Carl Lewis

Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is an American former track and field athlete, who won 10 Olympic medals, including nine gold, and 10 World Championships medals, including eight gold. His career spanned from 1979 to 1996 when he last won an Olympic title and subsequently retired.

Lewis was a dominant sprinter and long jumper who topped the world rankings in the 100 m, 200 m and long jump events frequently from 1981 to the early 1990s. He set world records in the 100 m, 4 × 100 m and 4 × 200 m relays, while his world record in the indoor long jump has stood since 1984. His 65 consecutive victories in the long jump achieved over a span of 10 years is one of the sport's longest undefeated streaks. Over the course of his athletics career, Lewis broke ten seconds for the 100 meters 15 times and 20 seconds for the 200 meters 10 times.

His accomplishments have led to numerous accolades, including being voted "World Athlete of the Century" by the International Association of Athletics Federations and "Sportsman of the Century" by the International Olympic Committee., "Olympian of the Century" by Sports Illustrated and "Athlete of the Year" by Track & Field News in 1982, 1983, and 1984.

After retiring from his athletics career, Lewis became an actor and has appeared in a number of films. In 2011 he attempted to run for a seat as a Democrat in the New Jersey Senate, but was removed from the ballot due to the state's residency requirement. Lewis owns a marketing and branding company named C.L.E.G., which markets and brands products and services including his own.

Athletic career

Early life, and emergence as a competitive athlete

Carl Lewis as an athlete at the University of Houston

Frederick Carlton Lewis was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on July 1, 1961, the son of William and Evelyn Lewis. He grew up in a family of athletes. His mother (née Lawler) was a hurdler on the 1951 Pan-Am team.^[2] His parents ran a local athletics club that provided a crucial influence on both Carl and his sister, Carol.^[3] She was also to become an elite long jumper, finishing 9th at the 1984 Olympics and taking bronze at the 1983 World Championships.^[4]^[5]

Lewis was initially coached by his father, who also coached other local athletes to elite status.^[3] At age 13, Lewis began competing in the long jump, and he emerged as a promising athlete while coached by Andy Dudek and Paul Minore at Willingboro High School in his hometown of Willingboro Township, New Jersey.^[2]^[6] He achieved the ranking of fourth on the all-time World Junior list of long jumpers.^[2]

Many colleges tried to recruit Lewis, and he chose to enroll at the University of Houston where Tom Tellez was coach. Tellez would thereafter remain Lewis' coach for his entire career. Days after graduating from high school in 1979, Lewis broke the high school long jump record with a leap of 8.13 m (26 ft 8 in).^[7] By the end of 1979, Lewis was ranked fifth in the world for the long jump, according to Track and Field News.^[8]

At the end of the high school year, an old knee injury had flared up again, which might have had consequences on his fitness. However, working with Tellez, Lewis adapted his technique so that he was able to jump without pain and he went on to win the 1980 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title with a wind-assisted jump of 8.35 m (27 ft 4¹⁄₂ in).^[2]

Though his focus was on the long jump, he was now starting to emerge as a sprint talent. Comparisons were beginning to be made with Jesse Owens, who dominated sprint and long jump events in the 1930s. Lewis qualified for the American team for the 1980 Olympics in the long jump and as a member of the 4 × 100 m relay team.^[2] The Olympic boycott meant that Lewis did not compete in Moscow but instead at the Liberty Bell Classic in July 1980, an alternate meet for boycotting nations. He jumped 7.77 m (25 ft 5³⁄₄ in) there for a Bronze medal, and the American 4 × 100 m relay team won Gold with a time of 38.61 s.^[9] At year's end, Lewis was ranked 6th in the world in the long jump and 7th in the 100 m.^[8]^[10]

Breakthrough in 1981 and 1982

At the start of 1981, Lewis' best legal long jump was his high school record from 1979. On June 20, Lewis improved his personal best by almost half a meter by leaping 8.62 m (28 ft 3¹⁄₄ in) at the TAC Championships while still a teenager.^[11]

While marks set at the thinner air of high altitude are eligible for world records,^[12] Lewis was determined to set his records at sea level. In response to a question about his skipping a 1982 long jump competition at altitude, he said, "I want the record and I plan to get it, but not at altitude. I don't want that '(A)' [for altitude] after the mark."^[13] When he gained prominence in the early 1980s, all the extant men's 100 m and 200 m records and the long jump record had been set at the high altitude of Mexico City.^[12]

Also in 1981, Lewis became the fastest 100 m sprinter in the world. His relatively modest best from 1979 (10.67 s) improved to a world-class 10.21 the next year. But 1981 saw him run 10.00 s at the Southwest Conference Championships in Dallas on May 16, a time that was the third-fastest in history and stood as the low-altitude record.^[14] For the first time, Lewis was ranked number one in the world, in both the 100 m and the long jump. He won his first national titles in the 100 m and long jump. Additionally, he won the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States.^[15]

In 1982, Lewis continued his dominance, and for the first time it seemed someone might challenge Bob Beamon's world record of 8.90 m (29 ft 2¹⁄₄ in) in the long jump set at the 1968 Olympics, a mark often described as one of the greatest athletic achievements ever.^[16] Before Lewis, 28 ft 0 in (8.53 m) had been exceeded on two occasions by two people: Beamon and 1980 Olympic champion Lutz Dombrowski. During 1982, Lewis cleared 28 ft 0 in (8.53 m) five times outdoors, twice more indoors, going as far as 8.7 m (28 ft 6¹⁄₂ in) at Indianapolis on July 24.^[17] He also ran 10.00 s in the 100 m, the world's fastest time, matching his low-altitude record from 1981. He achieved his 10.00 s clocking the same weekend he leapt 8.61 m (28 ft 2³⁄₄ in) twice, and the day he recorded his new low-altitude record 8.76 m (28 ft 8³⁄₄ in) at Indianapolis, he had three fouls with his toe barely over the board, two of which seemed to exceed Beamon's record, the third which several observers said reached 30 ft 0 in (9.14 m). Lewis said he should have been credited with that jump, claiming the track officials misinterpreted the rules on fouls.^[18]

He repeated his number one ranking in the 100 m and long jump, and ranked number six in the 200 m. Additionally, he was named Athlete of the Year by Track and Field News. From 1981 until 1992, Lewis topped the 100 m ranking six times (seven if Ben Johnson's 1987 top ranking is ignored), and ranked no lower than third.^[10] His dominance in the long jump was even greater, as he topped the rankings nine times during the same period, and ranked second in the other years.^[8]

1983 and the inaugural World Championships

The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the governing body of track and field, organized the first World Championships in 1983. Lewis' chief rival in the long jump was predicted to be the man who last beat him: Larry Myricks. But though Myricks had joined Lewis in surpassing 28 ft 0 in (8.53 m) the year before, he failed to qualify for the American team, and Lewis won at Helsinki with relative ease. His winning leap of 8.55 m (28 ft 0¹⁄₂ in) defeated silver medalist Jason Grimes by 0.26 m (0 ft 10 in).^[19]

He also won the 100 m with relative ease. There, Calvin Smith who had earlier that year set a new world record in the 100 m at altitude with a 9.93 s performance, was soundly beaten by Lewis 10.07 s to 10.21 s.^[20] Smith won the 200 m title,^[21] an event which Lewis had not entered, but even there he was partly in Lewis' shadow as Lewis had set an American record in that event earlier that year. He won the 200 m on June 19 at the TAC/Mobil Championships in 19.75 s, the second-fastest time in history and the low-altitude record, only 0.03 s behind Pietro Mennea's 1979 mark. Observers here noted that Lewis probably could have broken the world record if he did not ease off in the final meters to raise his arms in celebration.^[22]^[23] Finally, Lewis ran the anchor in the 4 × 100 m relay, winning in 37.86 s, a new world record and the first in Lewis' career.^[24]

Lewis' year-best performances in the 100 m and long jump were not at the World Championships, but at other meets. He became the first person to run a sub-10 second 100 m at low-altitude with a 9.97 s clocking at Modesto on May 14.^[25]^[26] His gold at the World Championships and his other fast times earned him the number one ranking in the world that year, despite Calvin Smith's world record. At the TAC Championships on June 19, he set a new low-altitude record in the long jump, 8.79 m (28 ft 10 in)^[22] and earned the world number one ranking in that event.^[27] Track and Field News ranked him number two in the 200 m, despite his low-altitude record of 19.75 s, behind Smith, who had won gold at Helsinki.^[28] Lewis was again named Athlete of the Year by the magazine.^[29]

1984 Summer Olympics: emulating Jesse Owens

Carl Lewis at the 1984 Olympics

At the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, Lewis was entered into four events with realistic prospects of winning each of them and thereby matching the achievement of Jesse Owens at the 1936 Games in Berlin.^[30]

Lewis started his quest to match Owens with a convincing win in the 100 m, running 9.99 s to defeat his nearest competitor, fellow American Sam Graddy, by 0.2 s. In his next event, the long jump, Lewis won with relative ease. But his approach to winning this event stoked controversy, even as knowledgeable observers agreed his approach was the correct one.^[31] Since Lewis still had heats and finals in the 200 m and the 4 × 100 m relay to compete in, he chose to take as few jumps as necessary to win the event. He risked injury in the cool conditions of the day if he over-extended himself, and his ultimate goal to win four golds might be at risk. His first jump at 8.54 m (28 ft 0 in) was, he knew, sufficient to win the event. He took one more jump, a foul, then passed his remaining four allotted jumps. He won gold, as silver medalist Gary Honey of Australia's best jump was 8.24 m (27 ft 0¹⁄₄ in). But the public was generally unaware of the intricacies of the sport and had been repeatedly told by the media of Lewis' quest to surpass Bob Beamon's legendary long jump record of 8.90 m (29 ft 2¹⁄₄ in). Lewis himself had often stated it was a goal of his to surpass the mark. A television advertisement with Beamon appeared before the final, featuring the record-holder saying, "I hope you make it, kid."^[32] So, when Lewis decided not to make any more attempts to try to break the record, he was roundly booed. When asked about those boos, Lewis said, "I was shocked at first. But after I thought about it, I realized that they were booing because they wanted to see more of Carl Lewis. I guess that's flattering."^[33]

His third gold medal came in the 200 m, where he won in a time of 19.80 s, a new Olympic record and the third fastest time in history. Finally, he won his fourth gold when the 4 × 100 m relay team he anchored finished in a time of 37.83 s, a new world record.^[30]

Lack of endorsements and public perception

Although Lewis had achieved what he had set out to do, matching Jesse Owens' feat of winning four gold medals at a single Olympic Games, he did not win the lucrative endorsement deals which he had expected. The long jump controversy was one reason and his self-congratulatory conduct did not impress several other track stars: "He rubs it in too much," said Edwin Moses, twice Olympic gold medalist in the 400 m hurdles. "A little humility is in order. That's what Carl lacks."^[34] Further, Lewis' agent Joe Douglas compared him to pop star Michael Jackson, a comparison which did not go over well. Douglas said he was inaccurately quoted, but the impression that Lewis was aloof and egotistical was firmly planted in the public's perception by the end of the 1984 Olympic Games.^[35]

Additionally, rumors at the time that Lewis was gay circulated, and though Lewis denied the rumors, they probably hurt his marketability as well. Lewis' look at the Games, with a flattop haircut and flamboyant clothing, added fuel to the reports. "It doesn't matter what Carl Lewis's sexuality is," high jumper Dwight Stones said. "Madison Avenue perceives him as homosexual."^[36] Coca-Cola had offered a lucrative deal to Lewis before the Olympics, but Lewis and Douglas turned it down, confident that Lewis would be worth more after the Olympics. But Coca-Cola rescinded the offer after the Games. Nike had Lewis under contract for several years already, despite questions about how it affected his amateur status, and he was appearing in Nike television advertisements, in print, and on billboards. After the Games and faced with Lewis' new negative image, Nike dropped him. "If you're a male athlete, I think the American public wants you to look macho," said Don Coleman, a Nike representative.^[35] "They started looking for ways to get rid of me," Lewis said. "Everyone there was so scared and so cynical they did not know what to do." (Lewis and Nike eventually did split, and Lewis signed an endorsement deal with Mizuno.) Lewis himself would lay the blame on some inaccurate reporting, especially the "Carl bashing," as he put it, typified by a Sports Illustrated article before the Olympics.^[37]

At year's end, Lewis was again awarded the top rankings in the 100 m and the long jump and was additionally ranked number one in the 200 m. And for the third year in a row, he was awarded the Athlete of the Year title by Track & Field News.

The Chicago Bulls drafted Lewis in the 1984 NBA Draft as the 208th overall pick, although he had played neither high school nor college basketball. Lewis never played in the NBA. A poll on the NBA's website ranked Lewis second to Lusia Harris, the only woman to be drafted by the NBA, as the most unusual pick in the history of the NBA Draft. Ron Weiss, the head west coast scout of the Bulls, and Ken Passon, the assistant West Coast scout, recommended Lewis because he was the best athlete available.^[38] Similarly, though he did not play football in college, Lewis was drafted as a wide receiver in the 12th round of the 1984 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He never played in the NFL.^[39]

Ben Johnson and the 1987 World Championships

After the Los Angeles Olympics, Lewis continued to dominate track and field, especially in the long jump, in which he would remain undefeated for the next seven years, but others started to challenge his dominance in the 100 m sprint. His low-altitude record had been surpassed by fellow American Mel Lattany with a time of 9.96 s shortly before the 1984 Olympics,^[40] but his biggest challenger would prove to be Canadian Ben Johnson, the bronze medalist behind Lewis at the 1984 Olympics. Johnson would beat Lewis once in 1985, but Lewis also lost to others, while winning most of his races. Lewis retained his number one rank that year; Johnson would place second.^[10] In 1986, Johnson defeated Lewis convincingly at the Goodwill Games in Moscow, clocking a new low-altitude record of 9.95 s. At year's end, Johnson was ranked number one, while Lewis slipped to number three having lost more races than he won. He even seemed vulnerable in the long jump, an event he did not lose in 1986, or the year before, though he competed sparingly. Lewis ended up ranked second behind Soviet Robert Emmiyan, who had the longest legal jump of the year at 8.61 m (28 ft 2³⁄₄ in).^[8]

At the 1987 World Championships in Athletics in Rome, Lewis skipped the 200 m to focus on his strongest event, the long jump, and made sure to take all his attempts. This was not to answer critics from the 1984 long jump controversy; this was because history's second 29 ft long-jumper was in the field: Robert Emmiyan had leaped 8.86 m (29 ft 0³⁄₄ in) at altitude in May, just 4 cm short of Bob Beamon's record.^[41] But Emmiyan's best was an 8.53 m (27 ft 11³⁄₄ in) leap that day, second to Lewis's 8.67 m (28 ft 5¹⁄₄ in).^[42] Lewis cleared 8.60 m (28 ft 2¹⁄₂ in) four times. In the 4 × 100 m relay, Lewis anchored the gold-medal team to a time of 37.90 s, the third-fastest of all time.^[43]

The event which was most talked about and which caused the most drama was the 100 m final. Johnson had run under 10.00 s three times that year before Rome,^[44] while Lewis had not managed to get under the 10.00 s barrier at all. But Lewis looked strong in the heats of the 100 m, setting a Championship record in the semi-final while running into a wind with a 10.03 s effort.^[45] In the final, however, Johnson won with a time which stunned observers: 9.83 s, a new world record. Lewis, second with 9.93 s, had tied the existing world record, but that was insufficient.^[46]

While Johnson basked in the glory of his achievement, Lewis started to explain away his defeat. He first claimed that Johnson had false-started, then he alluded to a stomach virus which had weakened him, and finally, without naming names, said "There are a lot of people coming out of nowhere. I don't think they are doing it without drugs." He added, "I could run 9.8 or faster in the 100 if I could jump into drugs right away."^[47] This was the start of Lewis' calling on the sport of track and field to eliminate the illegal use of performance-enhancing drugs. Cynics noted that the problem had been in the sport for many years, and it only became a cause for Lewis once he was actually defeated. In response to the accusations, Johnson replied "When Carl Lewis was winning everything, I never said a word against him. And when the next guy comes along and beats me, I won't complain about that either".^[48]

1988 Summer Olympics

Lewis not only lost the most publicized showdown in track and field in 1987, he also lost his father. When William McKinley Lewis Jr. died, Lewis placed the gold medal he won for the 100 m in 1984 in his hand to be buried with him. "Don't worry," he told his mother. "I'll get another one."^[49] Lewis repeatedly referred to his father as a motivating factor for the 1988 season. "A lot happened to me last year, especially the death of my father. That caused me to re-educate myself to being the very best I possibly can be this season," he said, after defeating Johnson in Zürich on August 17.^[50]

The 100 m final at the 1988 Summer Olympics was one of the most sensational sports stories of the year and its dramatic outcome would rank as one of the most infamous sports stories of the century.^[51] Johnson won in 9.79 s, a new world record, while Lewis set a new American record with 9.92 s. Three days later, Johnson tested positive for steroids, his medal was taken away and Lewis was awarded gold and credited with a new Olympic record.^[52]

In the long jump, Robert Emmiyan withdrew from the competition citing an injury, and Lewis' main challengers were rising American long jump star Mike Powell and long-time rival Larry Myricks. Lewis leapt 8.72 m (28 ft 7¹⁄₄ in), a low-altitude Olympic best, and none of his competitors could match it. The Americans swept the medals in the event for the first time in 84 years. In the 200 m, Lewis dipped under his Olympic record from 1984, running 19.79 s, but did so in second place to Joe DeLoach, who claimed the new record and Olympic gold in 19.75 s. In the final event he entered, the 4 × 100 m relay, Lewis never made it to the track as the Americans fumbled an exchange in a heat and were disqualified.^[53]

A subsequent honor would follow: Lewis eventually was credited with the 100 m world record for the 9.92 s he ran in Seoul. Though Ben Johnson's 9.79 s time was never ratified as a world record, the 9.83 s he ran the year before was. However, in the fallout to the steroid scandal, an inquiry was called in Canada wherein Johnson admitted under oath to long-time steroid use. The IAAF subsequently stripped Johnson of his record and gold medal from the World Championships. Lewis was deemed to be the world record holder for his 1988 Olympic performance and declared the 1987 100 m World Champion. The IAAF also declared that Lewis had also, therefore, twice tied the "true" world record (9.93 s) for his 1987 World Championship performance, and again at the 1988 Zürich meet where he defeated Johnson. However, those times were never ratified as records.^[54] From January 1, 1990, Lewis was the world record holder in the 100 m.^[55] The record did not last long, as fellow American and University of Houston teammate Leroy Burrell ran 9.90 s on June 14, 1991, to break Lewis's mark.^[56] Lewis also permanently lost his ranking as number one for the 200 m in 1988 and for the 100 m in 1989.^[28]^[57] He also lost the top ranking for the long jump in 1990 but was to regain it in 1992.^[8]

1991 World Championships: Lewis' greatest performances

Tokyo was the venue for the 1991 World Championships. In the 100 m final, Lewis faced the two men who ranked number one in the world the past two years: Burrell and Jamaican Raymond Stewart.^[10] In what would be the deepest 100 meters race ever to that time, with six men finishing in under ten seconds, Lewis not only defeated his opponents, he reclaimed the world record with a clocking of 9.86 s.^[58] Though previously a world-record holder in this event, this was the first time he had crossed the line with "WR" beside his name on the giant television screens, and the first time he could savor his achievement at the moment it occurred. He could be seen with tears in his eyes afterwards. "The best race of my life," Lewis said. "The best technique, the fastest. And I did it at thirty."^[34] Lewis's world record would stand for nearly three years.^[54] Lewis additionally anchored the 4 × 100 m relay team to another world record, 37.50 s, the third time that year he had anchored a 4 × 100 m squad to a world record.

Long jump showdown versus Powell

The 1991 World Championships are perhaps best remembered for the long jump final, considered by some to have been one of greatest competitions ever in any sport.^[59] Lewis was up against his main rival of the last few years, Mike Powell, the silver medalist in the event from the 1988 Olympics and the top-ranked long jumper of 1990. Lewis had at that point not lost a long jump competition in a decade, winning the 65 consecutive meets in which he competed. Powell had been unable to defeat Lewis, despite sometimes putting in jumps near world-record territory, only to see them ruled fouls.^[60] Or, as with other competitors such as Larry Myricks, putting in leaps which Lewis himself had only rarely surpassed, only to see Lewis surpass them on his next or final attempt.^[61]^[62]

Lewis's first jump was 8.68 m (28 ft 5¹⁄₂ in), a World Championship record, and a mark bested by only three others beside Lewis all-time. Powell, jumping first, had faltered in the first round, but jumped 8.54 m (28 ft 0 in) to claim second place in the second round.^[63] Lewis jumped 8.83 m (28 ft 11¹⁄₂ in), a wind-aided leap, in the third round, a mark which would have won every long jump competition in history except two. Powell responded with a long foul, estimated to be around 8.80 m (28 ft 10¹⁄₄ in). Lewis's next jump made history: the first leap ever beyond Bob Beamon's record. The wind gauge indicated the jump was wind-aided, so it could not be considered a record, but it would still count in the competition. 8.91 m (29 ft 2³⁄₄ in) was the greatest leap ever under any condition.^[63]

In the next round, Powell responded. His jump was measured as 8.95 m (29 ft 4¹⁄₄ in); this time, his jump was not a foul, and with a wind gauge measurement of 0.3 m/s, well within the legal allowable for a record. Powell had not only jumped 4 cm further than Lewis, he had eclipsed the 23-year-old mark set by Bob Beamon and done so at low altitude.^[63] Lewis still had two jumps left, though he was now no longer chasing Beamon, but Powell. He leaped 8.87 m (29 ft 1 in), which was a new personal best under legal wind conditions, then a final jump of 8.84 m (29 ft 0 in). He thus lost his first long jump competition in a decade.^[64] Powell's 8.95 m (29 ft 4¹⁄₄ in) and Lewis's final two jumps still stand as of January 2015 as the top three low altitude jumps ever. The farthest anyone has jumped since under legal conditions is 8.74 m (28 ft 8 in).^[65]

Lewis' reaction to what was one of the greatest competitions ever in the sport was to offer acknowledgment of the achievement of Powell.^[63] "He just did it," Lewis said of Powell's winning jump. "It was that close, and it was the best of his life."^[66] Powell did jump as far or farther on two subsequent occasions, though both were wind-aided jumps at altitude: 8.99 m (29 ft 5³⁄₄ in) in 1992 and 8.95 m (29 ft 4¹⁄₄ in) in 1994.^[67] Lewis's best subsequent results were two wind-aided leaps at 8.72 m (28 ft 7¹⁄₄ in), and an 8.68 m (28 ft 5¹⁄₂ in) under legal conditions while in the qualifying rounds at the Barcelona Olympics.^[68]

In reference to his efforts at the 1991 World Championships, Lewis said, "This has been the greatest meet that I've ever had."^[69] Track and Field News was prepared to go even further than that, suggesting that after these Championships, "It had become hard to argue that he is not the greatest athlete ever to set foot on track or field."^[69] Lewis's 1991 outstanding results earned him the ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year, an award he shared with gymnastics star Kim Zmeskal.

Final years and retirement

After the heights reached in 1991, Lewis started to lose his dominance in both the sprints and the long jump. Though he anchored a world record 1:19.11 in the rarely run 4 × 200 m relay with the Santa Monica Track Club early in 1992,^[70] he failed to qualify for the Olympic team in the 100 m or 200 m. In the latter race, he finished fourth at the Olympic trials behind rising star Michael Johnson who set a personal best of 19.79 s. It was the first time the two had ever met on the track.^[71] Lewis did, however, qualify for the long jump, finishing second behind Powell, and was eligible for the 4 × 100 m relay team. At the Games in Barcelona, Lewis jumped 8.67 m (28 ft 5¹⁄₄ in) in the first round of the long jump, beating Powell who did a final-round 8.64 m (28 ft 4 in). In the 4 × 100 m relay, Lewis anchored another world record, in 37.40 s, a time which stood for 16 years. He covered the final leg in 8.85 seconds, the fastest officially recorded anchor leg.^[72]

Lewis competed at the 4th World Championships in Stuttgart in 1993, but finished fourth in the 100 m,^[73] and did not compete in the long jump. He did, however, earn his first World Championship medal in the 200 m, a bronze with his 19.99 s performance.^[74] That medal would prove to be his final Olympic or World Championship medal in a running event. Injuries kept Lewis largely sidelined for the next few years, then he made a comeback for the 1996 season.

Lewis qualified for the American Olympic team for the fifth time in the long jump, the only time an American man has done so.^[75] At the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, injuries to world-record holder Mike Powell and the leading long-jumper in the world, Iván Pedroso, affected their performances. Lewis, on the other hand, was in good form. Though he did not match past performances, his third-round leap of 8.50 m (27 ft 10¹⁄₂ in) won gold by 0.21 m (0 ft 8¹⁄₄ in) over second-place James Beckford of Jamaica.^[76] He became one of only three Olympians to win the same individual event four times,^[77] joining Danish sailor Paul Elvstrøm and discus thrower Al Oerter of the United States. Additionally, Lewis' nine gold medals tie him for second on the list of multiple Olympic gold medalists with Paavo Nurmi, Larisa Latynina and Mark Spitz, behind American swimmer Michael Phelps.^[78]

Lewis' 8.50 m (27 ft 10¹⁄₂ in) jump was also officially declared tied with Larry Myricks for the masters record for the 35–39 age group.^[79]

Controversy struck when, as Track and Field News put it, "Lewis' attitude in the whole relay hoo-hah a few days later served only to take the luster off his final gold."^[76] After Lewis' unexpected long jump gold, it was noted that he could become the athlete with the most Olympic gold medals if he entered the 4 × 100 m relay team. Any member of the American Olympic men's track and field team could be used, even if they had not qualified for the relay event. Lewis said, "If they asked me, I'd run it in a second. But they haven't asked me to run it." He further suggested on Larry King Live that viewers phone the United States Olympic Committee to weigh in on the situation. Lewis had skipped the mandatory relay training camp and demanded to run the anchor leg, which added to the debate. The final decision was to exclude Lewis from the team. Olympic team coach Erv Hunt said, "The basis of their [the relay team's] opinion was 'We want to run, we worked our butts off and we deserve to be here.'"^[76] The American relay team finished second behind Canada.^[80]

Lewis retired from track and field in 1997.

Stimulant use

In 2003, Wade Exum, the United States Olympic Committee's director of drug control administration from 1991 to 2000, gave copies of documents to Sports Illustrated which revealed that some 100 American athletes who failed drug tests from 1988 to 2000, arguing that they should have been prevented from competing in the Olympics but nevertheless cleared to compete. Before showing the documents to Sports Illustrated Exum tried to use them in a lawsuit against USOC, accusing the organization of racial discrimination and wrongful termination against him and cover-up over the failed tests. His case was shortly dismissed by the Denver federal Court for lack of evidence. The USOC claimed his case "baseless" as he himself was the one in charge of screening the anti-doping test program of the organization and clarifying that the athletes were cleared according to the rules.^[81]^[82]

Among the names of the athletes was Lewis. It was revealed that he tested positive three times at the 1988 Olympics Trials for minimum amounts of pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, banned stimulants and bronchodilators also found in cold medication and due to the rules his case could lead to disqualification from the Seoul Olympics and from competition for six months. The levels of the combined stimulants registered in the separate tests were 2 ppm, 4 ppm and 6 ppm.^[81]

Lewis defended himself claiming he accidentally consumed the banned substances. After the supplements he was taking had been analyzed to prove his claims the USOC accepted his claim of inadvertent use, since a dietary supplement he ingested was found to contain "Ma huang", the Chinese name for Ephedra (ephedrine is known to help weight loss).^[81] Fellow Santa Monica Track Club teammates Joe DeLoach and Floyd Heard were also found to have the same banned stimulants in their systems, and were cleared to compete for the same reason.^[83]^[84]

The highest level of the stimulants Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as negative test. The acceptable level has been raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances.^[81]^[85] According to the IOC rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. Neal Benowitz, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "These [levels] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance."^[81]

Following Exum's revelations the IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC indeed followed the correct procedures in dealing with eight positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration. The federation also reviewed in 1988 the relevant documents with the athletes' names undisclosed and stated that "the medical committee felt satisfied, however, on the basis of the information received that the cases had been properly concluded by the USOC as 'negative cases' in accordance with the rules and regulations in place at the time and no further action was taken".^[86]^[87]

"Carl did nothing wrong. There was never intent. He was never told 'you violated the rules'" said Martin D. Singer, Lewis' lawyer, who also said that Lewis had inadvertently taken the banned stimulants in an over-the-counter herbal remedy.^[88] In an interview dating back April 2003 Carl Lewis agreed that he tested positive three times in 1988 but he was let off as that was the normal practice in those times.^[89] "The only thing I can say is I think it's unfortunate what Wade Exum is trying to do," said Lewis. "I don't know what people are trying to make out of nothing because everyone was treated the same, so what are we talking about? I don't get it."^[90]

Achievements and honors

Lewis is the only man to defend an Olympic long jump title successfully.

Personal best marks

100 m: 9.86 s (August 1991, Tokyo)
200 m: 19.75 s (June 1983, Indianapolis)
Long jump: 8.87 m (29 ft 1 in) 1991, w 8.91 m (29 ft 2³⁄₄ in) 1991 (both in Tokyo)
4 × 100 m relay: 37.40 s (United States – Marsh; Burrell; Mitchell; Lewis – August 1992, Barcelona)
4 × 200 m relay: 1:18.68 min (Santa Monica Track Club – Marsh; Burrell; Heard; Lewis – 1994; (former world record)

Honors

In 1999, Lewis was voted "Sportsman of the Century" by the International Olympic Committee,^[91] elected "World Athlete of the Century" by the International Association of Athletics Federations^[91] and named "Olympian of the Century" by Sports Illustrated.^[92] In 2000 his alma mater University of Houston named the Carl Lewis International Complex after him.

Career outside athletics

Film and television

Lewis has appeared in numerous films and television productions. Among them, he played himself in cameos in Perfect Strangers, Speed Zone, Alien Hunter and Material Girls. Lewis made an appearance on The Weakest Link. Additionally, he played Stu in the made-for-TV movie Atomic Twister.

In 2011, Lewis appeared in the short documentary Challenging Impossibility which features the feats of strength demonstrated by the late spiritual teacher and peace advocate Sri Chinmoy.^[93]

Lewis appeared in the movie The Last Adam (2006).

Bid for New Jersey State Senate

On April 11, 2011, Lewis filed petitions to run as a Democrat for New Jersey Senate in the state's 8th legislative district in Burlington County.^[94] Two weeks later he was disqualified by Lieutenant Governor Kim Guadagno, a Republican acting in her role as the secretary of state, who decided he did not meet the state's requirement that Senate candidates live in New Jersey for four years.^[95] Lewis appealed her decision to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals; the court initially granted his appeal but a few days later the court reversed itself and Lewis withdrew his name.^[96]^[97]

Personal life

Lewis is vegan. Lewis credits his outstanding 1991 results in part to the vegan diet he adopted in 1990, when he was in his late twenties. He has claimed it is better suited to him because he can eat a larger quantity without affecting his athleticism^[98]^[99] and he believes that switching to a vegan diet can lead to improved athletic performance.

References

↑ "Carl Lewis". sports-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
1 2 3 4 5 Gleason, David (December 1980). "T&FN Interview: Carl Lewis" (PDF). Track & Field News. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
1 2 "William Lewis, Track Coach and Father of Olympic Star". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 7, 1987. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
↑ "Carol Lewis". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com.
↑ "Long Jump Result – 1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics – iaaf.org". iaaf.org.
↑ Strauss, Robert (December 2, 2001). "WORTH NOTING; Carl Lewis Takes Honors, But Not at His Home Track". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
↑ "T&FN Boys' Long Jump All-Americas". trackandfieldnews.com.
1 2 3 4 5 "Men's World Rankings by Athlete: Long Jump" (PDF). trackandfieldnews.com. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ "Olympic Boycott Games". gbrathletics.com.
1 2 3 4 "World Rankings by Athlete: 100m" (PDF). trackandfieldnews.com. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ Track and Field News, January 1982; vol. 34, #12, p. 46
1 2 "Olympic world records may be wrong". Weeklyscientist.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2005. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
↑ Track and Field News, July 1982, vol. 35 #6, p. 61
↑ Track and Field News, July 1981, vol. 34 #6, p. 12
↑ "The Sullivan Award Winner". Aausullivan.org. July 1, 1961. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
↑ "Beamon made sport's greatest leap". Espn.go.com. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
↑ Track and Field News, January 1983, vol. 35 #12, p. 45
↑ Track and Field News, August 1982, vol. 35, #6, p.28–29
↑ "1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics > Long Jump – men > Final". IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ "1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics > 100 meters – men > Final". IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ "1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics > 200 meters – men > Final". IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
1 2 Track and Field News August 1983, vol. 36, #7, p.4, 9
↑ See the end of the race in this video on YouTube
↑ "1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics > 4x100 meters Relay – men > Final". IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ Track and Field News, June 1983, vol. 36 #5, p. 6,7
↑ Track and Field News, January 1984, vol. 36 #12, p. 22
↑ Track and Field News, January 1984, vol. 36 #12, p. 48
1 2 "World Rankings — Men's 200" (PDF). trackandfieldnews.com. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
↑ "T&FN's WORLD MEN'S ATHLETES OF THE YEAR" (PDF). Retrieved June 10, 2015.
1 2 "Carl Lewis – 100m". olympic.org.
↑ "Carl Lewis. New Gold Miner". Track and Field News 37 (8): 47. September 1984.
↑ Corry, John (August 9, 1984). "TV Review; ABC'S Coverage of the Olympics". The New York Times.
↑ "Carl Lewis". usatf.com.
1 2 "ESPN Classic – King Carl had long, golden reign". Espn.go.com. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
1 2 The Runner Stumbles p2, The New York Times, July 19, 1992. Accessed February 20, 2008.
↑ The Dallas Morning News (January 1, 1996). "APSE | Associated Press Sports Editors". Apse.dallasnews.com. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
↑ The Runner Stumbles p3, The New York Times, July 19, 1992. Accessed February 20, 2008.
↑ "Poll Result Display". Nba.com. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
↑ "NFL Draft History: Full Draft". Nfl.com. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
↑ Track and Field News, January/February 1986, vol. 39 #1–2, p. 14
↑ Track and Field News, July 1987, vol. 40 #7, p. 34
↑ "2nd IAAF World Championships in Athletics > Long Jump – men > Final result". IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ "2nd IAAF World Championships in Athletics > 4x100 meters Relay – men > Final result". IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ Track and Field News, January 1988, vol. 41, #1, p. 20
↑ "2nd IAAF World Championships in Athletics > 100 meters – men > Heats results". IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ Track and Field News, November 1987, vol. 40 #11, p. 9
↑ Track and Field News, December 1987, vol. 40, #12, p. 28
↑ Slot, Owen (September 22, 2003). "Ambition naivety and tantalising prospect of inheriting the world". The Times (London). Retrieved April 28, 2010.
↑ "ESPN Classic – More Info on Carl Lewis". Espn.go.com. November 19, 2003. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
↑ Track and Field News, October 1988, vol. 41, #10, p. 25
↑ "St. Petersburg Times: Top 100 sports stories". Sptimes.com. April 30, 1993. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
↑ Track and Field News, November 1988, vol. 41 #11, p. 10–11
↑ "Athletics Results – Seoul 1988 – Olympic Medals". olympic.org.
1 2 "12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Berlin 2009." (PDF). Monte Carlo: IAAF Media & Public Relations Department. 2009. pp. Pages 546, 547. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
↑ Track and Field News, November 1989, vol. 42, #11, p. 37
↑ "Leroy Burrell Bio – University of Houston Athletics :: UH Cougars :: Official Athletic Site". uhcougars.com.
↑ "World Rankings — Men's 100" (PDF).
↑ Track and Field News, November 1991, vol. 44, #11, p. 9
↑ "2001 Has A Lot To Live Up To". BBC News. July 27, 2001. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
↑ "Mike Powell". Usatf.com. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
↑ Track and Field News, September 1988, vol. 41 #9, p. 18–19
↑ Track and Field News, August 1991, vol. 44 #8, p. 14–15
1 2 3 4 "USATF – News". usatf.org.
↑ Track and Field News, November 1991, vol. 44, #11, p. 30–31
↑ "Long Jump All Time List". IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ "29–4½! Soaring Powell Conquers Beamon's Record," The New York Times, August 31, 1991
↑ "Mike POWELL – U.S.A. - Long Jump world record and two World Championship golds.". Sporting Heroes.
↑ "Carl Lewis Career Facts & Statistics -LEWIS' 28 FOOT JUMPS". Web.archive.org. October 10, 2002. Archived from the original on 2002-10-10. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
1 2 Track and Field News, November 1991, vol. .44, #11, p. 8
↑ Track and Field News, June 1992, vol. 45, #6, p.4–5
↑ Track and Field News, August 1992, vol. 45, #6, p. 8
↑ "USA Men's 4x100m". olympic.org.
↑ "4th IAAF World Championships in Athletics > 100 meters – men > Final". IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ "4th IAAF World Championships in Athletics > 200 meters – men > Final". IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ Track and Field News, September 1996, vol. 49, #9, p. 18
1 2 3 Track and Field News October 1996, vol. 49, #10, p. 36
↑ "International Olympic Committee – Athletes". Olympic.org. August 13, 2004. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ Wallechinsky, David; Jaime Loucky (2008). The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. Aurum Press. p. 702. ISBN 978-1-84513-330-6.
↑ "Records Outdoor Men". World-masters-athletics.org. March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
↑ "Athletics Results – Atlanta 1996 – Olympic Medals". olympic.org.
1 2 3 4 5 Abrahamson, Alan (April 23, 2003). "Just a dash of drugs in Lewis, DeLoach". Los Angeles Times.
↑ "Anti-Doping Official Says U.S. Covered Up". The New York Times. April 17, 2003.
↑ "Scorecard". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
↑ "Carl Lewis's positive test covered up". Smh.com.au. April 18, 2003. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
↑ Wallechinsky and Loucky, The Complete Book of the Olympics (2012 edition), page 61
↑ "IAAF: USOC followed rules over dope tests". April 30, 2003.
↑ Abrahamson, Alan (May 1, 2003). "USOC's Actions on Lewis Justified by IAAF". Los Angeles Times.
↑ "This idol has feet of clay, after all". Sportstar 26 (18). May 3–9, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2007.
↑ Duncan Mackay (April 24, 2003). "Lewis: 'Who cares I failed drug test?' ". theguardian.com. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
↑ "Lewis dismisses drugs claims". BBC News. April 23, 2003. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
1 2 "IAAF Hall of Fame: Carl Lewis". iaaf.org. IAAF. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
↑ "Sports Illustrated honors world's greatest athletes". CNN. December 3, 1999. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
↑ Kilgannon, Corey (April 25, 2011). "A Monument to Strength as a Path to Enlightenment". New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
↑ Max Pizarro. "Track Olympian Lewis launches LD 8 Senate campaign". New Jersey News, Politics, Opinion, and Analysis. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
↑ Angela, Delli Santi (April 26, 2011). "Guadagno disqualifies Olympian Carl Lewis from running for state Senate". The Press of Atlantic City. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
↑ Warner, Dave (September 29, 2011). "Olympian Carl Lewis quits state senate race in New Jersey". Reuters. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
↑ Schilken, Chuck (January 21, 2014). "Carl Lewis: Chris Christie tried to intimidate me during Senate bid". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
↑ "EarthSave International". Earthsave.org. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
↑ "» Athletic Anti-Nutrition: What a Vegan Diet Really Did for Carl Lewis The Bulletproof Executive". Bulletproofexec.com. February 29, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Lewis.

Official website
Carl Lewis profile at IAAF
Olympiad Results for Carl Lewis
Carl Lewis at the Internet Movie Database

Links to related articles

Records
Preceded by Calvin Smith Leroy Burrell	Men's 100m World Record Holder August 30, 1987 – June 14, 1991 August 25, 1991 – July 6, 1994	Succeeded by Leroy Burrell Leroy Burrell
Preceded by Larry Myricks	Men's Long Jump Indoor World Record Holder February 20, 1981 – present	Incumbent
Preceded by Mark Spitz	Athletes with the most gold medals at Olympic Games July 29, 1996 – August 13, 2008	Succeeded by Michael Phelps
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Sebastian Coe	Men's Track & Field Athlete of the Year 1982–1984	Succeeded by Saïd Aouita
Preceded by Daley Thompson	United Press International Athlete of the Year 1983, 1984	Succeeded by Steve Cram
Preceded by John T. Smith	USOC Sportsman of the Year 1991	Succeeded by Pablo Morales
Preceded by Paolo Rossi Ayrton Senna	L'Équipe Champion of Champions 1983, 1984 1991	Succeeded by Sergey Bubka Michael Jordan
Preceded by Jimmy Connors	BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 1983	Succeeded by Seve Ballesteros
Preceded by Hassiba Boulmerka	Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 1996	Succeeded by Spanish Marathon team
Sporting positions
Preceded by Lutz Dombrowski	Men's Long Jump Best Year Performance 1981–1985	Succeeded by Robert Emmiyan
Preceded by Mike Miller	Men's 200 m Best Year Performance 1983–1984	Succeeded by Lorenzo Daniel
Preceded by Floyd Heard	Men's 200 m Best Year Performance 1987	Succeeded by Joe DeLoach
Preceded by Robert Emmiyan	Men's Long Jump Best Year Performance 1988	Succeeded by Larry Myricks
Preceded by Mike Powell	Men's Long Jump Best Year Performance 1992	Succeeded by Mike Powell

Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year

Dallas Cowboys 1984 NFL draft selections

Billy Cannon, Jr. Victor Scott Fred Cornwell Steve DeOssie Steve Pelluer Norm Granger Eugene Lockhart Joe Levelis Ed Martin Mike Revell John Hunt Neil Maune Brian Salonen Dowe Aughtman Carl Lewis

Olympic champions in men's 100 metres

1896: Thomas Burke (USA)
1900: Frank Jarvis (USA)
1904: Archie Hahn (USA)
1908: Reggie Walker (RSA)
1912: Ralph Craig (USA)
1920: Charley Paddock (USA)
1924: Harold Abrahams (GBR)
1928: Percy Williams (CAN)
1932: Eddie Tolan (USA)
1936: Jesse Owens (USA)
1948: Harrison Dillard (USA)
1952: Lindy Remigino (USA)
1956: Bobby Morrow (USA)
1960: Armin Hary (GER)
1964: Bob Hayes (USA)
1968: Jim Hines (USA)
1972: Valeriy Borzov (URS)
1976: Hasely Crawford (TRI)
1980: Allan Wells (GBR)
1984–88: Carl Lewis (USA)
1992: Linford Christie (GBR)
1996: Donovan Bailey (CAN)
2000: Maurice Greene (USA)
2004: Justin Gatlin (USA)
2008–12: Usain Bolt (JAM)

Olympic champions in men's 200 metres

1900: Walter Tewksbury (USA)
1904: Archie Hahn (USA)
1908: Robert Kerr (CAN)
1912: Ralph Craig (USA)
1920: Allen Woodring (USA)
1924: Jackson Scholz (USA)
1928: Percy Williams (CAN)
1932: Eddie Tolan (USA)
1936: Jesse Owens (USA)
1948: Mel Patton (USA)
1952: Andy Stanfield (USA)
1956: Bobby Morrow (USA)
1960: Livio Berruti (ITA)
1964: Henry Carr (USA)
1968: Tommie Smith (USA)
1972: Valeriy Borzov (URS)
1976: Don Quarrie (JAM)
1980: Pietro Mennea (ITA)
1984: Carl Lewis (USA)
1988: Joe DeLoach (USA)
1992: Michael Marsh (USA)
1996: Michael Johnson (USA)
2000: Konstantinos Kenteris (GRE)
2004: Shawn Crawford (USA)
2008–12: Usain Bolt (JAM)

Olympic champions in men's long jump

1896: Ellery Harding Clark (USA)
1900: Alvin Kraenzlein (USA)
1904: Myer Prinstein (USA)
1908: Frank Irons (USA)
1912: Albert Gutterson (USA)
1920: William Petersson (SWE)
1924: DeHart Hubbard (USA)
1928: Ed Hamm (USA)
1932: Ed Gordon (USA)
1936: Jesse Owens (USA)
1948: Willie Steele (USA)
1952: Jerome Biffle (USA)
1956: Greg Bell (USA)
1960: Ralph Boston (USA)
1964: Lynn Davies (GBR)
1968: Bob Beamon (USA)
1972: Randy Williams (USA)
1976: Arnie Robinson (USA)
1980: Lutz Dombrowski (GDR)
1984–1996: Carl Lewis (USA)
2000: Iván Pedroso (CUB)
2004: Dwight Phillips (USA)
2008: Irving Saladino (PAN)
2012: Greg Rutherford (GBR)

Olympic champions in men's 4×100 metres relay

1912: Great Britain 1920: United States 1924: United States 1928: United States 1932: United States 1936: United States 1948: United States 1952: United States 1956: United States 1960: Germany 1964: United States 1968: United States 1972: United States 1976: United States 1980: Soviet Union 1984: United States 1988: Soviet Union 1992: United States 1996: Canada 2000: United States 2004: Great Britain 2008: Jamaica 2012: Jamaica

1984 United States (Sam Graddy, Ron Brown, Calvin Smith & Carl Lewis) 1992 United States (Mike Marsh, Leroy Burrell, Dennis Mitchell & Carl Lewis)

World Champions in Men's 100 m

1983–91: Carl Lewis (USA) 1993: Linford Christie (GBR) 1995: Donovan Bailey (CAN) 1997–01: Maurice Greene (USA) 2003: Kim Collins (SKN) 2005: Justin Gatlin (USA) 2007: Tyson Gay (USA) 2009: Usain Bolt (JAM) 2011: Yohan Blake (JAM) 2013–15: Usain Bolt (JAM)

World Champions in Men's 4×100 m Relay

1983: United States 1987: United States 1991: United States 1993: United States 1995: Canada 1997: Canada 1999: United States 2001: South Africa 2003: United States 2005: France 2007: United States 2009: Jamaica 2011: Jamaica 2013: Jamaica 2015: Jamaica

1983 United States (Emmit King, Willie Gault, Calvin Smith & Carl Lewis) 1987 United States (Lee McRae, Lee McNeill, Harvey Glance & Carl Lewis) 1991 United States (Andre Cason, Leroy Burrell, Dennis Mitchell & Carl Lewis)

World Champions in Men's Long Jump

1983 – 1987: Carl Lewis (USA) 1991 – 1993: Mike Powell (USA) 1995 – 2001: Iván Pedroso (CUB) 2003 – 2005: Dwight Phillips (USA) 2007: Irving Saladino (PAN) 2009 – 2011: Dwight Phillips (USA) 2013: Aleksandr Menkov (RUS) 2015: Greg Rutherford (GBR)

Pan American Champions in Men's 4x100 metres

1951: United States (Campbell, Bragg, Attlesey, Voight)
1955: United States (Richard, Williams, Thomas, Bennett)
1959: United States (Norton, Poynter, Woodhouse, Jones)
1963: United States (Young, Cassell, Johnson, Murchison)
1967: United States (Bright, Copeland, Turner, McCullouch)
1971: Jamaica (Daley, Quarrie, Lawson, Miller)
1975: United States (Collins, Edwards, Brown, Merrick)
1979: United States (Glance, Roberson, Wiley, Riddick)
1983: United States (Jackson, Robinson, Quow, Graddy)
1987: United States (Lewis, McNeill, McRae, Glance)
1991: Cuba (Peñalver, Stevens, Aguilera, Lamela)
1995: Cuba (Isasi, Aguilera, Lamela, García)
1999: Brazil (É. Ribeiro, de Oliveira, A. da Silva, C. da Silva)
2003: Brazil (de Lima, É. Ribeiro, A. da Silva, C. da Silva)
2007: Brazil (de Lima, R. Ribeiro, de Moraes, Viana)
2011: Brazil (Feitosa, Viana, André, de Barros)

Pan American Champions in Men's Long Jump

1951: Gay Bryan (USA) 1955: Rosslyn Range (USA) 1959: Irvin Roberson (USA) 1963 – 1967: Ralph Boston (USA) 1971: Arnie Robinson (USA) 1975 – 1979: João Carlos de Oliveira (BRA) 1983: Jaime Jefferson (CUB) 1987: Carl Lewis (USA) 1991: Jaime Jefferson (CUB) 1995 – 2003: Iván Pedroso (CUB) 2007: Irving Saladino (PAN) 2011: Daniel Pineda (CHI) 2015: Jeff Henderson (USA)

IAAF World / Continental Cup champions in men's long jump

1977: Arnie Robinson (USA) 1979: Larry Myricks (USA) 1981: Carl Lewis (USA) 1985: Mike Conley (USA) 1989: Larry Myricks (USA) 1992: Iván Pedroso (CUB) 1994: Fred Salle (GBR) 1998: Iván Pedroso (CUB) 2002: Savanté Stringfellow (USA) 2006: Irving Saladino (PAN) 2010: Dwight Phillips (USA) 2014: Ignisious Gaisah (NED)

IAAF World Athlete of the Year (men)

Carl Lewis (1988)
Roger Kingdom (1989)
Steve Backley (1990)
Carl Lewis (1991)
Kevin Young (1992)
Colin Jackson (1993)
Noureddine Morceli (1994)
Jonathan Edwards (1995)
Michael Johnson (1996)
Wilson Kipketer (1997)
Haile Gebrselassie (1998)
Michael Johnson (1999)
Jan Železný (2000)
Hicham El Guerrouj (2001–03)
Kenenisa Bekele (2004–05)
Asafa Powell (2006)
Tyson Gay (2007)
Usain Bolt (2008–09)
David Rudisha (2010)
Usain Bolt (2011–13)
Renaud Lavillenie (2014)
Ashton Eaton (2015)

Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2005

1954 La Salle University Men's Basketball Grover Cleveland Alexander Charles Barkley Bill Campbell John Chaney Jumbo Elliott Eddie Gottlieb Lefty Grove Carl Lewis Bob Levy Tommy McDonald Pete Pihos Harvey Pollack Guy Rodgers Cathy Rush Vic Seixas Jay Sigel Ed Snider Joe Verdeur

James E. Sullivan Award winners

1930: Jones
1931: Berlinger
1932: Bausch
1933: Cunningham
1934: Bonthron
1935: Little
1936: Morris
1937: Budge
1938: Lash
1939: Burk
1940: Rice
1941: MacMitchell
1942: Warmerdam
1943: Dodds
1944: Curtis
1945: Blanchard
1946: Tucker
1947: Kelly, Jr.
1948: Mathias
1949: Button
1950: Wilt
1951: Richards
1952: Ashenfelter
1953: Lee
1954: Whitfield
1955: Dillard
1956: McCormick
1957: Morrow
1958: Davis
1959: O'Brien
1960: R. Johnson
1961: Rudolph
1962: Beatty
1963: Pennel
1964: Schollander
1965: Bradley
1966: Ryun
1967: Matson
1968: Meyer
1969: Toomey
1970: Kinsella
1971: Spitz
1972: Shorter
1973: Walton
1974: Wohlhuter
1975: Shaw
1976: Jenner
1977: Naber
1978: Caulkins
1979: Thomas
1980: Heiden
1981: Lewis
1982: Decker
1983: Moses
1984: Louganis
1985: Benoit
1986: Joyner-Kersee
1987: Abbott
1988: Griffith-Joyner
1989: Evans
1990: Smith
1991: Powell
1992: Blair
1993: Ward
1994: Jansen
1995: Baumgartner
1996: M. Johnson
1997: Manning
1998: Holdsclaw
1999: C. Miller & K. Miller
2000: Gardner
2001: Kwan
2002: Hughes
2003: Phelps
2004: Hamm
2005: Redick
2006: Long
2007: Tebow
2008: S. Johnson
2009: Palmeiro-Winters
2010: Lysacek
2011: Rodriguez
2012: Franklin
2013: Urschel
2014: Elliott

US National Championship winners in men's 100-meter dash

1876–1878 New York Athletic Club	1876: Charles McIvor 1877: William Wilmer 1878: Fred Saportas

1879–1888 NAAAA	1879: Beverly Value 1880-81: Lon Myers 1882-83: Arthur Waldron 1884-86^ro: Malcolm Ford 1887: Charles Sherrill 1888^{Note 1}: Fred Westing

1888–1979 Amateur Athletic Union	1888^{Note 1}: Fred Westing 1889-90: John Owen 1891: Luther Cary 1892: Harry Jewett 1893: Charles Stage 1894: Tom Lee 1895-97: Bernie Wefers 1898: Frank Jarvis 1899: Arthur Duffey 1900: Maxie Long 1901: Frank Sears 1902: Pat Walsh 1903: Archie Hahn 1904: Lawson Robertson 1905: Charles Parsons 1906: Charles Seitz 1907: Harold Huff 1908: William Hamilton 1909: William Martin 1910: James Rosenberger 1911: Gwin Henry 1912-13: Howard Drew 1914-15: Jo Loomis 1916-17: Andy Ward 1918: Arthur Henke 1919: William Hayes 1920^OT: Loren Murchison 1921: Charles Paddock 1922: Robert McAllister 1923: Loren Murchison 1924: Charles Paddock 1925: Frank Hussey 1926: Charles Borah 1927: Chester Bowman 1928^OT: Frank Wykoff 1929-30: Eddie Tolan 1931: Frank Wykoff 1932^OT: Ralph Metcalfe 1933-34: Ralph Metcalfe 1935: Eulace Peacock 1936: Jesse Owens 1937: Perrin Walker 1938: Ben Johnson 1939: Clyde Jeffrey 1940: Harold Davis 1941: Barney Ewell 1942-43: Harold Davis 1944: Buddy Young 1945: Barney Ewell 1946-47: Bill Mathis 1948: Barney Ewell 1949: Andy Stanfield 1950: Art Bragg 1951: Jim Golliday 1952: Dean Smith 1953-54: Art Bragg 1955-56: Bobby Morrow 1957: Leamon King 1958: Bobby Morrow 1959-60: Ray Norton 1961: Frank Budd 1962-64: Bob Hayes 1965: George Anderson 1966: Charles Greene 1967: Jim Hines 1968: Charles Greene 1969-70: Ivory Crockett 1971: Del Meriwether 1972: Robert Taylor 1973-74: Steve Williams 1975: Don Quarrie (JAM) * Steve Williams 1976: Chris Garpenborg (SWE) Robert Woods 1977: Don Quarrie (JAM) Steve Williams 1978: Clancy Edwards 1979: James Sanford

1980–1992 The Athletics Congress	1980: Stanley Floyd 1981-83: Carl Lewis 1984: Sam Graddy 1985: Kirk Baptiste 1986: Carl Lewis 1987: Mark Witherspoon 1988: Emmit King 1989: Leroy Burrell 1990: Carl Lewis 1991: Leroy Burrell 1992^OT: Dennis Mitchell

1993–present USA Track & Field	1993: Andre Cason 1994: Dennis Mitchell 1995: Michael Marsh 1996^OT: Dennis Mitchell 1997: Maurice Greene 1998: Tim Harden 1999: Dennis Mitchell 2000^OT: Maurice Greene 2001: Bernard Williams 2002: Maurice Greene 2003: Bernard Williams 2004^OT: Maurice Greene 2005: Justin Gatlin 2006-08^OT: Tyson Gay 2009: Michael Rodgers 2010-11: Walter Dix 2012^OT: Justin Gatlin 2013: Tyson Gay 2014: Mike Rodgers 2015: Tyson Gay

Notes	Note 1: In 1888 both the NAAAA and the AAU held championships OT: The 1920, 1928, 1932, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials, otherwise held as a discrete event. Distance:Until 1927 the event was over 100 yards, and again from 1929-31 ro:In 1886 the event was won after a run-off

US National Championship winners in men's 200-meter dash

1876-1878 New York Athletic Club	1876: Not held 1877: Edward Merritt 1878: Wm. Willmer

1879-1888 NAAAA	1879-81: Lon Myers 1882-83: Henry Brooks 1884: Lon Myers 1885-86: Malcolm Ford 1887-88^{Note 1}: Fred Westing

1888-1979 Amateur Athletic Union	1888^{Note 1}: Fred Westing 1889: John Owen 1890: Fred Westing 1891: Luther Cary 1892: Harry Jewett 1893: Charles Stage 1894: Tommy Lee 1895-97: Bernie Wefers 1898: James Maybury 1899: Maxie Long 1900: William Edwards 1901: Frank Sears 1902: Pat Walsh 1903: Archie Hahn 1904: William Hogenson 1905: Archie Hahn 1906: Ralph Young 1907: Harold Huff 1908: W.F. Keating 1909: Waring Dawbarn 1910: Gwin Henry 1911: John Nelson 1912: Alvah Meyer 1913: Howard Drew 1914: Irving Howe 1915: Robert Morse 1916-17: Andy Ward 1918: Loren Murchison 1919: Henry Williams 1920^OT-21: Charles Paddock 1922: Al LeConey 1923: Loren Murchison 1924: Charles Paddock 1925: Jackson Scholz 1926: Tom Sharkey 1927-28^OT: Charles Borah 1929: Eddie Tolan 1930: George Simpson 1931: Eddie Tolan 1932^OT-36: Ralph Metcalfe 1937: Jack Weierhauser 1938: Mack Robinson 1939: Barney Ewell 1940-43: Harold Davis 1944: Charles Parker 1945: Elmore Harris 1946-47: Barney Ewell 1948: Lloyd La Beach (PAN) * Cliff Bourland 1949: Andy Stanfield 1950: Robert Tyler 1951: James Ford 1952-53: Andy Stanfield 1954: Art Bragg 1955: Rod Richard 1956: Thane Baker 1957: Ollan Cassell 1958: Bobby Morrow 1959-60: Ray Norton 1961-63: Paul Drayton 1964: Henry Carr 1965: Adolph Plummer 1966: Jim Hines 1967-68: Tommie Smith 1969: John Carlos 1970: Ben Vaughn 1971: Don Quarrie (JAM) (^USA Larry Black) 1972: Chuck Smith 1973: Steve Williams 1974-75: Don Quarrie (JAM) (^USA Reggie Jones - both years) 1976: Millard Hampton 1977: Derald Harris 1978: Clancy Edwards 1979: Dwayne Evans

1980-1992 The Athletics Congress	1980: LaMonte King 1981: Jeff Phillips 1982: Calvin Smith 1983: Carl Lewis 1984: Brady Crain 1985: Kirk Baptiste 1986: Floyd Heard 1987: Carl Lewis 1988: Larry Myricks 1989: Floyd Heard 1990-92^OT: Michael Johnson

1993-onwards USA Track & Field	1993: Michael Marsh 1994: Ron Clark 1995-96^OT: Michael Johnson 1997: Jon Drummond 1998: Gentry Bradley 1999: Maurice Greene 2000^OT: John Capel 2001: Shawn Crawford 2002-03: Darvis Patton 2004^OT: Shawn Crawford 2005: Justin Gatlin 2006: Wallace Spearmon 2007: Tyson Gay 2008^OT: Walter Dix 2009: Shawn Crawford 2010: Wallace Spearmon 2011: Walter Dix 2012^OT: Wallace Spearmon 2013: Tyson Gay 2014: Curtis Mitchell 2015: Justin Gatlin

Notes	Note 1: In 1888 both the NAAAA and the AAU held championships OT: The 1920, 1928, 1932, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials, otherwise held as a discrete event.L *USA: Leading American athlete,

US National Championship winners in men's long jump

1876–1878 New York Athletic Club	1876: Isaiah Frazier 1877: William Livingston 1878: William Willmer

1879–1888 NAAAA	1879: Frank Kilpatrick 1880–81: John Voorhees 1882: John Jenkins 1883–86: Malcolm Ford 1887: Alexander Jordan 1888^{Note 1}: Victor Schifferstein

1888–1979 Amateur Athletic Union	1888^{Note 1}: William Halpin 1889: Malcolm Ford 1890: Alfred Copeland 1891: Charles Reber 1892: Eugene Goff 1893: Charles Reber 1894: Eugene Goff 1895–97: Edward Bloss 1898: Myer Prinstein 1899: Alvin Kraenzlein 1900–01: Harry McDonald 1902: Myer Prinstein 1903: Percival Molson 1904: Myer Prinstein 1905: Hugo Friend 1906: Myer Prinstein 1907: Daniel Kelly 1908: Platt Adams 1909–10: Frank Irons 1911–12: Platt Adams 1913: Phil Stiles 1914: Platt Adams 1915–16: Harry Worthington 1917: Joseph Irish 1918: David Politzer 1919: Floyd Smart 1920^OT: Sol Butler 1921: Ed Gourdin 1922–27: DeHart Hubbard 1928^OT: Ed Hamm 1929: Edward Gordon 1930–31: Al Bates 1932^OT: Edward Gordon 1933–34: Jesse Owens 1935: Eulace Peacock 1936: Jesse Owens 1937: Kermit King 1938–39: William Lacefield 1940–42: Billy Brown 1943: William Christopher 1944: William Lund 1945: Herb Douglas 1946–47: Willie Steele 1948: Fred Johnson 1949: Gay Bryan 1950: Jim Holland 1951–53: George Brown 1954: John Bennett 1955: Greg Bell 1956–58: Ernie Shelby 1959: Greg Bell 1960: Henk Visser (NED) * Joel Wiley 1961–66: Ralph Boston 1967: Jerry Proctor 1968–69: Bob Beamon 1970: Bouncy Moore 1971–72: Arnie Robinson 1973: Randy Williams 1974: Bouncy Moore 1975–78: Arnie Robinson 1979: Larry Myricks

1980–1992 The Athletics Congress	1980: Larry Myricks 1981–83: Carl Lewis 1984: Mike McRae 1985: Mike Conley, Sr. 1986–87: Carl Lewis 1988: Eric Metcalf 1989: Larry Myricks 1990: Mike Powell 1991: Carl Lewis 1992^OT: Mike Powell

1993–onwards USA Track & Field	1993–96^OT: Mike Powell 1997: Joe Greene 1998: Roland McGhee 1999: Kevin Dilworth 2000^OT: Melvin Lister 2001–02: Savante Stringfellow 2003–04^OT: Dwight Phillips 2005: Miguel Pate 2006: Brian Johnson 2007: Dwight Phillips 2008^OT: Trevell Quinley 2009–10: Dwight Phillips 2011–12^OT: Marquise Goodwin 2013: George Kitchens 2014: Jeff Henderson 2015: Marquis Dendy

Notes	Note 1: In 1888 both the NAAAA and the AAU held championships OT: The 1920, 1928, 1932, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials, otherwise held as a discrete event.

US National Championship winners in men's 60-meter dash

1906–1979 Amateur Athletic Union	1906: ^60y Charles Seitz 1907: ^60yJames O'Connell 1908: ^60y Robert Cloughan 1909: ^60yR W Gill 1910: ^60yRobert Cloughan 1911: ^60yAlvah Meyer 1912: Not held 1913: ^75y Howard Drew 1914: ^75y Alvah Meyer 1915: ^75y Irvin Howe 1916-17:^60y Jo Loomis 1918: ^60yWilliam Genzenmueller 1919-20: ^60yLoren Murchison 1921: ^60yWard Conway 1922-24: ^60yLoren Murchison 1925: ^60yCecil Coaffee 1926: ^60yChester Bowman 1927-28: ^60yKarl Wildermuth 1929: ^60yJames Daley 1930: ^60yChester Bowman 1931: ^60yIra Singer 1932: ^60yEmmett Toppino 1933-34:Ralph Metcalfe 1935: Ben Johnson 1936: Ralph Metcalfe 1937-38: Ben Johnson 1939: Herbert Thompson 1940: ^60yMozelle Ellerbe 1941: ^60yHerbert Thompson 1942: ^60yBarney Ewell 1943: ^60yHerbert Thompson 1944: ^60yEd Conwell 1945: ^60yBarney Ewell 1946: ^60yTom Carey 1947-48:^60yEd Conwell 1949: ^60yBill Dwyer 1950: ^60yAndy Stanfield 1951: ^60yEd Conwell 1952: ^60yJohn O'Connell 1953-56: ^60yJohn Haines 1957: ^60yIra Murchison 1958: ^60yEd Collymore 1959-60: ^60yPaul Winder 1961-62: ^60yFrank Budd 1963: ^60ySam Perry 1964: ^60yBob Hayes 1965: ^60ySam Perry 1966-68: ^60yBill Gaines 1969-70: ^60yCharles Greene 1971: ^60yJean-Louis Ravelomanantsoa (MAD) 1972: ^60yDel Meriwether 1973: ^60yHasely Crawford (TRI) 1974: ^60yHerb Washington 1975: ^60yHasely Crawford (TRI) 1976: ^60ySteve Williams 1977: ^60ySteve Riddick 1978: ^60yHouston McTear 1979: ^60ySteve Riddick

1980–1992 The Athletics Congress	1980: ^60yCurtis Dickey 1981: ^60yStanley Floyd 1982: ^60yRon Brown 1983: ^60yCarl Lewis 1984: ^60yEmmit King 1985: ^60yAlbert Lawrence (JAM) 1986: ^60yLee McRae 1987: ^55y Lee McRae 1988: ^55yEmmit King 1989: ^55yLeroy Burrell 1990: ^55yBrian Cooper 1991: Andrés Simón (CUB); Andre Cason 1992: Leroy Burrell

1993–present USA Track & Field	1993: Jon Drummond 1994: Dennis Mitchell 1995: Tim Harden 1996: Donovan Powell (JAM); Keith Williams 1997: Randall Evans 1998: Kenny Brockenburr 1999: Tim Harden 2000: Jon Drummond 2001: Maurice Greene 2002: Terrence Trammell 2003: Justin Gatlin 2004: Shawn Crawford 2005: Mardy Scales 2006: Leonard Scott 2007: DaBryan Blanton 2008: Michael Rodgers 2009: Mark Jelks 2010-11: Michael Rodgers 2012: Trell Kimmons 2013: D'Angelo Cherry 2014-15: Marvin Bracy

IAAF Hall of Fame

Jesse Owens Abebe Bikila Paavo Nurmi Sergey Bubka Sebastian Coe Carl Lewis Emil Zátopek Al Oerter Adhemar da Silva Edwin Moses Fanny Blankers-Koen Betty Cuthbert Jackie Joyner-Kersee Wang Junxia Irena Szewińska¹ Michael Johnson² Dan O'Brien² Babe Zaharias² Alberto Juantorena³ Kip Keino⁴ Peter Snell⁵ Vladimir Golubnichiy⁶ Iolanda Balaș⁷ Stefka Kostadinova⁷ Harrison Dillard⁸ Marjorie Jackson⁸ Hannes Kolehmainen⁸ Natalya Lisovskaya⁸ Svetlana Masterkova⁸ Noureddine Morceli⁸ Parry O'Brien⁸ Marie-José Pérec⁸ Viktor Saneyev⁸ Yuriy Sedykh⁸ Daley Thompson⁸ Grete Waitz⁸ Valeriy Brumel⁹ Glenn Davis⁹ Heike Drechsler⁹ Hicham El Guerrouj⁹ Marita Koch⁹ Robert Korzeniowski⁹ Jānis Lūsis⁹ Bob Mathias⁹ Wilma Rudolph⁹ Shirley Strickland de la Hunty⁹ Lasse Virén⁹ Cornelius Warmerdam⁹

New entry ¹May 17, 2012 ²June 6, 2012 ³June 11, 2012 ⁴July 2, 2012 ⁵August 4, 2012 ⁶September 15, 2012 ⁷October 13, 2012 ⁸November 16, 2013 ⁹November 21, 2014

1984 USA Olympic Track & Field Team

Qualification	1984 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)

Men's track & road athletes	Ray Armstead Alonzo Babers Kirk Baptiste Ron Brown Tonie Campbell Don Clary Paul Cummings Brian Diemer Marco Evoniuk Greg Foster Sam Graddy Johnny Gray John Gregorek Danny Harris Tranel Hawkins Jim Heiring Thomas Jefferson Earl Jones Roger Kingdom Steve Lacy Carl Lewis Henry Marsh John Marshall Antonio McKay Walter McCoy Edwin Moses Sunder Nix Daniel O'Connor Vince O'Sullivan Doug Padilla Pete Pfitzinger Pat Porter Alberto Salazar Carl Schueler Steve Scott Calvin Smith Willie Smith Jim Spivey John Tuttle Craig Virgin

Men's field athletes	Duncan Atwood Willie Banks Earl Bell Tim Bright Edward Burke Art Burns Michael Carter Mike Conley, Sr. John Crist Milton Goode Bill Green Al Joyner Dave Laut Carl Lewis Jud Logan Doug Lytle Mike McRae Larry Myricks Doug Nordquist Tom Petranoff John Powell Steve Roller Dwight Stones Mike Tully Mac Wilkins Augie Wolf Jim Wooding

Women's track & road athletes	Evelyn Ashford Sharrieffa Barksdale Joan Benoit Jeanette Bolden Cindy Bremser Valerie Brisco-Hooks Alice Brown Judi Brown Julie Brown Robin Campbell Chandra Cheeseborough Mary Decker Diane Dixon Benita Fitzgerald-Brown Kim Gallagher Randy Givens Florence Griffith Joyner Joan Hansen Denean Howard Sherri Howard Julie Isphording Missy Kane Lillie Leatherwood Pam Page Diana Richburg Kim Turner Angela Wright-Scott Ruth Wysocki

Women's field athletes	Jodi Anderson Carol Cady Laura De Snoo Leslie Deniz Cindy Greiner Lorna Griffin Joni Huntley Jackie Joyner Carol Lewis Ramona Pagel Louise Ritter Karin Smith Pam Spencer Lynda Suffin Cathy Sulinski Angela Thacker

Coaches	—

1996 USA Olympic Track & Field Team

Qualification	1996 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)

Men's track & road athletes	Derrick Adkins Brad Barquis Keith Brantly Bryan Bronson Andrzej Chylinski Curt Clausen Mark Coogan Mark Crear Mark Croghan Calvin Davis Marc Davis Bruce Deacon Jon Drummond Robert Gary Johnny Gray Matt Giusto Tim Harden Alvin Harrison Brian Hyde Allen James Allen Johnson Michael Johnson Bob Kempainen Bob Kennedy Michael Marsh Anthuan Maybank Dan Middleman Derek Mills Dennis Mitchell Tim Montgomery Herman Nelson José Parrilla Jason Pyrah Butch Reynolds Brandon Rock Jason Rouser Lamont Smith Jim Spivey Eugene Swift Jeff Williams Todd Williams

Men's field athletes	Charles Austin Randy Barnes Ed Broxterman Mike Conley, Sr. Lance Deal Steve Fritz John Godina Joe Greene Kenny Harrison Jeff Hartwig Robert Howard Chris Huffins Scott Huffman C. J. Hunter Lawrence Johnson Carl Lewis Kevin McMahon Dan O'Brien Ken Popejoy Mike Powell Tom Pukstys Todd Riech Adam Setliff Dave Stephens Anthony Washington Cameron Wright

Women's track & road athletes	Olga Appell Kim Batten Tonja Buford-Bailey Joetta Clark Gail Devers Sandra Farmer-Patrick Suzy Favor Hamilton Kate Fonshell Chryste Gaines Kim Graham Carlette Guidry Juli Henner D'Andre Hill Vicki Huber Regina Jacobs Lynn Jennings Maicel Malone Jearl Miles Inger Miller Joan Nesbit Meredith Rainey Amy Rudolph Mary Slaney Rochelle Stevens Lynda Tolbert-Goode Gwen Torrence Linetta Wilson Dannette Young

Women's field athletes	Amy Acuff Valeyta Althouse Lacy Barnes-Mileham Kelly Blair Nicole Carroll Sharon Hanson Aretha Hill Sheila Hudson Jackie Joyner-Kersee Diana Orrange Ramona Pagel Suzy Powell Connie Price-Smith Cynthea Rhodes Connie Teaberry Marieke Veltman Tisha Waller Erica Wheeler Shana Williams

Coaches	—

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 111594385 LCCN: n83232052 GND: 119031701 NDL: 00470443

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