Tenpyō

Tenpyō (天平), also romanized as Tempyō, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō,, lit. "year name") after Jinki and before Tenpyō-kanpō. This period spanned the years from August 729 through April 749.^[1] The reigning emperor was Shōmu-tennō (聖武天皇).^[2]

Change of era

• 729 Tenpyō gannen (天平元年): The new era name was created to mark an event or series of events. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Jinki 6, on the 5th day of the 8th month of 729.^[3]

Events of the Tenpyō era

Ground-plan of Heijō-kyō (Nara)

• 740 (Tenpyō 12, 8th month): In the court of Emperor Shōmu in Nara, Kibi no Makibi and Genbō conspire to discredit Fujiwara no Hirotsugu, who is Dazai shoni in Kyushu.^[4]
• 740 (Tenpyō 12, 9th month): Hirotsugu revolts in reaction to the growing influence of Genbō and others.^[4]
• 740 (Tenpyō 12, 9th month): Under the command of Ōno no Azumabito, an army of 17,000 is sent to Kyushu to stop the potential disturbance.^[4]
• 740 (Tenpyō 12, 10th month): Hirotsugu is decisively beaten in battle; and he is beheaded in Hizen province.^[4]
• 740 (Tenpyō 12): The capital is moved to Kuni-kyō.^[5]
• 741 (Tenpyō 13): The Emperor calls for nationwide establishment of provincial temples. Provincial temples ("kokubunji") and provincial nunneries ("kokubunniji") were established throughout the country.^[6] The more formal name for these "kokubunji" was "konkomyo-shitenno-gokoku no tera" (meaning "temples for the protection of the cournty by the four guardian deities of the golden light"). The more formal name for these "bokubunniji" was "hokke-metuzai no tera" (meaning "nunneries for eliminating sin by means of the Lotus Sutra").^[6]
• 743 (Tenpyō 15): The Emperor issues a rescript to build the Daibutsu (Great Buddha), later to be completed and placed in Tōdai-ji, Nara.^[7]
• 743 (Tenpyō 15): The law of Perpetual Ownership of Cultivated Lands (墾田永代私財法) issued
• 744 (Tenpyō 16): Naniwa-kyō announced as capital.^[4]
• 745 (Tenpyō 17): The capital returns to Heijō-kyō (Nara), construction of the Great Buddha resumes.^[8]
• 749 (Tenpyō 20): After a 25-year reign, Emperor Shōmu abdicates in favor of his daughter, Takano-hime, who will become Empress Kōken. After his abdication, Shomu took the tonsure, thus becoming the first retired emperor to become a Buddhist priest. Empress Komyo, following her husband's example, also took holy vows in becoming a Buddhist nun.^[9]

Notes

1. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tempyō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 957, p. 957, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.
2. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 67-73, p. 67, at Google Books; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 272-273; Varley, H. Paul. Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 141-143.
3. Brown, p. 273.
4. Titsingh, p. 71, p. 71, at Google Books.
5. Titsingh, p. 71, p. 71, at Google Books; 恭仁宮跡の発掘調査 (Excavations on the Kuni Palace site, Kyoto Prefectural Board of Education); retrieved 2011-07-14
6. Varley, pp. 141-142.
7. Varley, p. 141; Brown, p. 273.
8. Titsingh, p. 72, p. 72, at Google Books.
9. Varley, p. 143.

References

• Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
• Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
• Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
• Varley, H. Paul. (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231049405; OCLC 6042764

External links

• National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection