Fritz the Cat (film)

Fritz the Cat

The film poster shows a blonde, pale-orange female cat wearing boots and a blue-striped shirt with a suggestive look sitting next to a grey male cat wearing a red-striped shirt on a green couch, with drugs and matches scattered on the floor. The background is a dark blue with the film's tagline spelled in big white letters on the top and the film's title on the bottom.

Theatrical release poster by John Alvin.
Directed by Ralph Bakshi
Produced by Steve Krantz
Screenplay by Ralph Bakshi
Based on Fritz the Cat 
by Robert Crumb
Starring Skip Hinnant
Rosetta LeNoire
Ralph Bakshi
Phil Seuling
John McCurry
Mary Dean
Music by Ed Bogas
Ray Shanklin
Cinematography Ted Bemiller
Gene Borghi
Edited by Renn Reynolds
Production
company
Aurica Finance Company
Black Ink
Fritz Productions
Steve Krantz Productions
Distributed by Cinemation
Release dates
  • April 12, 1972 (1972-04-12)
Running time
 80 minutes[1]
Country United States
Language English
Budget $850,000
Box office $90 million

Fritz the Cat is a 1972 American adult animated comedy film written and directed by Ralph Bakshi as his feature film debut.[2] Based on the comic strip of the same name by Robert Crumb, the film was the first animated feature film to receive an X rating in the United States. It focuses on Fritz (voiced by Skip Hinnant), an anthropomorphic feline in mid-1960s New York City who explores the ideals of hedonism and sociopolitical consciousness. The film is a satire focusing on American college life of the era, race relations, the free love movement, and left- and right-wing politics. Fritz the Cat is the most successful independent animated feature of all time, grossing over $90 million worldwide.

The film had a troubled production history and controversial release. Crumb is known to have had disagreements with the filmmakers over the film's political content.[3][4][5] Fritz the Cat was controversial for its rating and content, which many viewers at the time found to be offensive. Its success led to a slew of other X-rated animated films, and a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat, was made without Crumb's or Bakshi's involvement.

Plot

In a New York City park, hippies have gathered with guitars to sing protest songs. Fritz and his buddies show up in an attempt to meet girls. When a trio of attractive females walk by, Fritz and his friends exhaust themselves trying to get their attention, but find that the girls are more interested in the crow standing a few feet away. The girls attempt to flirt with the crow, making unintentionally condescending remarks about blacks, while Fritz looks on in annoyance. Suddenly, the crow rebukes the girls with a snide remark and walks away. Fritz invites the girls to "seek the truth," bringing them up to his friend's apartment, where a wild party is taking place. Since the other rooms are crowded, Fritz drags the girls into the bathroom and the four of them have group sex in the bathtub. Meanwhile, the police (portrayed as pigs) arrive to raid the party. As the two officers walk up the stairs, one of the partygoers finds Fritz and the girls in the bath tub. Several others jump in, pushing Fritz to the side where he takes solace in marijuana. The two officers break into the apartment, but find that it is empty because everyone has moved into the bathroom. Fritz takes refuge in the toilet when one of the pigs enters the bathroom and begins to beat up the partygoers. As the pig becomes exhausted, a very stoned Fritz jumps out, grabs the pig's gun, and shoots the toilet, causing the water main to break and flooding everybody out of the apartment. The pigs chase Fritz down the street into a synagogue. Fritz manages to escape when the congregation gets up to celebrate the United States' decision to send more weapons into Israel.

Fritz makes it back to his dormitory, where his roommates ignore him. He decides to ditch his bore of a life and sets all of his notes and books on fire. The fire spreads throughout the dorm, finally setting the entire building ablaze. In a bar in Harlem, Fritz meets Duke the Crow at a billiard table. After narrowly avoiding getting into a fight with the bartender, Duke invites Fritz to "bug out", and they steal a car, which Fritz drives off a bridge, leading Duke to save his life by grabbing onto a railing. The two arrive at the apartment of a drug dealer named Bertha, whose cannabis joints increase Fritz's libido. While having sex with Bertha, he comes to a realization that he "must tell the people about the revolution!" He runs off into the city street and incites a riot, during which Duke is shot and killed.

Fritz hides in an alley where his older fox girlfriend, Winston Schwartz, finds him and drags him on a road trip to San Francisco. When the car runs out of gas in the middle of the desert, he decides to abandon her. He later meets up with Blue, a heroin-addicted rabbit biker. Along with Blue's horse girlfriend, Harriet, they take a ride to an underground hide-out where several other revolutionaries tell Fritz of their plan to blow up a power station. When Harriet tries to get Blue to leave, he hits her several times and ties her down with a chain. When Fritz objects to their treatment of her, he is hit in the face with a candle by a member of the group. After setting the dynamite at the power plant, Fritz suddenly has a change of heart, and unsuccessfully attempts to remove it before being caught in the explosion. At a Los Angeles hospital, Harriet (disguised as a nun) and the girls from the New York park come to comfort him in what they believe to be his last moments. Fritz, after reciting the speech he used to pick up the girls from New York, becomes revitalized and has sex with the trio of girls while Harriet watches in astonishment.

Cast

Production

"[The idea of] grown men sitting in cubicles drawing butterflies floating over a field of flowers, while American planes are dropping bombs in Vietnam and kids are marching in the streets, is ludicrous."

—Ralph Bakshi[6]

Ralph Bakshi majored in cartooning at the High School of Art and Design. He learned his trade at the Terrytoons studio in New York City, where he spent ten years animating characters such as Mighty Mouse, Heckle and Jeckle, and Deputy Dawg. At the age of 29, Bakshi was hired to head the animation division of Paramount Pictures as both writer and director, where he produced four experimental short films before the studio closed in 1967.[7] With producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions. In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica.[8][9] However, Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation he was producing, and wanted to produce something personal. Bakshi was quoted in a 1971 article for the Los Angeles Times as saying that the idea of "grown men sitting in cubicles drawing butterflies floating over a field of flowers, while American planes are dropping bombs in Vietnam and kids are marching in the streets, is ludicrous."[6] Bakshi soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life. However, Krantz told Bakshi that studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience.[8]

While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of R. Crumb's Fritz the Cat. Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film.[10] Bakshi was interested in directing the film because he felt that Crumb's work was the closest to his own.[11] Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi showed Crumb drawings that had been created as the result of Bakshi attempting to learn Crumb's distinctive style in order to prove that he could translate the look of Crumb's artwork to animation.[8] Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks as a reference.[10]

As Krantz began to prepare the paperwork, preparation began on a pitch presentation for potential studios, including a poster-sized painted cel setup featuring the strip's cast against a traced photo background, as Bakshi intended the film to appear.[10] However, in spite of Crumb's enthusiasm, he was unsure about the film's production, and refused to sign the contract.[10] Artist Vaughn Bodé warned Bakshi against working with Crumb, describing him as "slick".[10] Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb "one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life".[10] Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where Bakshi stayed with Crumb and his wife, Dana, in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract. After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain.[12] Two weeks after Bakshi returned to New York, Krantz entered his office and told Bakshi that he had acquired the film rights because Dana had power of attorney and signed the contract. Crumb received US$50,000, which was delivered throughout different phases of the production, in addition to ten percent of Krantz's take.[12]

Funding and distribution

With the rights to the character, Krantz and Bakshi set out to find a distributor. "When I say that every major distributor turned it down, this is not an exaggeration",[4] remembers Krantz. "There has never been a project that was received with less enthusiasm. Animation is essentially a dirty word for distributors, who think that only Disney can paint a tree, and in addition to that, Fritz was so far out that there was a failure to understand that we were onto something very important."[6]

In the spring of 1970, Warner Bros. agreed to fund and distribute the film.[7][13] The first scenes completed were the Harlem sequences. Krantz intended to release these scenes as a 15-minute short in case the film's funding was pulled; however, Bakshi was determined to complete the film as a feature.[12] Late in November, Bakshi and Krantz screened presentation reel containing this sequence, pencil tests, and shots of Bakshi's storyboards to the studio.[14] In an interview, Bakshi stated that "You should have seen their faces in the screening room when I first screened a bit of Fritz. I'll remember their faces until I die. One of them left the room. Holy hell, you should have seen his face. 'Shut up, Frank! This is not the movie you're allowed to make!' And I said, Bullshit, I just made it."[15]

Warner executives wanted the sexual content to be toned down, and for Bakshi and Krantz to cast celebrities as the voices. Bakshi refused, and Warner pulled their funding from the film, leading Krantz to seek funds elsewhere, eventually leading to a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films. Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate.[12] Further financing came from Saul Zaentz, who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label.[12]

Direction

Head and shoulders of a bearded older man in glasses. Smiling, with eyes nearly closed, he is wearing a plain sweater and holding a microphone.
The film was the feature debut of writer and director Ralph Bakshi.

Bakshi was initially reluctant to direct Fritz the Cat because he had spent years working on animated productions featuring animal characters and wanted to make films focusing on human characters.[16] However, he became interested in working on the film because he loved Crumb's work and considered him a "total genius".[7] During the development of the film, Bakshi says that he "started to get giddy" when he "suddenly was able to get a pig that was a cop, and this particular other pig was Jewish, and I thought, 'Oh my God—a Jewish pig?' These were major steps forward, because in the initial Heckle and Jeckle for Terrytoons, they were two black guys running around. Which was hysterically funny and, I think, great – like Uncle Remus stuff. But they didn't play down south, and they had to change two black crows to two Englishmen. And I always told him that the black crows were funnier. So it was a slow awakening."[17]

In his notes to animator Cosmo Anzilotti, Bakshi is precise, and even specifies that the crows smoked marijuana rather than tobacco. Bakshi states that "The weed had to read on screen. It's an important character detail."[18] The film's opening sequence sets the satirical tone of the film. The setting of the story's period is not only established by a title, but also by the voice of Bakshi himself, playing a character giving his account of the 1960s: "happy times, heavy times". The film's opening dialogue, by three construction workers on their lunch break, establishes many of the themes discussed in the film, including drug use, promiscuity, and the social and political climate of the era. When one of the workers urinates off of the scaffold, the film's credits play over a shot of the liquid falling against a black screen. When the credits end, it is shown that the construction worker has urinated on a long-haired hippie with a guitar. Karl F. Cohen writes that the film "is a product of the radical politics of the period. Bakshi's depiction of Fritz's life is colorful, funny, sexist, raw, violent, and outrageous."[7]

Of his direction of the film, Bakshi stated "My approach to animation as a director is live action. I don't approach it in the traditional animation ways. None of our characters get up and sing, because that's not the type of picture I'm trying to do. I want people to believe my characters are real, and it's hard to believe they're real if they start walking down the street singing."[6] Bakshi wanted the film to be the antithesis of any animated film produced by the Walt Disney Company.[7] Accordingly, Fritz the Cat includes two satirical references to Disney. In one scene, silhouettes of Mickey Mouse, Daisy Duck, and Donald Duck are shown cheering on the United States Air Force as it drops napalm on a black neighborhood during a riot. Another scene features a reference to the "Pink Elephants on Parade" sequence from Dumbo.[19] A sequence of the camera panning across a garbage heap in an abandoned lot in Harlem sets up a visual device which recurs in Hey Good Lookin'.[20]

Writing

The original screenplay consisted mostly of dialog and featured only a few changes from Crumb's stories. However, it—and complete storyboards—went largely unused in favor of more experimental storytelling techniques.[5][14] Bakshi said, "I don't like to jump ahead on my films. The way you feel about a film on Day One, you may not feel the same way forty weeks down the road. Characters grow, so I wanted to have the option to change things, and strengthen my characters... It was sort of a stream of consciousness, and a learning process for myself."[14] Bakshi attempted to lend realism to the material by writing the characters without any feral animal behavior.[21]

The first part of the film's plot was adapted from a self-titled story published in a 1968 issue of R. Crumb's Head Comix,[5][22] while the second part is derived from "Fritz Bugs Out", which was serialized in the February to October 1968 issues of Cavalier,[5][23] and the final part of the story contains elements of "Fritz the No-Good", first published in the September/October 1968 issue of Cavalier.[24] The last half of the film makes a major departure from Crumb's work. Animation historian Michael Barrier describes this section of the film as being "much grimmer than Crumb's stories past that point, and far more violent."[5] Bakshi stated that he deviated from the comics because he felt that the strips lacked depth:

"It was cute, it was sweet, but there was nowhere to put it. That's why Crumb hates the picture, because I slipped a couple of things in there that he despises, like the rabbis—the pure Jewish stuff. Fritz can't hold that kind of commentary. Winston is 'just a typical Jewish broad from Brooklyn.' [...] [The strip] was cute and well-done, but there was nothing that had that much depth."[25]

Bakshi's unwillingness to use anthropomorphic characters that behaved like feral animals led him to rewrite a scene in "Fritz Bugs Out" where Duke saves Fritz's life by flying while holding Fritz; in the film, Duke grabs a railing before the car crashes into the river, a solution that Bakshi wasn't entirely satisfied with, but prevented him from having to use any feral animal behavior in that scene.[21]

In the film, there are two characters named "Winston" – one appears at the beginning and end of the film, the other is Fritz's girlfriend Winston Schwartz. Michael Barrier notes that Winston Schwartz (who appears prominently in "Fritz Bugs Out" and "Fritz the No-Good") never has a proper introduction in Bakshi's film, and interprets the naming of a separate character as Bakshi's attempt to reconcile this; however, the two characters look and sound nothing alike.[5] Bakshi intended to end the film with Fritz's death, but Krantz objected to this ending, and Bakshi eventually changed it to the final ending.[21]

Casting

The film's voice cast includes Skip Hinnant, Rosetta LeNoire, John McCurry, Phil Seuling, and Judy Engles.[26] Hinnant, who would become known as a featured performer on The Electric Company, was cast because he "had such a naturally phony voice", according to Bakshi.[27] Bakshi and Seuling improvised their dialogue as comically inept pig officers; Bakshi enjoyed working as a voice actor and later went on to provide voice roles for some of his other films.[21] Bakshi re-created the voice he did in this film for the part of a storm trooper in his 1977 animated science fiction film Wizards.[28]

Audio design

Some scenes used documentary recordings which were made by Bakshi and edited to fit the scene;[29] these were used because Bakshi wanted the film to "feel real".[20] According to Bakshi, "I made tons and tons of tapes. [...] When I went to have the film mixed, the sound engineers gave me all kinds of crap about the tracks not being professionally recorded; they didn't even want to mix the noise of bottles breaking in the background, street noise, tape hiss, all kinds of shit. They said it was unprofessional, but I didn't care." Although the sound designers insisted that Bakshi needed to re-record the dialogue in the studio, Bakshi persisted on their inclusion.[20]

Almost all of the film's dialogue, except for that of a few of the main characters, was recorded entirely on the streets of New York City.[30] For the film's opening sequence, Bakshi paid two construction workers US$50 each, and drank Scotch with them, recording the conversation.[20] In the Washington Square Park sequence, only Skip Hinnant was a professional actor; Fritz's friends were voiced by young males Bakshi found in the park.[20] One of the sequences that was not based upon Crumb's comics involved a comic chase through a synagogue full of praying rabbis. For the voices of the rabbis, Bakshi used a documentary recording of his father and uncles. This scene continued to have a personal significance on Bakshi after his father and uncle died. Bakshi states, "Thank God I have their voices. I have my dad and family praying. It's so nice to hear now."[18] Bakshi also went to a Harlem bar with a tape recorder and spent hours talking to black patrons, getting drunk with them as he asked them questions.[14]

Music

The film's score was composed by Ed Bogas and Ray Shanklin. The film also featured songs by Charles Earland, Cal Tjader, Bo Diddley, and Billie Holiday. Bakshi bought the rights to use Holiday's performance of the song "Yesterdays" for $35.[31]

Animation

Four cartoon figures of cats dressed in human clothes, walking single file.
Fritz trying to pick up a trio of young females at Washington Square Park. The background is a watercolor painting based on a tracing from a photograph, giving the film a stylized realism virtually unprecedented in animation.[8]

Many of the animators who worked on the film were professionals that Bakshi had previously worked with at Terrytoons, including Jim Tyer, John Gentilella, Nick Tafuri, Martin Taras, Larry Riley, and Cliff Augustine.[32] According to Bakshi, it took quite a long time to assemble the right staff. Those who entered with a smirk, "wanting to be very dirty and draw filthy pictures", did not stay very long, and neither did those with a low tolerance for vulgarity. One cartoonist refused to draw a black crow shooting a pig policeman. Two female animators quit; one because she could not bring herself to tell her children what she did for a living, the other because she refused to draw exposed breasts.[33]

In order to save money by eliminating the need for model sheets, Bakshi let animator John Sparey draw some of the first sequences of Fritz. Bakshi states that he knew that "Sparey would execute them beautifully." Poses from his sequences were photocopied and handed out to the rest of the crew.[8] The film was produced almost entirely without pencil tests. According to Bakshi, "We pencil tested I'd say a thousand feet [of footage], tops. [...] We do a major feature without pencil tests—that's tough. The timing falls off. I can always tell an animator to draw it better, and I know if the attitude of the characters is right, but the timing you really can't see." Bakshi had to judge the timing of the animation simply by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand, until he could see the completed animation on the screen.[6] Veteran Warner Bros. animator Ted Bonnicksen was incredibly dedicated to his work on the film, to the point where he completed his animation for the synagogue sequence while suffering from leukemia, and would take the scenes home at night to work on them.[18]

In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators there. Some animators, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi's presence, and felt that Fritz the Cat would bring diversity to the animation industry.[34] Other animators disliked Bakshi's presence, and placed an advertisement in The Hollywood Reporter, stating that Bakshi's "filth" was unwelcome in California.[34] According to Bakshi, "I didn't know who these guys were because I was from New York, so I threw the ad away."[35] However, Bakshi found the negative reaction to the film from his peers to be disheartening.[34]

Cinematography

Because it was cheaper for Ira Turek to trace photographs to create the backgrounds, Bakshi and Johnnie Vita walked around the streets of the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown and Harlem to take moody snapshots. Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds stylized realism that had never been portrayed in animation before.[8] After Turek completed a background drawing in ink on an animation cel, the drawing would be photocopied onto watercolor paper for Vita and onto animation paper for use in matching the characters to the backgrounds. When Vita finished his painting, Turek's original drawing, on the cel, would be placed over the watercolor, obscuring the photocopy lines on the painting.[14] However, not every background was taken from live-action sources.[36] The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the "Ash Can style" of painters, which includes George Luks and John French Sloan.[37] The film also used bent and fisheye camera perspectives in order to replicate the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city.[37]

Rating

By the time the film wrapped production, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song to considerable success, and the distributor hoped that Fritz the Cat would be even more profitable. Fritz received an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, the first animated film to receive such rating.[38] Producer Krantz stated that the film lost playdates due to the rating, and 30 American newspapers rejected display ads for the film or refused to give it editorial publicity.[7] The film's limited screenings led Cinemation to exploit the film's content in its promotion of the film, advertising the film as containing "90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!"[38] According to Ralph Bakshi, "We almost didn't deliver the picture, because of the exploitation of it."[6]

Cinemation's exploitative advertising style and the film's rating led many to believe that Fritz the Cat was a pornographic film. When the film was introduced at a showing at the University of Southern California as animated pornography, Bakshi stated firmly, "Fritz the Cat is not pornographic."[6] In May 1972, Variety reported that Krantz had appealed the X rating, saying "Animals having sex isn't pornography." The MPAA refused to hear the appeal.[7] The misconceptions about the film's content were eventually cleared up when it received praise from Rolling Stone and The New York Times, and the film was accepted into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival.[38] Bakshi later stated "Now they do as much on The Simpsons as I got an X rating for Fritz the Cat."[39]

Before the film's release, American distributors attempted to cash in on the publicity garnered from the rating by rushing out dubbed versions of two other adult animated films from Japan, both of which featured an X rating in their advertising material: Senya ichiya monogatari and Kureopatora, re-titled One Thousand and One Arabian Nights and Cleopatra: Queen of Sex, respectively. However, neither film was actually submitted to the MPAA, and it is not likely that either feature would have received an X rating.[6] The film Down and Dirty Duck was promoted with an X rating, but had not been submitted to the MPAA.[40] The French-Belgian animated film Tarzoon: Shame of the Jungle was initially released with an X rating in a subtitled version, but a dubbed version released in 1979 received an R rating.[41]

For the DVD release, MGM/UA Home Entertainment has surrendered the X rating for an unrated video release, although the tagline "He's X-Rated and Animated!" is still used on the cover. Also, the MPAA "This film has been rated X" screen is seen just before the MGM logo at the end of the film on the DVD.

Soundtrack

A soundtrack album was released by Fantasy Records and Ampex Tapes, along with the single, "You're the Only Girl" b/w "Winston." Bo Diddley and Billie Holiday can be heard on the LP.

Reception

Fritz the Cat was released on April 12, 1972, opening in Hollywood and Washington, D.C.[4] Although the film only had a limited release, it went on to become a worldwide hit.[21] Against its mere $850,000 budget, it grossed $25 million in the United States and over $90 million worldwide,[42][43] and was the most successful independently animated feature of all time.[8]

(According to Variety the film earned $4.7 million in rentals in North America.[44])

In Michael Barrier's 1972 article on the film's production, Bakshi gives his accounts of two separate screenings of the film. Of the reactions to the film by audiences at a preview screening in Los Angeles, Bakshi stated "They forget it's animation. They treat it like a film. [...] This is the real thing, to get people to take animation seriously." Bakshi was also present at a showing of the film at the Museum of Modern Art and remembers "Some guy asked me why I was against the revolution. The point is, animation was making people get up off their asses and get mad."[6]

The film also sparked negative reactions because of its content. "A lot of people got freaked out", says Bakshi. "The people in charge of the power structure, the people in charge of magazines and the people going to work in the morning who loved Disney and Norman Rockwell, thought I was a pornographer, and they made things very difficult for me. The younger people, the people who could take new ideas, were the people I was addressing. I wasn't addressing the whole world. To those people who loved it, it was a huge hit, and everyone else wanted to kill me."[45]

Critical reception

Critical reaction was mixed, but generally positive. Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the film is "constantly funny [...] [There's] something to offend just about everyone."[7] New York magazine film critic Judith Crist wrote that "Like Crumb, Bakshi and producer Steve Krantz have captured the funk and the fraud and the foible and resorted to outrageous laughter to stifle the scream. [...] Fritz the Cat is a ball for the open mind."[46] Paul Sargent Clark in The Hollywood Reporter called the film "powerful and audacious",[7] while Newsweek called it "a harmless, mindless, pro-youth saga calculated to shake up only the box office."[7] The Wall Street Journal and Cue both gave the film mixed reviews.[7] Thomas Albright of Rolling Stone wrote an enthusiastic preview in the December 9, 1971 issue based on seeing thirty minutes of the film, declaring that it was "sure to mark the most important breakthrough in animation since Yellow Submarine".[47] But in a review published after its release, Albright recanted his earlier statement and wrote that the visuals were not enough to save the finished product from being a "qualified disaster" due to a "leaden plot" and a "juvenile" script that relied too heavily on tired gags and tasteless ethnic humor.[48] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 56% positive reviews based on 18 critic reviews, with an average rating of 5.4/10.

Crumb's response

Author Robert Crumb first saw the film in February 1972, during a visit to Los Angeles in the company of fellow underground cartoonists Spain Rodriguez, S. Clay Wilson, Robert Williams, and Rick Griffin. According to Bakshi, Crumb was dissatisfied with the film.[21] Among his criticisms, he said that he felt that Skip Hinnant was wrong for the voice of Fritz, and said that Bakshi should have voiced the character instead.[21] Crumb later said in an interview that he felt that the film was "really a reflection of Ralph Bakshi's confusion, you know. There's something real repressed about it. In a way, it's more twisted than my stuff. It's really twisted in some kind of weird, unfunny way. [...] I didn't like that sex attitude in it very much. It's like real repressed horniness; he's kind of letting it out compulsively."[5] Crumb also criticized the film's condemnation of the radical left,[4] denouncing Fritz's dialogue in the final sequences of the film, which includes a quote from The Beatles song "The End", as "red-neck and fascistic"[3] and stating that "They put words into his mouth that I never would have had him say."[3]

Reportedly, Crumb filed a lawsuit to have his name removed from the film's credits.[49] San Francisco copyright attorney Albert L. Morse said that no suit was filed, but an agreement was reached to remove Crumb's name from the credits.[50] However, Crumb's name has remained in the final film since its original theatrical release.[7] Crumb later drew a comic in which the Fritz character was killed off,[50][51] and said that he "wrote them a letter telling them not to use any more of my characters in their films."[4] Crumb later cited the film as "one of those experiences I sort of block out. The last time I saw it was when I was making an appearance at a German art school in the mid-1980s, and I was forced to watch it with the students. It was an excruciating ordeal, a humiliating embarrassment. I recall Victor Moscoso was the only one who warned me, 'if you don't stop this film from being made, you are going to regret it for the rest of your life'—and he was right."[52]

In a 2008 interview, Bakshi referred to Crumb as a "hustler" and stated that "He goes in so many directions that he's hard to pin down. I spoke to him on the phone. We both had the same deal, five percent. They finally sent Crumb the money and not me. Crumb always gets what he wants, including that château of his in France. [...] I have no respect for Crumb. Is he a good artist? Yes, if you want to do the same thing over and over. He should have been my best friend for what I did with Fritz the Cat. I drew a good picture, and we both made out fine."[15] Bakshi also stated that Crumb threatened to disassociate himself from any cartoonist that worked with Bakshi, which would have hurt their chances at getting work published.[53]

Legacy

In addition to other animated films aimed at adult audiences, the film's success led to the production of a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat. Although producer Krantz and voice actor Hinnant returned for the follow-up, Bakshi did not. Instead, Nine Lives was directed by animator Robert Taylor, who co-wrote the film with Fred Halliday and Eric Monte. Nine Lives was distributed by American International Pictures, and was considered to be inferior to its predecessor.[54] Both films have been released on DVD in the United States, Canada and the UK.[55][56] Bakshi states that he felt constricted using anthropomorphic characters in Fritz, and focused solely on non-anthropomorphic characters in Heavy Traffic and Hey Good Lookin', but later used anthropomorphic characters in Coonskin.[20]

While review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes, which compiles contemporary reviews from a wide range of critics, gives the film a score of 56%,[57] the film is widely noted in its innovation for featuring content that had not been portrayed in animation before, such as sexuality and violence, and was also, as John Grant writes in his book Masters of Animation, "the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States",[54] presenting an "almost disturbingly accurate" portrayal "of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, [...] as such it has dated very well."[54] The film's subject matter and its satirical approach offered an alternative to the kinds of films that had previously been presented by major animation studios.[54] Michael Barrier described Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic as "not merely provocative, but highly ambitious." Barrier described the films as an effort "to push beyond what was done in the old cartoons, even while building on their strengths."[58]

As a result of these innovations, Fritz was selected by Time Out magazine as the 42nd greatest animated film,[59] ranked at number 51 on the Online Film Critics Society's list of the top 100 greatest animated films of all time,[60] and was placed at number 56 on Channel 4's list of the 100 Greatest Cartoons.[61] Footage from the film was edited into the music video for Guru's 2007 song "State of Clarity".[62]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "FRITZ THE CAT (X)". British Board of Film Classification. June 2, 1972. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  2. ↑ J.C. Maçek III (August 2, 2012). "'American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung". PopMatters.
  3. 1 2 3 Maremaa, Thomas (2004) [1972]. "Who Is This Crumb?". In Holm, D. K. R. Crumb: Conversations. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 28. ISBN 1-57806-637-9.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Barrier, Michael (Spring 1972). "The Filming of Fritz the Cat: Crumb, His Cat, and the Dotted Line". Funnyworld (14). Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Barrier, Michael (Fall 1973). "The Filming of Fritz the Cat: A Strange Breed of Cat". Funnyworld (15). Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Barrier, Michael (Spring 1972). "The Filming of Fritz the Cat: Bucking the Tide". Funnyworld (14). Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Ralph Bakshi's Fritz the Cat and Heavy Traffic". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 81–84. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "Fritz the Cat". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 0-7893-1684-6.
  9. ↑ Television/radio Age. Television Editorial Corp. 1969. p. 13.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "Fritz the Cat". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 0-7893-1684-6.
  11. ↑ "Bakshi on... Fritz". The official Ralph Bakshi website. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Gibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "Fritz the Cat". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. pp. 62–63. ISBN 0-7893-1684-6.
  13. ↑ Diamond, Jamie (July 5, 1992). "Animation's Bad Boy Returns, Unrepentant". New York Times. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Barrier, Michael (Fall 1973). "The Filming of Fritz the Cat: Coast to Coast Animation". Funnyworld (15). Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  15. 1 2 Haramis, Nick (March 16, 2008). "Ralph Bakshi on the 'Fritz'". BlackBook. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
  16. ↑ Gallagher, John A. (1983). "The Directors Series: Interview with Ralph Bakshi". Retrieved March 16, 2007.
  17. ↑ P., Ken (May 25, 2004). "An Interview with Ralph Bakshi". IGN. Retrieved April 27, 2007.
  18. 1 2 3 Gibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "Fritz the Cat". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. pp. 66–67. ISBN 0-7893-1684-6.
  19. ↑ "Cinepassion: Review of Fritz the Cat (1972)". Retrieved April 6, 2007.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miller, Morgan (April 2010). "Ralph Bakshi". BOMB. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ralph Bakshi (2006). Interview (The Fritz the Cat Collection DVD set, disc 3). Arrow Films.
  22. ↑ Crumb, Robert (1968). Fritz the Cat. R. Crumb's Head Comix.
  23. ↑ Crumb, Robert (February–October 1968). Fritz Bugs Out. Cavalier.
  24. ↑ Crumb, Robert (September–October 1968). Fritz the No-Good. Cavalier.
  25. ↑ Heater, Brian (June 30, 2008). "Interview: Ralph Bakshi Pt. 2". The Daily Cross Hatch. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
  26. ↑ "Review of Fritz the Cat". Variety. January 1, 1972. Retrieved April 5, 2007.
  27. ↑ "Bakshi on... Fritz". The official Ralph Bakshi website. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
  28. ↑ Bakshi, Ralph. Wizards DVD, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2004, audio commentary. ASIN: B0001NBMIK
  29. ↑ Robinson, Tasha (January 31, 2003). "Interview with Ralph Bakshi". The Onion A.V. Club. Retrieved April 27, 2007.
  30. ↑ "Biography". Ralph Bakshi.com. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  31. ↑ Simmons, Stephanie; Simmons, Areya. "Ralph Bakshi on the recent DVD release of Wizards". Fulvue Drive-In. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
  32. ↑ Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Review Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-1-55652-591-9.
  33. ↑ Kanfer, Stefan (2001). Serious Business: The Art and Commerce of Animation in America from Betty Boop to Toy Story. Da Capo. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-306-80918-7.
  34. 1 2 3 Gibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "Fritz the Cat". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 0-7893-1684-6.
  35. ↑ Bakshi, Ralph (July 1999). "Draw What You Want To Draw". Animation World (4.4). Retrieved April 27, 2007.
  36. ↑ Barrier, Michael (Fall 1973). "The Filming of Fritz the Cat, Part Two". Funnyworld (15). Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  37. 1 2 Gibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "Fritz the Cat". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0-7893-1684-6.
  38. 1 2 3 Gibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "Fritz the Cat". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-7893-1684-6.
  39. ↑ Epstein, Daniel Robert. "Ralph Bakshi Interview". UGO.com Film/TV. Retrieved April 27, 2007.
  40. ↑ Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Charles Swenson's Dirty Duck". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  41. ↑ Cohen, Karl F (1997). "Importing foreign productions". Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 91. ISBN 0-7864-0395-0.
  42. ↑ Robinson, Tasha (December 6, 2000). "Ralph Bakshi - Interview". A.V. Club. Retrieved September 6, 2014. And Fritz was a $700,000 picture that made $90 million worldwide, and is still playing.
  43. ↑ Choron, Sandra; Choron, Harry; Moore, Arden (2007). Planet Cat: A Cat-Alog. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 96. ISBN 9780618812592.
  44. ↑ "All-time Film Rental Champs", Variety, January 7, 1976 p 48
  45. ↑ Rose, Steve (August 11, 2006). "Who flamed Roger Rabbit?". The Guardian (London). Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  46. ↑ Crist, Judith (April 17, 1972). "A New Breed of Cat". New York 5 (16): 80. ISSN 0028-7369.
  47. ↑ Albright, Thomas (December 9, 1971). "Crumb's Cat Fritz Comes To Screen". Rolling Stone (Straight Arrow Publishers, Inc.) (97): 14.
  48. ↑ Albright, Thomas (May 25, 1972). "Fritz the Cat". Rolling Stone (Straight Arrow Publishers, Inc.) (109): 74.
  49. ↑ Umphlett, Wiley Lee (2006). From Television to the Internet: Postmodern Visions of American Media Culture in the Twentieth Century. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8386-4080-7.
  50. 1 2 Barrier, Michael (Fall 1973). "The Filming of Fritz the Cat: Feedback from R. Crumb". Funnyworld (15). Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  51. ↑ Crumb, Robert (1972). Fritz the Cat "Superstar". The People's Comics.
  52. ↑ Crumb, Robert; Poplaski, Peter. The R. Crumb Handbook. M Q Publications. ISBN 978-1-84072-716-6.
  53. ↑ Heater, Brian (July 15, 2008). "Interview: Ralph Bakshi Pt. 4". The Daily Cross Hatch. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
  54. 1 2 3 4 Grant, John (2001). "Ralph Bakshi". Masters of Animation. Watson-Guptill. pp. 19–20. ISBN 0-8230-3041-5.
  55. ↑ "ASIN: B00003CWQI". Amazon.ca. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  56. ↑ "ASIN: B000EMTJP6". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  57. ↑ "Fritz the Cat". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  58. ↑ Barrier, Michael (2003). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford University Press US. p. 572. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
  59. ↑ Adams, Derek; Calhoun, Dave; Davies, Adam Lee; Fairclough, Paul; Huddleston, Tom; Jenkins, David; Ward, Ossian (2009). "Time Out's 50 greatest animated films, with added commentary by Terry Gilliam". Time Out. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
  60. ↑ "Top 100 Animated Features of All Time". Online Film Critics Society. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  61. ↑ "Top 100 Cartoons". Channel 4. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
  62. ↑ "Guru, feat Common, State of Clarity, Video". Contact Music. Retrieved October 6, 2007.

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