10-second barrier
The 10-second barrier is a term used in track and field athletics, which refers to the physical and psychological barrier of completing the men's 100 metres sprint in under ten seconds. The achievement was traditionally regarded as the hallmark of a world-class sprinter. Its significance has become less important since the late 1990s, as an increasing number of runners have surpassed the ten seconds mark.[1]
History
For sprints, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) rules for world records and other recognised performances require: a wind assistance of not more than two metres per second in the direction of travel; fully automatic timing (FAT) to one hundredth of a second; and no use of performance-enhancing substances.[5] Wind gauge malfunctions or infractions may also cause a sprinter's run to be invalid.[6]
Hand timing
Prior to 1977, FAT was not required for IAAF official timings.[2] These were recorded manually to one tenth of a second; three official timers with stopwatches noted when the starting gun flashed and when the runner crossed the finish line, and their median recorded time was the official mark. Some races also had an unofficial FAT, or semi-automatic time, often in conjunction with photo finish equipment. The first person timed at under ten seconds was Bob Hayes, who ran 9.9 s in April 1963 at the Mt. SAC Relays with an illegal following wind of 11 mph (4.9 m/s).[3][4] Hayes clocked another illegal 9.9 s (wind 5.3 m/s (12 mph)) in the semi-final of the 1964 Olympic 100 m, with the first sub-10 FAT of 9.91 s.[5] At the 1968 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Sacramento, three men ran legal hand-timed 9.9 seconds: Jim Hines first and Ronnie Ray Smith second in the first semi-final, and Charlie Greene first in the second semi-final.[2][6] This was dubbed the "Night of Speed", and all three were recognised as world records by the IAAF.[2] The IAAF lists their FATs as: Hines 10.03, Smith 10.14 and Greene 10.10;[2] although Time magazine reported at the time that "an automatic Bulova Accutron Phototimer confirmed that all three had indeed broken [10.0s]".[7] Hines also had a wind-assisted 9.8 s in the heats.[7] Hines went on to win the 1968 Olympic 100m in 9.9 s manual; his FAT was 9.95, making it the first non-wind-assisted electronic sub-10-second performance.[2] By 1976, six other men had equalled the 9.9 s hand-timed record, though none of their performances had an FAT mark.[2]
Automatic timing
After the 1977 rule change, Jim Hines' nine-year-old 9.95 was the only recognised sub-10-second race.[2] That year the barrier was broken again, when Silvio Leonard ran 9.98 seconds on 11 August 1977. Both of these marks were recorded at a high altitude, which aids performance due to lower air resistance. Carl Lewis was the first sprinter to break ten seconds at low altitude under electronic timing, with 9.97 seconds on 14 May 1983 at the Modesto Relays.
Calvin Smith recorded a world record 9.93 seconds on 3 July 1983, again at altitude in Colorado Springs, Colorado and also became the first sprinter to run under ten seconds twice, repeating the feat in August that year.
Six sprinters legally broke the barrier during the 1980s. Another, Ben Johnson, had eclipsed both the 9.90 mark and 9.80 mark in 1987 and 1988, however both of these records were disqualified after he tested positive for, and later admitted to using steroids.
The 100 m final at the 1991 World Championships represented a new zenith in the event: six athletes ran under ten seconds in the same race, and winner Carl Lewis lowered the world record to 9.86 seconds.[8]
Maurice Greene was the first athlete to run under 9.80 seconds in 1999. Usain Bolt surpassed 9.70 seconds in 2008 and 9.60 in 2009. The 10-second barrier has been broken by athletes from five of the six continental athletic associations, the exception being of South America where Brazilian Robson da Silva holds the area record with ten seconds flat.[9]
The 2008 season saw a new high for sub-10 second performances: 14 runners achieved the feat a total of 53 times between them, the highest ever for either figure. Furthermore, ten men had achieved the result for the first time in that year – another record. The men's 100 metres final at the 2008 Summer Olympics saw a world record and six men clear ten seconds (equalling the number from the 1991 World Championships). Only two months into the start of the outdoor track season, 2011 became a record-breaking year as fifteen men ran under ten seconds between April and June.[10] As of 10 June 2013, 86 sprinters have broken the 10-second barrier with an official, legal time. The men's 100 metres final at the 2012 Summer Olympics saw a new Olympic record and seven men dip below ten seconds, with only one competitor failing to do so.
On July 4, 2013, former World Champion Kim Collins improved his personal record by running 9.97 in Lausanne, surpassing Linford Christie as the oldest man to break the 10-second barrier. A week later he ran 9.99 in Budapest, increasing his standing to 37 years, 3 months and 5 days.[11] Omar McLeod, a sprint hurdles specialist, became the first hurdling athlete to break ten seconds in April 2016.[12]
No woman has recorded an official sub-10 second time. The female 100 metre world record of 10.49 seconds set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988 remains unbroken.
Electronically timed marks
# | Date | Athlete | Time (seconds) |
Age | Nationality | Continent[1] | Best (year)[2] | Doping case | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 14 October 1968 | Hines, JimJim Hines | 9.95 A[3] | 22 years, 34 days | United States | North America | 9.95 (1968) | ||
2 | 11 August 1977 | Leonard, SilvioSilvio Leonard | 9.98 A | 21 years, 325 days | Cuba | North America | 9.98 (1977) | ||
3 | 14 May 1983 | Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis | 9.97 | 21 years, 317 days | United States | North America | 9.86 (1991) | Yes | |
4 | 3 July 1983 | Smith, CalvinCalvin Smith | 9.93 A | 22 years, 176 days | United States | North America | 9.93 (1983) | ||
5 | 5 May 1984 | Lattany, MelMel Lattany | 9.96 | 24 years, 269 days | United States | North America | 9.96 (1984) | ||
6[5] | 24 September 1988 | Christie, LinfordLinford Christie | 9.97 | 28 years, 175 days | United Kingdom | Europe | 9.87 (1993) | Yes | |
7 | 20 May 1989 | Stewart, RaymondRaymond Stewart | 9.97 | 24 years, 63 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.96 (1991) | ||
8 | 16 June 1989 | Burrell, LeroyLeroy Burrell | 9.94 | 22 years, 115 days | United States | North America | 9.85 (1994) | ||
9 | 25 August 1991 | Mitchell, DennisDennis Mitchell | 9.99 | 25 years, 186 days | United States | North America | 9.91 (1991) | Yes | |
10 | 25 August 1991 | Fredericks, FrankieFrankie Fredericks | 9.95 | 23 years, 327 days | Namibia | Africa | 9.86 (1996) | ||
11 | 11 September 1991 | Cason, AndreAndre Cason | 9.99 | 22 years, 234 days | United States | North America | 9.92 (1993) | ||
12 | 4 April 1992 | Adeniken, OlapadeOlapade Adeniken | 9.97 | 22 years, 229 days | Nigeria | Africa | 9.95 (1994) | ||
13 | 18 April 1992 | Marsh, MichaelMichael Marsh | 9.93 | 24 years, 258 days | United States | North America | 9.93 (1992) | ||
14 | 18 April 1992 | Ezinwa, DavidsonDavidson Ezinwa | 9.96 | 20 years, 148 days | Nigeria | Africa | 9.94 (1994) | Yes | |
15 | 21 May 1993 | Effiong, DanielDaniel Effiong | 9.99 | 20 years, 338 days | Nigeria | Africa | 9.98 (1993) | Yes | |
16 | 22 July 1994 | Drummond, JonJon Drummond | 9.99 | 25 years, 316 days | United States | North America | 9.92 (1997) | ||
17 | 22 April 1995 | Bailey, DonovanDonovan Bailey | 9.99 | 27 years, 127 days | Canada | North America | 9.84 (1996) | ||
18 | 15 June 1995 | Surin, BrunyBruny Surin | 9.97 | 27 years, 338 days | Canada | North America | 9.84 (1999) | ||
19 | 21 April 1996 | Boldon, AtoAto Boldon | 9.93 | 22 years, 113 days | Trinidad and Tobago | North America | 9.86 (1998) | ||
20 | 12 June 1997 | Greene, MauriceMaurice Greene | 9.96 | 22 years, 324 days | United States | North America | 9.79 (1999) | ||
21 | 12 June 1997 | Streete-Thompson, KareemKareem Streete-Thompson | 9.96 | 24 years, 74 days | United States | North America | 9.96 (1997) | ||
22 | 12 June 1997 | Montgomery, TimTim Montgomery | 9.96 | 22 years, 138 days | United States | North America | 9.92 (1997) | Yes | |
23 | 20 June 1997 | Spencer, PercivalPercival Spencer | 9.98 | 22 years, 116 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.98 (1997) | ||
24 | 13 July 1997 | Ogunkoya, SeunSeun Ogunkoya | 9.97 | 19 years, 197 days | Nigeria | Africa | 9.92 (1998) | ||
25 | 9 August 1998 | Henderson, VincentVincent Henderson | 9.95 | 25 years, 293 days | United States | North America | 9.95 (1998) | ||
26 | 11 September 1998 | Thompson, ObadeleObadele Thompson | 9.87 A | 22 years, 165 days | Barbados | North America | 9.87 (1998) | ||
27 | 5 June 1999 | Myles-Mills, LeonardLeonard Myles-Mills | 9.98 | 26 years, 27 days | Ghana | Africa | 9.98 (1999) | ||
28 | 13 June 1999 | Chambers, DwainDwain Chambers | 9.99 | 21 years, 69 days | United Kingdom | Europe | 9.97 (1999) | Yes | |
29 | 2 July 1999 | Gardener, JasonJason Gardener | 9.98 | 23 years, 287 days | United Kingdom | Europe | 9.98 (1999) | ||
30 | 5 July 1999 | Harden, TimTim Harden | 9.92 | 25 years, 159 days | United States | North America | 9.92 (1999) | ||
31 | 2 June 2000 | Miller, CobyCoby Miller | 9.98 | 23 years, 227 days | United States | North America | 9.98 (2000) | ||
32 | 2 June 2000 | Williams, BernardBernard Williams | 9.99 | 22 years, 135 days | United States | North America | 9.94 (2001) | Yes | |
33 | 21 June 2000 | Obikwelu, FrancisFrancis Obikwelu | 9.97 | 21 years, 212 days | Nigeria/ Portugal[4] | Africa | 9.86 (2004) | ||
34 | 12 April 2002 | Crawford, ShawnShawn Crawford | 9.99 | 24 years, 88 days | United States | North America | 9.88 (2004) | Yes | |
35 | 21 April 2002 | Johnson, Joshua J.Joshua J. Johnson | 9.95 | 25 years, 346 days | United States | North America | 9.95 (2002) | ||
36 | 4 May 2002 | Lewis, BrianBrian Lewis | 9.99 | 27 years, 150 days | United States | North America | 9.99 (2002) | ||
37 | 27 July 2002 | Collins, KimKim Collins | 9.98 | 26 years, 113 days | Saint Kitts and Nevis | North America | 9.96 (2014) | ||
38 | 5 May 2003 | Johnson, PatrickPatrick Johnson | 9.93 | 30 years, 221 days | Australia | Oceania | 9.93 (2003) | ||
39 | 19 July 2003 | Aliu, DejiDeji Aliu | 9.98 | 27 years, 239 days | Nigeria | Africa | 9.95 (2003) | ||
40 | 15 August 2003 | Capel, JohnJohn Capel | 9.97 | 24 years, 261 days | United States | North America | 9.95 (2004) | Yes | |
41 | 15 August 2003 | Gatlin, JustinJustin Gatlin | 9.97 | 21 years, 186 days | United States | North America | 9.74 (2015) | Yes | |
42 | 15 August 2003 | Grimes, MickeyMickey Grimes | 9.99 | 26 years, 309 days | United States | North America | 9.99 (2003) | Yes | |
43 | 12 October 2003 | Emedolu, UchennaUchenna Emedolu | 9.97 | 27 years, 25 days | Nigeria | Africa | 9.97 (2003) | ||
44 | 12 June 2004 | Powell, AsafaAsafa Powell | 9.99 | 21 years, 202 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.72 (2010) | Yes | |
45 | 14 June 2005 | Zakari, AzizAziz Zakari | 9.99 | 28 years, 285 days | Ghana | Africa | 9.99 (2005) | Yes | |
46 | 25 June 2005 | Burns, MarcMarc Burns | 9.96 | 22 years, 169 days | Trinidad and Tobago | North America | 9.96 (2005) | ||
47 | 25 June 2005 | Brown, DarrelDarrel Brown | 9.99 | 20 years, 257 days | Trinidad and Tobago | North America | 9.99 (2005) | ||
48 | 5 July 2005 | Pognon, RonaldRonald Pognon | 9.99 | 22 years, 231 days | France | Europe | 9.99 (2005) | ||
49 | 22 July 2005 | Scott, LeonardLeonard Scott | 9.94 | 25 years, 184 days | United States | North America | 9.91 (2006) | ||
50 | 25 May 2006 | Fasuba, OlusojiOlusoji Fasuba | 9.93 | 21 years, 320 days | Nigeria | Africa | 9.85 (2006) | ||
51 | 21 July 2006 | Gay, TysonTyson Gay | 9.97 | 23 years, 346 days | United States | North America | 9.69 (2009) | Yes | |
52 | 18 August 2006 | Brunson, MarcusMarcus Brunson | 9.99 | 28 years, 116 days | United States | North America | 9.99 (2006) | ||
53 | 24 April 2007 | Atkins, DerrickDerrick Atkins | 9.98 | 23 years, 109 days | Bahamas | North America | 9.91 (2007) | ||
54 | 8 June 2007 | Dix, WalterWalter Dix | 9.93 | 21 years, 128 days | United States | North America | 9.88 (2010) | ||
55 | 26 July 2007 | Francis, SamuelSamuel Francis | 9.99 | 20 years, 121 days | Qatar | Asia | 9.99 (2007) | ||
56 | 28 September 2007 | Spearmon, WallaceWallace Spearmon | 9.96 | 22 years, 278 days | United States | North America | 9.96 (2007) | ||
57 | 10 May 2008 | Padgett, TravisTravis Padgett | 9.96 | 21 years, 149 days | United States | North America | 9.89 (2008) | ||
58 | 17 May 2008 | Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt | 9.76 | 21 years, 270 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.58 (2009) | ||
59 | 18 May 2008 | Thompson, RichardRichard Thompson | 9.93 | 22 years, 346 days | Trinidad and Tobago | North America | 9.82 (2014) | ||
60 | 28 June 2008 | Martin, RodneyRodney Martin | 9.95 | 25 years, 189 days | United States | North America | 9.95 (2008) | [13] | |
61 | 28 June 2008 | Jelks, MarkMark Jelks | 9.99 | 24 years, 79 days | United States | North America | 9.99 (2008) | Yes | [13] |
62 | 28 June 2008 | Patton, DarvisDarvis Patton | 9.89 | 30 years, 207 days | United States | North America | 9.89 (2008) | [13] | |
63 | 28 June 2008 | Williams, IvoryIvory Williams | 9.94 | 23 years, 57 days | United States | North America | 9.94 (2008) | Yes | [13] |
64 | 22 July 2008 | Carter, NestaNesta Carter | 9.98 | 22 years, 285 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.78 (2010) | ||
65 | 15 August 2008 | Martina, ChurandyChurandy Martina | 9.99 | 24 years, 43 days | Netherlands Antilles/ Netherlands | North America/Europe | 9.91 (2012) | ||
66 | 16 August 2008 | Frater, MichaelMichael Frater | 9.97 | 25 years, 315 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.88 (2011) | ||
67 | 24 May 2009 | Bailey, DanielDaniel Bailey | 9.99 | 22 years, 257 days | Antigua and Barbuda | North America | 9.91 (2009) | [14] | |
68 | 7 June 2009 | Rodgers, MikeMike Rodgers | 9.94 | 24 years, 44 days | United States | North America | 9.85 (2011) | Yes | [15] |
69 | 10 July 2009 | Blake, YohanYohan Blake | 9.96 | 19 years, 196 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.69 (2012) | Yes | [16][17] |
70 | 28 August 2009 | Clarke, LeroneLerone Clarke | 9.99 | 28 years, 52 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.99 (2009) | ||
71 | 9 July 2010 | Lemaitre, ChristopheChristophe Lemaitre | 9.98 | 20 years, 28 days | France | Europe | 9.92 (2011) | [18] | |
72 | 19 August 2010 | Kimmons, TrellTrell Kimmons | 9.95 | 25 years, 37 days | United States | North America | 9.95 (2010) | [19] | |
73 | 29 August 2010 | Bailey, RyanRyan Bailey | 9.95 | 21 years, 138 days | United States | North America | 9.88 (2010) | [20] | |
74 | 29 August 2010 | Forsythe, MarioMario Forsythe | 9.99 | 24 years, 303 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.95 (2010) | [20] | |
75[7] | 16 April 2011 | Mullings, SteveSteve Mullings | 9.90 | 28 years, 139 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.80 (2011) | Yes | [21] |
76 | 23 April 2011 | Makusha, NgonidzasheNgonidzashe Makusha | 9.97 | 24 years, 43 days | Zimbabwe | Africa | 9.89 (2011) | [22] | |
77 | 4 June 2011 | Ashmeade, NickelNickel Ashmeade | 9.96 | 21 years, 58 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.90 (2013) | [23] | |
78 | 4 June 2011 | Bledman, KestonKeston Bledman | 9.93 | 23 years, 88 days | Trinidad and Tobago | North America | 9.86 (2012) | [24] | |
79 | 10 June 2011 | Salaam, MookieMookie Salaam | 9.97 | 21 years, 66 days | United States | North America | 9.97 (2011) | [10] | |
80 | 30 June 2011 | Ndure, Jaysuma SaidyJaysuma Saidy Ndure | 9.99 | 26 years, 364 days | Norway | Europe | 9.95 (2014) | [25] | |
81 | 6 June 2012 | Adams, HarryHarry Adams | 9.96 | 22 years, 192 days | United States | North America | 9.96 (2012) | [26] | |
82 | 7 July 2012 | Hyman, KemarKemar Hyman | 9.95 | 22 years, 270 days | Cayman Islands | North America | 9.95 (2012) | [27] | |
83 | 7 September 2012 | Bailey-Cole, KemarKemar Bailey-Cole | 9.97 | 20 years, 241 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.92 (2015) | ||
84 | 23 May 2013 | Young, IsiahIsiah Young | 9.99 | 23 years, 138 days | United States | North America | 9.99 (2013) | ||
85 | 5 June 2013 | Locke, DentariusDentarius Locke | 9.97 | 23 years, 175 days | United States | North America | 9.96 (2013) | [28] | |
86 | 8 June 2013 | Mvumvure, GabrielGabriel Mvumvure | 9.98 | 25 years, 105 days | Zimbabwe | Africa | 9.98 (2013) | ||
87 | 21 June 2013 | Silmon, CharlesCharles Silmon | 9.98 | 21 years, 352 days | United States | North America | 9.98 (2013) | ||
88 | 13 July 2013 | Dasaolu, JamesJames Dasaolu | 9.91 | 25 years, 311 days | United Kingdom | Europe | 9.91 (2013) | ||
89 | 13 July 2013 | Vicaut, JimmyJimmy Vicaut | 9.95 | 21 years, 136 days | France | Europe | 9.86 (2015) | ||
90 | 12 April 2014 | Magakwe, SimonSimon Magakwe | 9.98 A | 27 years, 333 days | South Africa | Africa | 9.98 (2014) | Yes | [29] |
91 | 17 May 2014 | Brown, KemarleyKemarley Brown | 9.93 | 21 years, 301 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.93 (2014) | [30] | |
92 | 8 June 2014 | Ujah, ChijinduChijindu Ujah | 9.96 | 20 years, 95 days | United Kingdom | Europe | 9.96 (2014) | [31] | |
93[8] | 13 June 2014 | Bromell, TrayvonTrayvon Bromell | 9.97 | 18 years, 338 days | United States | North America | 9.84 (2015) | [32] | |
94 | 28 September 2014 | Ogunode, FemiFemi Ogunode | 9.93 | 23 years, 136 days | Qatar | Asia | 9.91 (2015) | Yes | [33] |
95 | 10 May 2015 | Vaughn, ClaytonClayton Vaughn | 9.93 | 22 years, 360 days | United States | North America | 9.93 (2015) | ||
96[9] | 17 May 2015 | De Grasse, AndreAndre De Grasse | 9.97 | 20 years, 188 days | Canada | North America | 9.92 (2015) | ||
97 | 17 May 2015 | Robinson, BryceBryce Robinson | 9.99 | 21 years, 185 days | United States | North America | 9.99 (2015) | ||
98 | 20 May 2015 | Bracy, MarvinMarvin Bracy | 9.95 | 21 years, 156 days | United States | North America | 9.93 (2015) | ||
99 | 30 May 2015 | Bingtian, SuSu Bingtian | 9.99 | 25 years, 274 days | China | Asia | 9.99 (2015) | ||
100 | 7 June 2015 | Gemili, AdamAdam Gemili | 9.97 | 21 years, 244 days | United Kingdom | Europe | 9.97 (2015) | ||
101 | 25 June 2015 | Batson, DeondreDeondre Batson | 9.94 | 22 years, 347 days | United States | North America | 9.94 (2015) | [34] | |
102 | 25 June 2015 | Lee, BeejayBeejay Lee | 9.99 | 22 years, 48 days | United States | North America | 9.99 (2015) | [35] | |
103 | 25 June 2015 | Butler, QuentinQuentin Butler | 9.96 | 22 years, 280 days | United States | North America | 9.96 (2015) | [36] | |
104 | 1 July 2015 | Simbine, AkaniAkani Simbine | 9.99 | 21 years, 283 days | South Africa | Africa | 9.96 (2016) | ||
105 | 5 July 2015 | Bruintjies, HenrichoHenricho Bruintjies | 9.97 | 21 years, 354 days | South Africa | Africa | 9.97 (2015) | ||
106 | 11 July 2015 | Fisher, AndrewAndrew Fisher | 9.94 | 23 years, 208 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.94 (2015) | ||
107 | 12 March 2016 | Van Niekerk, WaydeWayde Van Niekerk | 9.98 A | 23 years, 241 days | South Africa | Africa | 9.98 (2016) | [37] | |
108 | 23 April 2016 | McLeod, OmarOmar McLeod | 9.99 | 21 years, 364 days | Jamaica | North America | 9.99 (2016) | [38] |
Notes
- 1 The continental athletic association that governs the country that the athlete competes for internationally.
- 2 The personal career best time achieved by the sprinter.
- 3 Denotes a run achieved at a high altitude.
- 4 Francis Obikwelu now competes for Portugal but he first broke the 10-second barrier while competing for Nigeria.
- 5 Canadian Ben Johnson was the sixth runner to achieve the feat (having recorded multiple finishes under ten seconds), but these runs were rescinded after Johnson admitted to using steroids between 1981 and 1988.
- 6 British sprinter Mark Lewis-Francis recorded a time of 9.97 seconds during the 2001 World Championships quarter-finals on 4 August 2001 (aged 18 years, 334 days) but the wind gauge malfunctioned, invalidating the run.
- 7 At the Jamaican national trials in June 2011, Steve Mullings had tested positive for the drug Furosemide, a masking agent. On 22 November the Jamaican Anti-Doping Disciplinary Panel handed him a lifetime ban from athletics.
- 8 Trayvon Bromell had broken the 10-second barrier a total of three times (9.99w, 9.77w, 9.92w) prior to recording 9.97, but all were wind-aided.
- 9 Prior to recording his first legal sub-10 run, Andre De Grasse ran a wind-aided 9.87 on April 18th 2015.
Totals
|
|
|
Hand timed marks
The following sprinters all received a hand-timed mark of 9.9 seconds. All the runners held the world record simultaneously. However, the timing may not have been precise.
Date first broken | Athlete | Nationality | No. of times broken |
---|---|---|---|
20 June 1968 | Jim Hines[39] | United States | 2 |
20 June 1968 | Smith, Ronnie RayRonnie Ray Smith | United States | 1 |
20 June 1968 | Greene, CharlesCharles Greene | United States | 1 |
21 June 1972 | Williams, SteveSteve Williams | United States | 4 |
1 July 1972 | Hart, EddieEddie Hart | United States | 1 |
1 July 1972 | Robinson, ReyRey Robinson | United States | 1 |
5 June 1975 | Leonard, SilvioSilvio Leonard | Cuba | 1 |
3 April 1976 | Glance, HarveyHarvey Glance | United States | 2 |
22 May 1976 | Quarrie, DonDon Quarrie | Jamaica | 1 |
References
- General
- 100 Metres All Time. IAAF (2009-06-02). Retrieved on 2009-06-03.
- Specific
- ↑ Gardener, Jason. (2008-08-09). Jason Gardener: I'm backing Tyson Gay to win one of the greatest 100 metres finals. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2009-06-03.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Progression of Official World Records" (PDF). Berlin 2009. IAAF. 2009. pp. 546–7. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ↑ "Oerter sets world mark in discus". Lakeland Ledger (Lakeland, Florida: Associated Press). 28 April 1963. pp. 2–D. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ↑ Drake, Dick (May 1963). "ASU, Oerter Break Marks; Yang Scores Brilliant 9,121". Track & Field News.
And then there was Bob Hayes who ran the 100 meters faster than any man under any conditions. But it took a 11 mph wind to enable him to run 9.9.
- ↑ "Hayes still seriously ill". BBC Online. 16 December 2001. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ↑ Underwood, John (1 July 1968). "Some Old Boys Make A Stand". Sports Illustrated.
- 1 2 "Track & Field: Breaking the Dash Barrier". Time. 28 June 1968. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ↑ World Championships: A History. Sporting Life. Retrieved on 2009-08-06. Archived 2009-08-10.
- ↑ 100 metres records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-06-18. Archived 2009-06-20.
- 1 2 Tchechankov, Ivan (2011-06-10). 2011 already a record-breaking year for the men’s 100 metres - Updated. IAAF. Retrieved on 2011-06-11.
- ↑ http://www.nevispages.com/kim-collins-runs-another-sub-10-secs-to-win-in-hungary/
- ↑ Ramsak, Bob (2016-04-24). Hurdler McLeod makes history as a barrier breaker after 9.99 100m win. IAAF. Retrieved on 2016-04-24.
- 1 2 3 4 US Olympic Trials Men 100 Meter Dash Quarter Finals. USATF (2008-06-28). Retrieved on 2009-06-03.
- ↑
- ↑ Lee, Kirby (2009-06-08). Phillips sails 8.74m in Eugene for best Long Jump in world since 1991 – IAAF World Athletics Tour. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-06-10.
- ↑ Ramsak, Bob (2009-07-10). Gay powers back with 9.77 in Rome – REPORT - ÅF Golden League. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-07-11. Archived 2009-07-20.
- ↑ Norlander, Matt. "Fairly shocking: Bolt loses 100-meter race". CBSSports. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
- ↑ Pierre Jean Vazel (2010-07-09). "Lemaitre - 9.98sec". IAAF. Archived from the original on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
- ↑ "100 Metres 2nd Race Results". www.diamondleague-zurich.com. 2010-08-19. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
- 1 2 "Results - 100m Men - Heat 2". www.rietimeeting.com. 2010-08-29. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
- ↑ "100 Metres Dash Results". www.directathletics.com. 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
- ↑ "100 Metres Dash Results". www.flashresults.com. 2011-04-23. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
- ↑ "Tyson Gay runs world's fastest 100 this year in Central Florida meet". www.southflorida.sun-sentinel.com. 2011-06-04. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ↑ "Keston Bledman blazes to 9.93". www.trackalerts.com. 2011-06-04. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ↑ "100m Men: Results" (PDF). Samsung Diamond League. Omega Timing. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
- ↑ "100m Dash Results". www.flashresults.com. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
- ↑ Emeterio Valiente (8 July 2012). "Hyman joins sub-10 club in Madrid - IAAF World Challenge". IAAF. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
- ↑ Katherine Smith (5 June 2013). "Former Chamberlain athlete Dentarius Locke shows off blazing speed at NCAA meet". Bright House Sports Network. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
- ↑ "Magakwe breaks SA record". www.sport24.co.za. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
- ↑ http://jamaica-star.com/thestar/20140519/sports/sports2.html
- ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/27756892
- ↑ http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/trayvon-bromell-100m-world-junior-record
- ↑ http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/asian-games-day-2-report
- ↑ "100m Dash Heat 2 Results". flashresults.com. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
- ↑ "100m Dash Heat 2 Results". flashresults.com. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
- ↑ "100m Dash Heat 4 Results". flashresults.com. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
- ↑ http://www.sport24.co.za/OtherSport/Athletics/International/sas-van-niekerk-makes-sprint-history-20160312
- ↑ Phil Minshull (24 April 2016). "Hurdler McLeod makes history as a barrier breaker after 9.99 100m win". IAAF. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
- ↑ "A History of World Records - Interactive Graphic". NYTimes.com. 16 August 2008. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
External links
- "How much faster can humans run?" article from The Independent
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