Tassili n'Ajjer

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Tassili n'Ajjer
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Landsat multilayer image of the Tassili n'Ajjer
Type	Mixed
Criteria	i, iii, vii, viii
Reference	179
UNESCO region	Arab States
Inscription history
Inscription	1982 (6th Session)
Location of Tassili n'Ajjer in Algeria.

Tassili n'Ajjer (Berber: Tasili n Ajjer, meaning "Plateau of the Rivers"; Arabic: طاسيلي ناجر‎) is a mountain range in the Algerian section of the Sahara Desert. It is a vast plateau in south-east Algeria at the borders of Libya and Niger, covering an area of 72,000 km².

Prehistoric art

The range is also noted for its prehistoric rock art and other ancient archaeological sites, dating from the Neolithic era when the local climate was less dry, savannah rather than desert. The art is no older than 9–10 millennia, according to OSL dating of associated sediments, but may be younger.^[1] The art depicts herds of cattle, large wild animals including crocodiles, and human activities such as hunting and dancing. According to UNESCO, "The exceptional density of paintings and engravings...have made Tassili world famous as from 1933, the date of its discovery. 15,000 engravings have been identified to date."^[2]

Geography

The Tassili n'Ajjer range extends from 26°20′N 5°00′E / 26.333°N 5.000°E east-south-east to 24°00′N 10°00′E / 24.000°N 10.000°E, and the highest point is Adrar Afao, 2158 m, at 25°10′N 8°11′E / 25.167°N 8.183°E. The nearest town is Djanet, about 10 km southwest of the range. Much of the range, including the cypresses and archaeological sites (see below), is protected in a National park, Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site, named the Tassili n'Ajjer National Park.

The plateau is also of great geological and aesthetic interest: the panorama of geological formations with "rock forests" of eroded sandstone resembles a strange lunar landscape.^[3]

Geology

The range is composed largely of sandstone. Erosion in the area has resulted in nearly 300 natural rock arches being formed, along with many other spectacular landforms.

Ecology

Because of the altitude and the water-holding properties of the sandstone, the vegetation here is somewhat richer than in the surrounding desert; it includes a very scattered woodland of the endangered endemic species Saharan Cypress and Saharan Myrtle in the higher eastern half of the range.

The ecology of the Tassili n'Ajjer is more fully described in the article West Saharan montane xeric woodlands, the ecoregion to which this area belongs. The literal English translation of Tassili n'Ajjer is 'Plateau of the rivers' referring to a time when the climate was repeatedly far wetter than it is today (see Neolithic Subpluvial).

Relict populations of the West African crocodile persisted in the Tassili n'Ajjer until the 20th century.^[4]

In popular culture

• Tassili is the recording location and the title of a 2011 album by the Tuareg-Berber band Tinariwen.
• In his 1992 book Food of the Gods, new-age icon Terence McKenna hypothesized that the Neolithic culture that inhabited the site used psilocybin mushrooms as part of its religious ritual life, citing rock paintings showing persons holding mushroom-like objects in their hands, as well as mushrooms growing from their bodies.
• Tassili Plain is a track on the 1994 album Natural Wonders of the World in Dub by dub group Zion Train.

Gallery

• Rock-Art, Saharan Cypress and Landscapes of the Tassili
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See also

• List of Stone Age art
• Rock art of Figuig
• Rock art of south Oran (Algeria)
• Rock art of the Djelfa region
• Saharan rock art

Further reading

Tassili n'Ajjer National Park
IUCN category II (national park)
Location	Tamanrasset Province, Algeria
Coordinates	25°10′0″N 8°10′0″E / 25.16667°N 8.16667°ECoordinates: 25°10′0″N 8°10′0″E / 25.16667°N 8.16667°E
Area	72,000 km²
Established	1972

• Bahn, Paul G. (1998) The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Bradley, R (2000) An archaeology of natural places London, Routledge.
• Bruce-Lockhart, J and Wright, J (2000) Difficult and Dangerous Roads: Hugh Clapperton's Travels in the Sahara and Fezzan 1822-1825
• Chippindale, Chris and Tacon, S-C (eds) (1998) The Archaeology of Rock Art Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Clottes, J. (2002): World Rock Art. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
• Coulson, D and Campbell, Alec (2001) African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone New York, Harry N Abrams.
• Frison-Roche, Roger (1965) Carnets Sahariens Paris, Flammarion
• Holl, Augustin F.C. (2004) Saharan Rock Art, Archaeology of Tassilian Pastoralist Icongraphy
• Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1977) Tassili n'Ajjer: Art Rupestre du Sahara Préhistorique Paris, Le Chêne.
• Lajoux, Jean-Dominique (1962), Merveilles du Tassili n'Ajjer (The rock paintings of Tassili in translation), Le Chêne, Paris.
• Le Quellec, J-L (1998) Art Rupestre et Prehistoire du Sahara. Le Messak Libyen Paris: Editions Payot et Rivages, Bibliothèque Scientifique Payot.
• Lhote, Henri (1959, reprinted 1973) The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: The story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara London.
• Lhote, Henri (1958, 1973, 1992, 2006) À la découverte des fresques du Tassili, Arthaud, Paris.
• Mattingly, D (ed) (forthcoming) The archaeology of the Fezzan.
• Muzzolini, A (1997) "Saharan Rock Art", in Vogel, J O (ed) Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa Walnut Creek: 347-353.
• Van Albada, A. and Van Albada, A.-M. (2000): La Montagne des Hommes-Chiens: Art Rupestre du Messak Lybien Paris, Seuil.
• Whitley, D S (ed) (2001) Handbook of Rock Art Research New York: Altamira Press.

References

1. Mercier, Norbert; Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc; Hachid, Malika; Agsous, Safia; Grenet, Michel (July 2012). "OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili-n-Ajjer plateau (Central Sahara)". Quaternary Geochronology 10: 367–373. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.010. Retrieved 7 March 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
2. "Tassili n'Ajer". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
3. "Tassili National Park, Sahara Algeria". Archmillennium.net. Retrieved 2012-12-16.
4. "Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania". PLOS ONE. 25 February 2011.

External links

• Video from Youtube
• The natural arches of the Tassili n'Ajjer