemala, with repairs still ongoing as of 2011.^[14] Tapachula is served by commercial airlines using the Tapachula International Airport.

The first Feria Internacional Tapachula was held in 1963 with the name of Primera Gran Exposición Agrícola, Ganadera, Comercial e Industrial del Soconusco. It has been held yearly since then with participants from the region, the state of Chiapas, Mexico and other countries. The purpose of the fair is to promote the products of the region along with its cultural heritage.^[20]

About eighteen percent of the working population works in agriculture and livestock. About twenty three percent of these workers are not paid a salary. About sixteen and a half percent work in mining and manufacturing.^[9] The municipality is part of a region dedicated to the growing and export of cash crops, especially coffee and tropical fruit. The harvest cycles, along with the usual boom and bust economic cycles associated with such farming has spurred a worker migration pattern which has been studied.^[3][21]

About 63% of the municipality’s workforce is in commerce and services, well above the averages for the region and the state.^[9] This sector includes tourism. The city’s main attractions are in and around its main square called the Parque Miguel Hidalgo, with the rest of attractions located in or near the municipality.^[9] Most foreign visitors to the city are from Guatemala, which include those who come to visit the area’s beaches. Others mostly consist of those on their way to or from the same country. Despite the area’s economic connection with Guatemala, most businesses here do not accept the quetzal for payment.^[3] Area attractions within reach of the city and municipality include the Izapa archeological site, El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, the La Encrucijada Reserve, the Cuilco River cascades and the Tacaná Volcano.^[3]

Aside from the city, the other major economic center in the municipality is the new major port of Puerto Chiapas, with cruise ships beginning to stop here in 2007.^[1][3] This is part of a state and region led effort to attract visitors to area attractions, especially the Coffee Route. This has attracted German and other European visitors to see plantations started by their countrymen over a century ago. Other attractions marketed to cruise ship tourists include the city of Tapachula and the mangrove sanctuaries on the coast. About 45 cruise ships visited the port in 2011.^[3][22]

Notes

1. Station ID for Tapachula, Chis. is 76903 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration

References

1. Jiménez González, Victor Manuel, ed. (2009). Chiapas: Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado. [Chiapas: Guide to discover the charms of the state] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Editorial Océano de México, SA de CV. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-607-400-059-7.
2. "Tapachula" (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretaría de Turismo de Chiapas. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
3. Budd, Jim (March 11, 2007). "Viajando Ligero / Tapachula redescubierta" [Light Traveler/Tapachula rediscovered]. Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). p. 21.
4. "Mexico protegera a comerciantes durante la Feria Internacional de Tapachula" [Mexico will protect merchants during the Feria Internacional de Tapachula]. Noticias Financieras (in Spanish) (Miami). March 9, 2004. p. 1.
5. Flores, Gerardo (July 30, 2009). "Chinos, una historia de más de cien años en Tapachula" [The Chinese, a history of over 100 years in Tapachula]. Diario del Sur (in Spanish) (Chiapas). Retrieved February 8, 2012.
6. "Remodelarán Casa de la Comunidad China en Tapachula" [China and Tapachula sign sister cities agreement]. Diario del Sur (in Spanish) (Chiapas). January 24, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
7. "China y Tapachula pactan convenio de hermandad" [China and Tapachula sign sister cities agreement]. Diario del Sur (in Spanish) (Chiapas). May 7, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
8. "Historia" [History] (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: Diocese of Tapachula. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
9. "Tapachula". Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México-Estado de Chiapas (in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2012. line feed character in |publisher= at position 64 (help)
10. "Tapachula". Catálogo de Localidades. Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL). Retrieved 23 April 2014.
11. "Tapachula" (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: Municipality of Tapachula. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
12. Perez de los Reyes, Marco Antonio. "El Soconusco y su Mexicanidad (Breves Consideraciones)" [Soconusco and its Mexicanness (Brief Considerations)] (PDF). Jurídicas (in Spanish) (Mexico: UNAM) 12. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
13. Pensamiento, Daniel (April 7, 2000). "Saldran de Tapachula Pemex y ferrocarriles" [PEMEX and railroads will leave Tapachula]. El Norte (in Spanish) (Monterrey, Mexico). p. 16.
14. "Avanza en Tapachula reubicación de estación de tren" [Relocation of train station advances in Tapachula]. NOTIMEX (in Spanish) (Mexico City). January 13, 2011. p. 1.
15. "Ubican 82 comunidades como zonas de alto riesgo en Tapachula" [82 communities indicated as high risk zones in Tapachula]. NOTIMEX (in Spanish) (Mexico City). May 13, 2008. p. 1.
16. "Estado de Chiapas–Estacion: Tapachula (DGE)". NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951–2010 (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
17. "Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Tapachula (DGE) 1952-2008" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
18. "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
19. "Station 76903 Tapachula, Chis.". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
20. "Un poco de historia" [A little history] (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: Diocese of Tapachula. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
21. Santacruz de León, Eugenio Eliseo; Elba Pérez Villalba (May–August 2009). "Atraso económico, migración y remesas: el caso del Soconusco, Chiapas, México Convergencia: Revista de Ciencias Sociales" [Economic backwardness, migration and remittances] (PDF). Convergenica (in Spanish) (State of Mexico: UAEM) 50: 57–77. ISSN 1405-1435. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
22. "Tapachula,... [Derived headline]". NOTIMEX (in Spanish) (Mexico City). March 28, 2010. p. 1.

External links

• Ayuntamiento de Tapachula Official website
• Tourism of Tapachula Non Official website Tourism

Coordinates: 14°54′N 92°16′W / 14.900°N 92.267°W