Timeline of sovereign states in Europe

This timeline lists all European sovereign states, both current and defunct, of the 2nd and 3rd millennium. Vassal states, unrecognised states or states with limited recognition throughout history are generally not included unless they evolved at some point into a sovereign state. Territorial changes that do not consume whole nations or produce new ones are not considered.

Current Sovereign States / Decades before 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Decades / Current Sovereign States

United Kingdom		 927
Kingdom of England		 1016
Kingdom of England (Kingdom of Denmark)		 1042
Kingdom of England		 1649
Commonwealth of England		 1653
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland		 1659
Commonwealth of England		 1660
Kingdom of England		 1707
Kingdom of Great Britain		 1801
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland		 1922
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
843
Kingdom of Scotland		 1659
Kingdom of Scotland

Ireland		 Gaelic Ireland 1171
Lordship of Ireland		 1541
Kingdom of Ireland		 1659
Kingdom of Ireland		 1922
Ireland
Ireland

Portugal		 910
Kingdom of León		 1139
Kingdom of Portugal		 1580
United to Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)		 1640
Kingdom of Portugal		 1910
Portuguese Republic
Portugal

Spain		 910
Kingdom of León		 1230
Crown of Castile		 1479
Catholic Monarchy(Castile andAragon)		 1492
Catholic Monarchy(Castile andAragon)		 1516
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)		 1620
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)		 1716
Kingdom of Spain
Spain
County of Castile 1035
Kingdom of Castile
756
Caliphate of Córdoba		 1031
Taifas		 1040
Almoravid Dynasty		 1121
Almohad Dynasty		 1228
Emirate of Granada
824
Kingdom of Navarre		 1035
Kingdom of Navarre
1035
Kingdom of Aragon		 1137
Crown of Aragon		 1479
Catholic Monarchy(Castile andAragon)		 1516
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)
801
County of Barcelona		 1516
Kingdom of Spain (Habsburg)		 1643-1653
Catalonia, united to the Kingdom of France

Andorra		 795
Les Valls (Diocese of Urgell)		 1278
Les Valls		 1396
Les Valls (Crown of Aragon)		 1398
Lordship of Les Valls		 1516
Lordship of Les Valls (Kingdom of Spain)		 1607
Principality of Andorra		 1812
French Empire		 1814
Principality of Andorra		 1933
French Republic		 1940
Principality of Andorra
Andorra

Malta		 870
Aghlabids		 1091
County of Sicily		 1130
Kingdom of Sicily		 1194
County of Malta (Swabians)		 1266
Kingdom of Sicily		 1283
Crown of Aragon		 1479
Catholic Monarchy(Castile and Aragon)		 1516
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)		 1530
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem		 1798
French Republic		 1800
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland		 1922
United Kingdom		 1964
Republic of Malta
Malta

San Marino		 301
Most Serene Republic of San Marino
San Marino

Vatican City		 752
Papal States		 1870
States of the Church		 1929
Vatican City
Vatican City

Italy		 705
Saracens, Giudicati		 1185
Giudicati(Holy Roman Empire, Crown of Aragon)		 1323
Crown of Aragon		 1479
Catholic Monarchy(Castile and Aragon)		 1504
Crown of Aragon		 1516
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)		 1714
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)		 1716
Kingdom of Spain		 1720
Kingdom of Sardinia		 1861
Kingdom of Italy		 1946
Italian Republic
Italy
965
Emirate of Sicily(Fatimid Caliphate)		 1071
County of Sicily		 1130
Kingdom of Sicily		 1137
Kingdom of Sicily		 1155
Kingdom of Sicily		 1282
Kingdom of Sicily		 1720
Kingdom of Sicily(Holy Roman Empire)		 1735
Kingdom of Sicily(Spain)		 1816
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
851
Principality of Salerno		 1042
Duchy of Apulia and Calabria		 1282
Kingdom of Naples		 1714
Kingdom of Naples(Holy Roman Empire)		 1735
Kingdom of Naples(Spain)		 1799
Neapolitan Republic(French Republic)
1799
Kingdom of Naples(Spain)		 1806
Kingdom of Naples(French Empire)		 1815
Kingdom of Naples(Spain)
571
Duchy of Benevento
839
Principality of Capua		 1027
Duchy of Naples
1027
Principality of Capua
1000
Republic of Venice		 1797
Cisalpine Republic(French Republic)		 1802
Italian Republic(French Republic)		 1805
Kingdom of Italy(French Empire)		 1815
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia(Austrian Empire)
752
Papal States		 1796
Cispadane Republic(French Republic)		 1814
Duchy of Modena and Reggio		 1859
United Provinces of Central Italy(Sardinia)
962
Holy Roman Empire		 1032
Holy Roman Empire		 1378
Holy Roman Empire		 1796
Transpadane Republic(French Republic)		 1815
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1796
Holy Roman Empire		 1804
French Empire		 1810
French Empire		 1814
Duchy of Parma

France		 933
Kingdom of Burgundy		 1378
Kingdom of France		 1492
Kingdom of France		 1791
Kingdom of the French		 1792
French Republic		 1794
French Republic		 1814
Kingdom of France		 1830
Kingdom of the French		 1848
French Republic		 1852
French Empire		 1870
French Republic		 1940
French State(Nazi Germany)		 1944
French Republic		 1946
French Republic		 1958
French Republic
France
843
Kingdom of France

Belgium		 962
Holy Roman Empire		 1291
Holy Roman Empire		 1579
Spanish Netherlands (Habsburg)		 1713
Austrian Netherlands (Habsburg)		 1790
United States of Belgium
1790
Austrian Netherlands (Austria)		 1815
United Kingdom of the Netherlands		 1830
Kingdom of Belgium		 1940
Kingdom of Belgium (Nazi Germany)		 1944
Kingdom of Belgium
Belgium

Luxembourg		 1790
Austrian Netherlands (Habsburg)		 1830
Netherlands		 1839
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg		 1940
Luxembourg (Nazi Germany)		 1942
Nazi Germany		 1944
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Luxembourg

Netherlands		 1579
Holy Roman Empire		 1581
Dutch Republic		 1795
Batavian Republic		 1806
Kingdom of Holland		 1839
Netherlands		 1940
Netherlands (Nazi Germany)		 1945
Netherlands
Netherlands

Switzerland		 1291
Swiss Confederacy		 1798
Helvetic Republic		 1802
Swiss Confederation		 1815
Swiss Confederation		 1848
Switzerland
Switzerland

Liechtenstein		 1291
Holy Roman Empire		 1701
Kingdom of Prussia(Holy Roman Empire)		 1772
Kingdom of Prussia(Holy Roman Empire)		 1806
Liechtenstein		 1815
German Confederation		 1866
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein

Germany		 1806
Confederation of the Rhine(French Empire)		 1866
North German Confederation		 1871
German Empire		 1919
German Reich		 1933
Nazi Germany		 1938
Nazi Germany		 1945
German Realm		 1949
West Germany		 1990
Germany
Germany
1949
East Germany

Poland		 960
Civitas Schinesghe		 1025
Kingdom of Poland		 1385
Kingdom of Poland		 1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth		 1807
Duchy of Warsaw (French Empire)		 1918
Republic of Poland		 1944
People's Republic of Poland		 1990
Republic of Poland
Poland

Austria		 962
Holy Roman Empire		 1278
Habsburg Austria		 1526
Habsburg Austria		 1804
Austrian Empire		 1867
Austria–Hungary		 1878
Austria–Hungary		 1918
German Austria
1919
Federal State of Austria		 1945
Allied-occupied Austria		 1955
Republic of Austria
Austria

Czech Republic		 1278
Holy Roman Empire		 1918
Czechoslovak Republic		 1945
Czechoslovak Republic		 1960
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic		 1990
Czech and Slovak Federal Republic		 1992
Czech Republic
Czech Republic

Slovakia		 1939
Slovak State		 1992
Slovakia
Slovakia

Hungary		 896
Principality of Hungary		 1000
Kingdom of Hungary		 1918
Republic of Hungary
1919
Kingdom of Hungary		 1946
Republic of Hungary
Hungary

Slovenia		 962
Holy Roman Empire		 1804
Austrian Empire		 1918
Kingdom of Yugoslavia		 1943
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia		 1991
Republic of Slovenia
Slovenia

Croatia		 925
Kingdom of Croatia		 1102
Kingdom of Croatia(Hungary)		 1527
Kingdom of Croatia(Habsburg)		 1991
Republic of Croatia
Croatia

Bosnia and Herzegovina		 Banate of Bosnia(Bulgaria) 1019
Banate of Bosnia(Byzantine Empire)		 1082
Kingdom of Duklja		 1102
Banate of Bosnia(Hungary)		 1166
Banate of Bosnia(Byzantine Empire)		 1377
Kingdom of Bosnia		 1463
Ottoman Empire		 1540
Ottoman Empire		 1817
Ottoman Empire		 1991
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia		 1992
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina		 1997
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina

Serbia		 Serb State 1018
Byzantine Empire		 1077
Kingdom of Duklja		 1102
Kingdom of Duklja		 1219
Serbian Kingdom of Raška		 1341
Serbian Kingdom of Raška		 1346
Serbian Empire		 1371
Moravian Serbia		 1402
Serbian Despotate		 1817
Principality of Serbia		 1882
Kingdom of Serbia		 1992
Serbia and Montenegro		 2006
Republic of Serbia
Serbia

Montenegro		 1341
Principality of Zeta		 1496
Ottoman Empire		 1817
Ottoman Empire		 1821
Ottoman Empire		 1852
Principality of Montenegro		 1910
Kingdom of Montenegro		 2006
Montenegro
Montenegro

Macedonia		 680
First Bulgarian Empire		 1077
Byzantine Empire		 1185
Byzantine Empire		 1257
Second Bulgarian Empire		 1277
Byzantine Empire		 1282
Serbian Kingdom of Raška		 1346
Serbian Empire		 1392
Ottoman Empire		 1396
Ottoman Empire		 1479
Ottoman Empire		 1852
Ottoman Empire		 1878
Ottoman Empire		 1912
Kingdom of Serbia		 1991
Republic of Macedonia
Macedonia

Bulgaria		 1185
Second Bulgarian Empire		 1277
Second Bulgarian Empire		 1878
Principality of Bulgaria		 1908
Kingdom of Bulgaria		 1946
People's Republic of Bulgaria		 1990
Republic of Bulgaria
Bulgaria

Albania		 1185
Byzantine Empire		 1190
Principality of Arbër		 1255
Despotate of Epirus		 1261
Byzantine Empire		 1272
Kingdom of Albania(Sicily)		 1368
Princedom of Albania		 1444
League of Lezhë		 1878
Ottoman Empire		 1912
Provisional Government of Albania		 1914
Principality of Albania		 1925
Albanian Republic		 1928
Albanian Kingdom		 1939
Albanian Kingdom(Italy)		 1943
Albanian Kingdom(Germany)		 1946
Socialist People's Republic of Albania		 1991
Republic of Albania
Albania
1190
Byzantine Empire		 1204
Despotate of Epirus		 1272
Byzantine Empire		 1453
Byzantine Empire		 1914
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus

Greece		 330
Byzantine Empire		 1204
Latin Empire		 1453
Ottoman Empire		 1821
Eastern Continental Greece		 1822
Hellenic Republic		 1832
Kingdom of Greece		 1924
Hellenic Republic		 1935
Kingdom of Greece		 1941
Hellenic State(Germany andItaly)		 1944
Kingdom of Greece		 1974
Hellenic Republic
Greece

Turkey		 1077
Sultanate of Rûm		 1299
Ottoman Empire		 1821
Ottoman Empire		 1923
Republic of Turkey
Turkey

Romania		 Dacia 168 BC
Dacia		 1241
Golden Horde(Mongol Empire)		 1317
Principality of Wallachia		 1417
Principality of Wallachia(Ottoman Empire))		 1859
United Principalities		 1881
Kingdom of Romania		 1918
Kingdom of Romania		 1940
Kingdom of Romania		 1941
Kingdom of Romania		 1944
Kingdom of Romania		 1947
Socialist Republic of Romania		 1989
Romania
Romania
1317
Golden Horde(Mongol Empire)		 1346
Principality of Moldavia		 1538
Principality of Moldavia (Ottoman Empire)		 1812
Principality of Moldavia (Ottoman Empire)

Moldova		 1812
Russian Empire		 1914
Russian Empire		 1917
Moldavian Democratic Republic		 1940
Soviet Union		 1944
Soviet Union		 1991
Moldova
Moldova

Ukraine		 880
Kievan Rus'		 1001
Kievan Rus'		 1162
Kievan Rus'		 1175
Principality of Pereyaslavl		 1346
Golden Horde(Mongol Empire)		 1441
Crimean Khanate		 1478
Crimean Khanate (Ottoman Empire)		 1772
Russian Empire		 1795
Russian Empire		 1917
Ukrainian People's Republic		 1920
Soviet Ukraine		 1922
Soviet Union		 1939
Soviet Union		 1941
Nazi Germany		 1990
Ukraine
Ukraine
1175
Kievan Rus'		 1199
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia		 1349
Grand Duchy of Lithuania		 1404
Grand Duchy of Lithuania		 1569
Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania		 1917
West Ukrainian People's Republic		 1920
Republic of Poland

Belarus		 1162
Principality of Turov and Pinsk		 1223
Principality of Turov and Pinsk(Galicia–Volhynia)		 1263
Kingdom of Belarus		 1917
Belarusian People’s Republic		 1990
Republic of Belarus
Belarus
1920
Soviet Byelorussia		 1922
Soviet Union
1001
Principality of Polotsk

Russia		 1001
Kievan Rus'		 1010
Principality of Smolensk		 1917
Russian Republic
1917
Soviet Russia		 1941
Soviet Union		 1991
Russian Federation
Russia
1010
Kievan Rus'		 1024
Principality of Chernigov		 1097
Principality of Chernigov		 1401
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1097
Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
1097
Principality of Murom-Ryazan		 1237
Mongol Empire		 1238
Mongol Empire		 1240
Golden Horde(Mongol Empire)		 1283
Golden Horde(Mongol Empire)		 1520
Grand Duchy of Moscow		 1547
Tsardom of Russia		 1721
Russian Empire
1024
Kievan Rus'		 1093
Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal		 1283
Grand Duchy of Moscow (Mongol Empire)		 1478
Grand Duchy of Moscow (Mongol Empire)		 1480
Grand Duchy of Moscow
1093
Kievan Rus'		 1136
Novgorod Republic

Lithuania		 Baltic People 1009
Lithuanians		 1251
Kingdom of Lithuania		 1263
Grand Duchy of Lithuania		 1569
Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania		 1914
Ober Ost(German Empire)		 1918
Republic of Lithuania		 1941
Nazi Germany		 1990
Republic of Lithuania
Lithuania

Latvia		 Baltic People 1180
Principality of Koknese		 1207
Livonia		 1219
Livonia		 1224
Teutonic Order		 1346
Teutonic Order		 1525
Livonia		 1559
Livonia		 1561
Livonia		 1562
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia(Lithuania)		 1569
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia(Poland and Lithuania)		 1791
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia		 1918
Republic of Latvia		 1990
Republic of Latvia
Latvia
1561
Duchy of Livonia(Lithuania)		 1569
Duchy of Livonia(Poland and Lithuania)		 1629
Swedish Livonia(Swedish Empire)		 1721
Russian Empire		 1741
Russian Empire

Estonia		 Ancient Estonians 1561
Duchy of Estonia(Swedish Empire)		 1645
Duchy of Estonia(Swedish Empire)		 1918
Republic of Estonia		 1990
Republic of Estonia
Estonia
1219
Duchy of Estonia(Kingdom of Denmark)		 1559
Duchy of Estonia(Kingdom of Denmark)

Finland		 1249
Kingdom of Sweden		 1397
Kalmar Union		 1523
Kingdom of Sweden		 1611
Kingdom of Sweden		 1718
Kingdom of Sweden		 1914
Russian Empire		 1917
Republic of Finland
Finland

Sweden		 1000
Kingdom of Sweden		 1741
Kingdom of Sweden		 1814
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway		 1905
Kingdom of Sweden
Sweden

Norway		 872
Kingdom of Norway		 1030
Kingdom of Denmark		 1035
Kingdom of Norway		 1262
Kingdom of Norway		 1523
Kalmar Union		 1536
Denmark–Norway		 1905
Kingdom of Norway		 1940
Kingdom of Norway (Nazi Germany)		 1945
Kingdom of Norway
Norway

Iceland		 930
Icelandic Commonwealth		 1814
Kingdom of Denmark		 1918
Kingdom of Iceland (Kingdom of Denmark)		 1941
Iceland (Great Britain)		 1944
Iceland
Iceland

Denmark		 980
Kingdom of Denmark		 1918
Kingdom of Denmark		 1941
Kingdom of Denmark (Nazi Germany)		 1945
Kingdom of Denmark
Denmark
Current Sovereign States / Decades before
1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Decades / Current Sovereign States
Empires are highlighted by color:
Habsburg Spain, Spanish Empire, Spain
Kingdom of France, French Empire, France
Dutch Republic, Dutch Empire, Batavian Republic, Kingdom of Holland, United Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands
Holy Roman Empire, German Confederation, German Empire, Nazi Germany, Germany
Habsburg Austria, Austrian Empire, Austria–Hungary, Austria
Byzantine Empire
Ottoman Empire, Turkey
Mongol Empire
First Bulgarian Empire, Second Bulgarian Empire, Bulgaria
Grand Duchy of Moscow, Tsardom of Russia, Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Russia
Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lithuania
Kingdom of Sweden, Swedish Empire, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, Sweden
Kingdom of Denmark, Kalmar Union, Denmark-Norway, Denmark
Norwegian Empire, Norway
Kingdom of England, Commonwealth of England, The Protectorate, Kingdom of Great Britain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom

See also

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