Timeline of diving technology

This is a timeline of underwater technology.

Pre-industrial

19th century

Rebreathers appear

Diving helmets get improved and commonly used

The first diving regulators

Diving set by Rouquayrol and Denayrouze with barrel-shaped air tank on the diver's back, depicted here in its surface-supplied configuration.

Gas and air cylinders appear

Underwater photography appears

The oceanographer and biologist Emil Racoviță, here equipped with a standard diving dress. An underwater photograph taken by Louis Boutan (Banyuls-sur-Mer, south of France, 1899).

Decompression sickness becomes a problem

20th century

The diving regulator reappears

World War II

Postwar

Public interest in scuba diving takes off

Norwegian diving pioneer Odd Henrik Johnsen with 1960's diving equipment.

21st century

See also

Notes

  1. (in Portuguese) Archived January 16, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  2. See:
    • Herodotus with Rev. William Beloe, ed., The History of Herodotus … (London, England: Leigh and Sotheby, 1791), volume 3, p. 342.
    • Pausanius with W.H.S. Jones, trans. & ed., Description of Greece (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1929), volume 4, p. 471.
    • W. R. Paton, trans. The Greek Anthology (London, Engand: William Heinemann, 1917), volume 3, pp. 158-159, Epigram 296 (by Apollonides).
    • Frost, Frank J. (October 1968) "Scyllias: Diving in Antiquity," Greece and Rome, 2nd series, 15 (2) : 180-185.
    • Robert F. Marx, The History of Underwater Exploration (Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990), p. 11.
    • "Scyllis" has also been spelled Scillis, Scyllias, Scyllos, and Scyllus.
  3. Arthur J. Bachrach, "History of the Diving Bell", Historical Diving Times, Iss. 21 (Spring 1998)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Acott, C. (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression illness.". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
  5. De Beauve's diving dress mentioned (in English) in the Musée du Scaphandre website (a diving museum in Espalion, south of France)
  6. de Beauve's diving dress dedicated page (in French) in the Musée du Scaphandre website (a diving museum in Espalion, south of France)
  7. Fréminet's invention mentioned in the Musée du Scaphandre website (a diving museum in Espalion, south of France)
  8. Alain Perrier, 250 réponses aux questions du plongeur curieux, Éditions du Gerfaut, Paris, 2008, ISBN 978-2-35191-033-7 (p.46, in French)
  9. French explorer and inventor Jacques-Yves Cousteau mentions Fréminet's invention and shows this 1784 painting in his 1955 documentary Le Monde du silence.
  10. In 1784 Fréminet sent six copies of a treatise about his machine hydrostatergatique to the chamber of Guienne (nowadays called Guyenne). On April 5, 1784, the archives of the Chamber of Guienne (Chambre de Commerce de Guienne) officially recorded: Au sr Freminet, qui a adressé à la Chambre six exemplaires d'un précis sur une « machine hydrostatergatique » de son invention, destinée à servir en cas de naufrage ou de voie d'eau déclarée.
  11. Tall, Jeffrey (2002). Submarines & Deep-Sea Vehicles. Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 978-1-57145-778-3.
  12. 1 2 3 Ecott, Tim (2001). Neutral Buoyancy: Adventures in a Liquid World. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-794-1. LCCN 2001018840.
  13. Mario Theriault, Great Maritime Inventions 1833-1950, Goose Lane, 2001, p. 46
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Historical Diving Society magazine issue 45, page 37
  15. Neyland, Robert S (2005). "Underwater Archaeology and the Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley.". In: Godfrey, JM; Shumway, SE. Diving For Science 2005. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences Symposium on March 10–12, 2005 at the University of Connecticut at Avery Point, Groton, Connecticut. (American Academy of Underwater Sciences). Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  16. "The Carmagnolle Brothers Armoured Dress". Historical Diving Times (37). Autumn 2005.
  17. Roc Roussey, Vincent. "Mannequins équipés en matériel français" [Suits of French manufacture] (in French). Association Les Pieds Lourds. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
  18. 1 2 "plongee souterraine - avec ou sans bulles".
  19. Ichtioandre's technical drawing.
  20. Bech, Janwillem. "Theodor Schwann". Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  21. 1 2 Quick, D. (1970). "A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus". Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. RANSUM-1-70. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  22. Edmonds, Carl; Lowry, C; Pennefather, John. "History of diving.". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 5 (2). Retrieved 2009-03-17.
  23. "» Le scaphandre à casque de Joseph Martin Cabirol".
  24. Notes:
    • On November 14, 1838, Dr. Manuel Théodore Guillaumet of Argentan, Normandy, France, filed a patent for a twinhose demand regulator; the diver was provided air through pipes from the surface. The apparatus was demonstrated to, and investigated by, a committee of the French Academy of Sciences: "Mèchanique appliquée -- Rapport sur une cloche à plongeur inventée par M. Guillaumet" (Applied mechanics -- Report on a diving bell invented by Mr. Guillaumet), Comptes rendus, vol. 9, pages 363-366 (September 16, 1839).
    • Illustration of diving apparatus invented by Dr. Manuel Théodore Guillaumet from: Alain Perrier, 250 Réponses aux questions du plongeur curieux [250 Answers to the questions of the curious diver] (Aix-en-Provence, France: Éditions du Gerfaut, 2008), page 45.
    • On June 19, 1838, in London, England, a Mr. William Edward Newton first filed a patent (no. 7695: "Diving apparatus") for a diaphram-actuated, twin-hose demand valve for divers. (See: John Bevan (1990) "The First Demand Valve?," SPUMS Journal [SPUMS = South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society], vol. 20, no. 4, pages 239-240 [reprinted from: Diver (U.K. magazine) of February 1989].) However, it is believed that Mr. Newton was merely filing a patent on behalf of Dr. Guillaumet. (See: le scaphandre autonome (scuba diving): "Un brevet semblable est déposé en 1838 par William Newton en Angleterre. Il y a tout lieu de penser que Guillaumet, devant les longs délais de dépôt des brevets en France, a demandé à Newton de faire enregistrer son brevet en Angleterre où la procédure est plus rapide, tout en s'assurant les droits exclusifs d'exploitation sur le brevet déposé par Newton." (A similar patent was filed in 1838 by William Newton in England. There is every reason to think that owing to the long delays in filing patents in France, Guillaumet asked Newton to register his patent in England where the procedure was faster, while ensuring the exclusive rights to exploit the patent filed by Newton.) [Note: The illustration of the apparatus in Newton's patent application is identical to that in Guillaumet's patent application; furthermore, Mr. Newton was apparently an employee of the British Office for Patents, who applied for patents on behalf of foreign applicants.]
      Also from "le scaphandre autonome" Web site: "Reconstruit au XXe siècle par les Américains, ce détendeur fonctionne parfaitement, mais, si sa réalisation fut sans doute effective au XIXe, les essais programmés par la Marine Nationale ne furent jamais réalisés et l'appareil jamais commercialisé." (Reconstructed in twentieth century by the Americans, this regulator worked perfectly; however, although it was undoubtedly effective in the nineteenth century, the test programs by the French Navy were never conducted and the apparatus was never sold.))
  25. Description of the Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus in the Musée du Scaphandre website (a diving museum in Espalion, south of France)
  26. 1 2 Butler WP (2004). "Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges: A review". Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (4): 445–59. PMID 15686275. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  27. Bert, P. (originally published 1878). "Barometric Pressure: researches in experimental physiology". Translated by: Hitchcock MA and Hitchcock FA. College Book Company; 1943. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The entries marked # are about decompression tables.
  29. Boycott, A. E.; G. C. C. Damant; J. S. Haldane (1908). "Prevention of compressed air illness". J. Hygiene 8: 342–443. doi:10.1017/S0022172400003399. PMC 2167126. PMID 20474365. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Carter Jr, R. C. (1977). "Pioneering Inner Space: The Navy Experimental Diving Unit's First 50 Years". US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. NEDU-1-77. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
  31. Drägerwerk dedicated page in Divingheritage.com.
  32. 1 2 Alain Perrier, 250 réponses aux questions du plongeur curieux, Éditions du Gerfaut, Paris, 2008, ISBN 978-2-35191-033-7 (p.65, in French)
  33. Historical Diving Society magazine issue 45, page 43
  34. In the 1950s capitaine de frégate (Commander) Philippe Tailliez still was thinking that De Corlieu conceived his fins for the first time in 1924 (in fact he's started ten years earlier). See page 14 in Capitaine de frégate PHILIPPE TAILLIEZ, Plongées sans câble, Arthaud, Paris, January 1954, Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 1954 - Édition N° 605 - Impression N° 243 (in French)
  35. A study research about Maurice Fernez's apparatuses (free translated to Italian from original French and English texts).
  36. url=http://www.underwaterhunters.com/Hist_History%20of%20Sab%20Diego%20Bottom%20Scratchers.asp
  37. Alain Perrier, 250 réponses aux questions du plongeur curieux, Éditions du Gerfaut, Paris, 2008, ISBN 978-2-35191-033-7 (p.66, in French)
  38. The Musée du Scaphandre website (a diving museum in Espalion, south of France) mentions how Gagnan and Cousteau adapted a Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus by means of the Air Liquide company (in French).
  39. The 1943 documentary film Épaves, in Google vidéos (in French). Two early Aqua-Lung prototypes can be appreciated in the film.]
  40. Capitaine de frégate PHILIPPE TAILLIEZ, Plongées sans câble, Arthaud, Paris, January 1954, Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 1954 - Édition N° 605 - Impression N° 243 (page 52, in French)
  41. Jacques-Yves Cousteau & Frédéric Dumas, Le Monde du silence, Éditions de Paris, Paris, 1953, Dépôt légal 1er Trimestre 1954 - Édition N° 228 - Impression N° 741 (pp. 35-37, in French)
  42. 1 2 Historical Diving Times, issue #44 (summer 2008), pages 5-12
  43. Capitaine de frégate PHILIPPE TAILLIEZ, Plongées sans câble, Arthaud, Paris, January 1954, Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 1954 - Édition N° 605 - Impression N° 243 (page 59, in French)
  44. Jacques-Yves Cousteau & Frédéric Dumas, Le Monde du silence, Éditions de Paris, Paris, 1953, Dépôt légal 1er Trimestre 1954 - Édition N° 228 - Impression N° 741 (page 72, in French)
  45. "Articles - Collectionneur de vieux détendeurs/ Vintage double hose regs collector".
  46. The Siebe Gorman tadpole set is here described by a French collector.
  47. "404 - Page Not Found".
  48. Fulton, H. T.; Welham W., Dwyer J. V., Dobbins, R. F. (1952). "Preliminary Report on Protection Against Cold Water". US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. NEDU-5-52. Retrieved 2008-04-21. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  49. Valentine, R. BSAC: The Club 1953-2003. BSAC. ISBN 978-0-9538919-5-5.
  50. 1 2 3 BSAC. "Section 1.1 A Brief History of the British Sub-Aqua Club". BSAC. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  51. "LA County Scuba". LACountyScuba.com. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
  52. Brylske, A. "A Brief History of Diving, part 2: Evolution of the Self-Contained Diver". Diver Training magazine. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  53. Lord Kilbracken (1963). "The Long, Deep Dive". National Geographic (National Geographic Society) 123 (5): 718–731.
  54. Sténuit, Robert (1966). The Deepest Days. Trans. Morris Kemp. New York: Coward-McCann.
  55. Workman, R. D. (1965). "Calculation of Decompression Schedules for Nitrogen-Oxygen and Helium-Oxygen Dives". US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. NEDU-6-65. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
  56. Böni M., Schibli R., Nussberger P., Bühlmann Albert A. (1976). "Diving at diminished atmospheric pressure: air decompression tables for different altitudes". Undersea Biomedical Research 3 (3): 189–204. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 969023. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  57. http://www.iantd.cz/pl/about/history/
  58. http://www.tdisdi.com.au/intro_history.php
  59. Allen, C (1996). "BSAC gives the OK to nitrox. reprinted from Diver 1995; 40(5) May: 35-36.". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 26 (4). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  60. Richardson, D and Shreeves, K (1996). "The PADI Enriched Air Diver course and DSAT oxygen exposure limits.". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 26 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  61. "Navy Diver Sets Record with 2,000 foot Dive". Archived from the original on August 21, 2011.

References

Other diving history timelines (external links)

There are other diving history chronologies at:

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