Teres minor muscle

Teres minor muscle

Teres minor muscle (shown in red), seen from behind.

Muscles on the dorsum of the scapula, and the Triceps brachii muscle:
#3 is Latissimus dorsi muscle
#5 is Teres major muscle
#6 is Teres minor muscle
#7 is Supraspinatus muscle
#8 is Infraspinatus muscle
#13 is long head of Triceps brachii muscle
Details
Origin lateral border of the scapula
Insertion inferior facet of greater tubercle of the humerus
Artery posterior circumflex humeral artery and the circumflex scapular artery
Nerve axillary nerve
Actions laterally rotates the arm, stabilizes humerus
Identifiers
Latin musculus teres minor
Dorlands
/Elsevier		 m_22/12551124
TA A04.6.02.010
FMA 32550

Anatomical terms of muscle

The teres minor (Latin teres meaning 'rounded') is a narrow, elongated muscle of the rotator cuff.

Structure

It arises from the dorsal surface of the axillary border of the scapula for the upper two-thirds of its extent, and from two aponeurotic laminae, one of which separates it from the infraspinatus muscle, the other from the teres major muscle.

Its fibers run obliquely upwards and laterally; the upper ones end in a tendon which is inserted into the lowest of the three impressions on the greater tubercle of the humerus; the lowest fibers are inserted directly into the humerus immediately below this impression.

Relations

The tendon of this muscle passes across, and is united with, the posterior part of the capsule of the shoulder-joint.

Innervation

The muscle is innervated by the posterior branch of axillary nerve where it forms a pseudoganglion.[1] A pseudoganglion has no nerve cells but nerve fibres are present. Damage to the fibers innervating the teres minor is clinically significant.

Variation

Sometimes a group of muscle fibres from teres minor may be fused with infraspinatus.

Function

The infraspinatus and teres minor attach to head of the humerus; as part of the rotator cuff they help hold the humeral head in the glenoid cavity of the scapula. They work in tandem with the posterior deltoid and infraspinatus to externally (laterally) rotate the humerus, as well as perform transverse abduction, extension and transverse extension.

Clinical significance

Injury

There are two types of rotator cuff injuries: acute tears and chronic tears. Acute tears occur as a result of a sudden movement. This might include throwing a powerful pitch, holding a fast moving rope during water sports, falling over onto an outstretched hand at speed, or making a sudden thrust with the paddle in kayaking. A chronic tear develops over a period of time. They usually occur at or near the tendon, as a result of the tendon rubbing against the underlying bone.[2]

Imaging

Conjoint and intact tendon disc of teres minor and infraspinatus muscle.
Intact teres minor tendon with physiologically hypointense signal.
Hyperintense, fatty degenerated teres minor muscle.

Atrophy of the teres minor muscle is often a consequence of a rotator cuff tear, but common isolated teres minor atrophies have also been found. A quadrangular space syndrome causes excessive and or chronically compression of the structures which pass through this anatomical tunnel. The axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery pass through the space. People affected note shoulder pain and paresthesia down the arm first and foremost in abduction, extension, external rotation and overhead activity. Selective atrophy of the teres minor muscle has been seen and pulled together directly with compression of the corresponding axillary nerve branch or posterior humeral circunflex artery. Fibrous bands, cysts of the glenoid labrum, lipoma or dilated veins can occupy the quadrilateral space pathologically. Similar symptoms are common with anterior shoulder dislocation, humeral neck fracture, brachial plexus injury and thoracic outlet and inlet syndrome. It is important to include those pathologies for a complete as possible differential diagnosis.

Ultrasonography is a tool to detect a fatty degenerative atrophy of the teres minor and shows in affected muscles increased echogenicity and betimes a slight reduction in muscle bulk. MR imaging helps to consolidate the diagnosis of neurogenic muscle atrophy. Extracellular edema after traumatic events causing neural damage show an increased signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI sequences and normal intensity on T1-weighted sequences. Posterior humeral circunflex artery compression and reduced blood flow in stressful arm positions and or maneuvers can be diagnosed by a Doppler ultrasonography. The nerve should be detected adjacent to the vessel. In an elevated arm position the axillary neurovascular bundle can be seen at the posterior axillary fold just before it perforates the deltoideus, while the posterior course is well visible in the neutral position. For a detailed assessment of the artery, a MR angiography is required. The major task of an ultrasonographic examination is to rule out any space occupying mass. Additional electromyography is helpful to reveal any decelerated nerve conduction velocity, and thus denervation of the concerned muscle.[3]

Additional images

See also

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ↑ Gitlin, G (Oct 1957). "Concerning the gangliform enlargement (pseudoganglion) on the nerve to the teres minor muscle.". Journal of Anatomy 91 (4): 466–70. PMC 1244902. PMID 13475146.
  2. ↑ Bahr, Ronald. Ed. Clinical Guide to Sports Injuries. Gazette bok. ISBN 0-7360-4117-6.
  3. ↑ Brestas, P.S.; et al. (Sep 2006). ". Ultrasound findings of teres minor denervation in suspected quadrilateral space syndrome". J Clin Ultrasound 34 (7): 343–7. doi:10.1002/jcu.20239. PMID 16869012.

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