Todmorden

Todmorden

A view over Todmorden
Todmorden
 Todmorden shown within West Yorkshire
Population 15,481 (Including Cornholme and Portsmouth, West Yorkshire. 2011)
OS grid referenceSD936241
   – London  174 mi (280 km) SSE 
Civil parishTodmorden
Metropolitan boroughCalderdale
Metropolitan county West Yorkshire
RegionYorkshire and the Humber
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post town TODMORDEN
Postcode district OL14
Dialling code 01706
Police West Yorkshire
Fire West Yorkshire
Ambulance Yorkshire
EU Parliament Yorkshire and the Humber
UK ParliamentCalder Valley
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire

Coordinates: 53°42′47″N 2°05′46″W / 53.713°N 2.096°W / 53.713; -2.096

Todmorden (/ˈtɒdmədən/; locally /ˈtɒdmɔːdən/[1] /ˈtɒdmərdən/ or /tɔːmdɪn/)[2] is a market town and civil parish[3] in the Upper Calder Valley in Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England. It is 17 miles (27 km) from Manchester and in 2011 had a population of 15,481.[4]

Todmorden is at the confluence of three steep-sided Pennine valleys and is surrounded by moorlands with outcrops of sandblasted gritstone.

The historic boundary between Yorkshire and Lancashire is the River Calder and its tributary, the Walsden Water, which run through the town. The administrative border was altered by the Local Government Act 1888 placing the whole of the town within the West Riding.

The town is served by Todmorden and Walsden railway stations.

History

Toponymy

The name Todmorden first appears in 1641. The town had earlier been called Tottemerden, Totmardene, Totmereden or Totmerden. The generally accepted meaning of the name is Totta's boundary-valley, probably a reference to the valley running north-west from the town.[5] Alternative suggestions have been proposed, such as the speculation "maybe fancifully" that the name derives from two words for death: tod and mor (as in mort), meaning "death-death-wood",[6] or that the name meant "marshy home of the fox", from the Old English.

Pagan prehistory

In 1898 Blackheath Barrow—a ring cairn monument situated above Cross Stone in Todmorden[7]—was excavated and proved to be a site of "surpassing archaeological interest", according to J. Lawton Russell, one of the men who carried out the excavation.[8] Various Bronze Age items were discovered, including sepulchral urns, a human skull, teeth and hands.

Russell contended that Blackheath Barrow was primarily a religious site, specifically intended for the "performance of funeral rites", as there was no evidence that it had been settled for domestic use. Of particular interest were the four cairns, positioned at the cardinal points of the compass, and it has been suggested that this indicates "a ritual evocation of the airts, or spirits of the four directions, with obvious correlates in relation to spirits in the land of the dead".[9]

The various finds from the 1898 dig are now housed in the Todmorden Library, on permanent display.[10]

Early history

Todmorden c.1870

The earliest written record of the area is in the Domesday Book (1086) . Settlement in medieval Todmorden was dispersed. Most people living in scattered farms or in isolated hilltop agricultural settlements. Packhorse trails were marked by ancient stones of which many still survive.

For hundreds of years streams from the surrounding hills provided water for corn and fulling mills. Todmorden grew to relative prosperity by combining farming with the production of woollen textiles. Some yeomen clothiers were able to build fine houses, a few of which still exist today. Increasingly, though, the area turned to cotton. The proximity of Manchester, as a source of material and trade, was undoubtedly a strong factor. Another was that the strong Pennine streams and rivers were able to power the machine looms. Improvements in textile machinery (by Kay, Hargreaves and Arkwright), along with the development of turnpike roads (1751–1781), helped to develop the new cotton industry and to increase the local population.

19th century

In 1801 most people still lived in the uplands; Todmorden itself could be considered as a mere village. During the years 1800–1845 great changes took place in the communications and transport of the town which were to have a crucial effect on promoting industrial growth. These included the building of: (1) better roads; (2) the Rochdale Canal (1804); and (3) the main line of the Manchester and Leeds Railway (1841), which became the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1847. This railway line incorporated the (then) longest tunnel in the world, the 2,885-yard Summit Tunnel. A second railway, from Todmorden to Burnley, opened as a single line in 1849, being doubled to meet demand in 1860. A short connecting line, from Stansfield Hall to Hall Royd, completed the "Todmorden Triangle" in 1862, thus enabling trains to travel in all three directions (Manchester, Leeds and Burnley) without reversing.

The Industrial Revolution caused a concentration of industry and settlement along the valley floor and a switch from woollens to cotton. One family in the area was particularly influential on the town; the Fielden family. They created a "dynasty" that changed the town forever by establishing several large mills, putting up assorted impressive buildings and bringing about social and educational change.

A double murder took place at Christ Church, Todmorden on 2 March 1868. The victims' graves lie in the churchyard. Miles Weatherhill, a 23-year-old weaver from the town, was forbidden from seeing his housemaid sweetheart, Sarah Bell, by the Reverend Anthony John Plow. Armed with four pistols and an axe, Weatherhill took revenge first on the vicar and then on Jane Smith, another maid who had informed Plow of the secret meetings. Miss Smith died at the scene, while the vicar survived another week before succumbing to his injuries. Weatherhill also seriously injured the vicar's wife. On 4 April 1868 Weatherhill became the last person to be publicly hanged in Manchester, at the New Bailey prison.[11][12][13][14] Local legend has it that the face of a young woman is sometimes seen in the window of the vicarage, now in private ownership.

20th century

Throughout the first decade of the 20th century, the population of the Borough of Todmorden remained constant. The ten-yearly UK census returns show figures of 25,418 in 1901 and 25,404 in 1911. Like the rest of the Upper Calder Valley, Todmorden's economy experienced a slow decline from around the end of the First World War onwards, accelerating after the Second World War until around the late 1970s. During this period there was a painful restructuring of the local economy with the closure of mills and the demise of heavy industry.

On 1 January 1907, Todmorden Corporation became only the second municipality in the British Isles to operate a motor bus service. By the end of that year, the fleet had expanded to five double-deck vehicles: two by Critchley-Norris, two by Lancashire Steam (predecessor of Leyland Motors) and one by Ryknield. In 1931, the service became jointly operated by the Corporation and the LMS railway under the name "Todmorden Joint Omnibus Committee". At its maximum size in the 1940s and 1950s, the undertaking operated 40 vehicles over 50 route miles (80 km) through the rugged South Pennine terrain.

Until 1938, the town was served by no fewer than six railway stations: Todmorden, Stansfield Hall, Cornholme, Portsmouth, Walsden and Eastwood. With the exception of Todmorden railway station, all closed during the middle third of the 20th century although Walsden railway station reopened on 10 September 1990 on a site a few yards north of the original 1845 railway station. In December 1984 a goods train carrying petrol derailed in the Summit Tunnel between Todmorden and Littleborough causing what is still considered as one of the biggest underground fires in transport history.[15]

In 1980, Todmorden found itself at the centre of a celebrated murder enquiry. On 11 June that year police were called to J.W. Parker's coal yard in Todmorden after the discovery of a body, subsequently identified as 56-year-old Zigmund Adamski from Tingley, near Wakefield. The former coal miner had not been seen since setting out on a local shopping trip five days earlier. Although still wearing a suit, his shirt, watch and wallet were missing. A post mortem established that he died of a heart attack earlier that day, and discovered burns on his neck, shoulders and back of his head. These appeared to have been dressed by a green ointment, which toxicology tests were unable to identify.[16] Adamski's case has never been solved, no suspect was ever arrested and in a television documentary the coroner, James Turnbull, described it as "one of the most puzzling cases I've come across in 25 years".[16] Among the explanations to gain currency was that Adamski was the victim of extraterrestrial abduction.[17] After intense media interest, the Todmorden police force were forbidden from talking further to the press about the case.[18]

In 2008, a group of local residents initiated the Incredible Edible Todmorden project to raise awareness of food issues and in particular local food and food provenance.[19] The project has been responsible for the planting of 40 public fruit and vegetable gardens throughout the town, with each plot inviting passers-by to help themselves to the open source produce.[19] The project has attracted publicity, media attention and visitors and the idea has been replicated in at least fifteen towns and villages in the UK.[19]

Governance

Coat of Arms of the former Todmorden Borough Council.

Todmorden has a complex geo-administrative history. It lies along the historic county boundary of Yorkshire and Lancashire.

Until the boundary reformation by the Local Government Act 1888, the Lancashire-Yorkshire boundary ran through the centre of Todmorden, following the River Calder to the north-west and the Walsden Water for less than 1 mi (1.6 km) to the south before turning south-eastwards across Langfield Common. The Town Hall, which was presented to Todmorden by the Fielden family and opened in 1875, straddles the Walsden Water; thus, from 1875 to 1888 it was possible to dance in the Town Hall ballroom, forward and back, across two counties of England.[20]

Following the Local Government Act 1894, the Todmorden Local Board became an Urban District Council, comprising the wards of Todmorden, Walsden, Langfield and Stansfield. At the same time, Todmorden Rural District Council, comprising the parishes of Blackshaw, Erringden, Heptonstall and Wadsworth, came into being. Two years later, on 2 June 1896, the town was granted a Charter of Incorporation and the area covered by the Urban District Council became a municipal borough. The number of wards was increased from four to six: Central, Walsden, Langfield, Stansfield, Stoodley and Cornholme. Todmorden Rural District was later renamed Hepton Rural District. Since the local government reforms of 1974, Todmorden has been administered as part of the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, within the Metropolitan county of West Yorkshire. At the local government level, Todmorden, the town, is almost entirely within Todmorden ward[21] although the eastern portion of the town toward Eastwood shares some of adjoining Calder ward[22] with Hebden Bridge.

Todmorden Town Council Composition


Election to Todmorden Town Council 7 May 2015
Party Seats Gains Losses Net gain/loss Seats % Votes % Votes +/−
  Labour 12 5 0 +5 66.7% 46.1% 7458 +10.7%
  Liberal Democrat 3 0 5 -5 16.7 % 30.2% 4880 -15.7%
  Green 2 2 0 +2 11.1% 9.5% 1536 +6.3%
  Conservative 1 1 0 +1 5.6% 5.9% 965 n/a
  UKIP 0 0 0 0 0% 5.2% 843 n/a
  Independent 0 0 3 -3 0% 1.4% 227 -12.8%
  National Front 0 0 0 0 0% 0.9% 145 n/a
  Total 18 16170 + 5926

[23]

Twin towns

Todmorden's twin towns are:

Geography

A view of Gauxholme & Walsden from Watty Lane.

Other villages and towns in the Upper Calder Valley include Hebden Bridge and Mytholmroyd. The territory of the civil parish of Todmorden also extends to cover Eastwood, Walsden, Cornholme, Mankinholes, Lumbutts, Robinwood, Lydgate, Portsmouth, Shade, Stansfield, Dobroyd, Ferney Lee, Gauxholme and Cross Stone.

Medieval Todmorden had consisted of the townships of Langfield and Stansfield in Yorkshire, and Todmorden/Walsden section of the greater township of Hundersfield in the Ancient Parish of Rochdale, Lancashire. The township of Todmorden and Walsden was created in 1801 by the union of the older villages of Todmorden and Walsden.

Economy

A typical weaving shed at Queen Street Mill Textile Museum, Burnley

Heavy industry is now part of Todmorden's history, not its present. The industrial chimneys have largely gone and the remaining mills have mostly been converted for other purposes. The town's industrial base is much reduced (at one time Todmorden had the largest weaving shed in the world). There has been a great deal of regeneration activity and Todmorden is now increasingly a commuter town for people working in Manchester, Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield and smaller towns. Todmorden also services the local rural area and attracts visitors through its market (indoor and outdoor), various events, heritage and the local Pennine countryside. Changing work patterns may have influenced the fact that the town was the first rural telephone exchange in Britain to be broadband-enabled through public demand. Rising house prices over recent years are a particular problem as there is limited land available in the valley for building affordable housing. It has for centuries been considered the safest accessible route directly across the Pennines.

Nightlife

Pubs in the town centre include the Duke of York, the Wellington, the Royal George, the Golden Lion, the White Heart (Wetherspoons) and the Polished Knob, known for live bands and music.

Landmarks

Todmorden Town Hall

Todmorden has a Greek Revival town hall (built 1866–1875) which dominates the centre of the town. The building straddles the Walsden Water, a tributary of the River Calder, and was situated in both Lancashire and Yorkshire until the administrative county boundary was moved on 1 January 1888. Designed by John Gibson of Westminster, this imposing building has a northern end which is semi-circular. One interesting external feature of the town hall is the pediment to the front elevation, which reflects the fact that it straddled the boundary as it depicts the main industries of the two counties. The fine carved stonework has two central female figures on a pedestal. The left-hand sculpture represents Lancashire (cotton spinning and weaving industries), and the right-hand one Yorkshire (wool manufacturing, engineering and agriculture).

Todmorden Market Hall

Todmorden has the look of a Victorian mill town. Other notable buildings include Dobroyd Castle (completed in 1869), now used as a residential activity centre for schoolchildren; the Edwardian Hippodrome Theatre, and the Grade I listed Todmorden Unitarian Church (built 1865–1869). Dobroyd Castle, the town hall and the Unitarian church were all built at the behest of John Fielden and his sons and designed by John Gibson, who had been a member of Charles Barry's team at the Houses of Parliament. Pre-Victorian buildings include two 18th century pubs; Todmorden Old Hall, a Grade II* listed manor house (Elizabethan) in the centre of town which is currently in use as a restaurant; and St. Mary's Church which dates from 1476.

Todmorden is situated alongside the Pennine Way, Pennine Bridleway, Mary Towneley Loop and Calderdale Way and is popular for outdoor activities such as walking, fell running, mountain biking and bouldering. Its attractions include canals and locks, a park containing a sports centre, an outdoor skateboard park, tennis courts, a golf course, an aquarium/reptile house and a cricket ground. There are wooded areas around the town and cafés and restaurants. The Hippodrome Theatre shows films as well as putting on live performances. The town has a small toy and model museum, a library and a tourist information centre, along with independent retailers. Annual events include a carnival, agricultural show, beer festival, music festival and the traditional Easter Pace Egg plays.

Centre Vale Park in Todmorden is the setting for several pieces of local art, including tree carvings by the sculptor John Adamson.[24] Also in the park are the reconstructed remains of Centre Vale Mansion, next to Todmorden War Memorial in the Garden of Remembrance, and nearby there is a sculpture of a dog. This was sculpted by local sculptor David Wynne[25] in 2005, and was cast in steel at the local Todmorden foundry Weir Minerals. It was donated to the park by the sculptor and the foundry, but installation was delayed for several years due to the extensive flood alleviation works. In 2011, the dog was featured on an episode of Derren Brown's The Experiments. Brown spread a rumour that the dog was lucky; it then gained a reputation for bringing luck to anyone that touched it. During the First World War the mansion was used as a military hospital.[26]

The 120 ft Stoodley Pike monument (built 1814 and rebuilt in 1854) stands atop the 1,300 ft hill of the same name. It commemorates the defeat of Napoleon and the surrender of Paris. It is a prominent feature of Todmorden's moors, and is a landmark on the Pennine Way.

Media

Todmorden has been used as a filming location for the 1980s BBC TV police drama Juliet Bravo, Territorial Army series All Quiet on the Preston Front, parts of The League of Gentlemen, BBC TV miniseries Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, the award-winning BBC1 series Life on Mars and a film adaptation of the novel My Summer of Love. The BBC One crime drama series Happy Valley, written by Halifax-born Sally Wainwright, is filmed in and around the town, amongst other locations.

Todmorden featured in a TV show about haunted buildings. The programme included a closed surgery in which Harold Shipman worked for a number of years, as well as the town hall (haunted by a grey lady), and Oddfellows Hall (known as Baxter's bar), which is haunted by a builder who died in the construction of the building in 1811.

Before May 2009, the links to Lancashire and the North West were also seen in the media with Todmorden receiving an analogue TV signal from BBC North West. Todmorden and the nearby towns and villages then received BBC Yorkshire analogue television from Leeds, whilst ITV regionalisation was from Yorkshire Television at Leeds and not Granada Television from Manchester. However, both transmissions were freely available in some areas of Walsden.

In February 2010, Todmorden featured in the BBC Radio 4 programme "Costing the Earth: The New Diggers".[27] Members of a guerrilla gardening group spoke about reclaiming unused land for growing vegetables, how this helps the local community and how it can be a driver for change.

In November 2011, Todmorden featured in the Channel 4 programme The Secret of Luck, in which Derren Brown sought to convince the town that the dog statue in Centre Vale Park brought good luck.

Todmorden received a visit from Prince Charles who came to support Mary Clear's Incredible Edible Todmorden project. This featured on BBC Yorkshire.

Todmorden's local newspaper is the Todmorden News owned by Johnston Press.

Singletrack Magazine, a national mountain biking magazine, is based in Todmorden.

Notable people

Science and Engineering

John Mitchell Nuttall (1890–1958) was a Todmorden-born physicist remembered for the Geiger-Nuttall law.

John Ramsbottom (engineer) (1814–1897) was a mechanical and railway engineer and inventor from the town.

Nobel Prize winners

Todmorden has two Nobel Prize winners: Prof. Sir John Cockcroft (Physics) and Prof. Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson (Chemistry). Despite 24 years' difference in their birth dates, both attended Todmorden Grammar School (now Todmorden High School with the prior grammar school building now home to Ferney Lee Primary School) and both had the same science master, Luke Sutcliffe.

Politics and Law

John Fielden (1784–1849), land and factory owner in Todmorden and scion of the town's Fielden family, was a Member of Parliament and national leader of the Ten Hours Campaign for factory reform.

Samuel Fielden (1847–1922), socialist, anarchist and labour activist who was one of the eight convicted in the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago. He was sentenced to death along with six other defendants, but after writing to the Illinois Governor asking for clemency his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in November 1887. He spent six years in prison before being pardoned, along with two other co-defendants, in 1893. He died in Colorado in 1922 and is buried in La Veta (Pioneer) Cemetery, Huerfano County, Colorado alongside his wife and two children.

Wilfred Judson, a justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, was born in and spent his early youth in Todmorden.

Rebecca Taylor, Liberal Democrat MEP for Yorkshire and the Humber 8 March 2012 – 2 July 2014

Arts and culture

Fred Lawless, Liverpool born theatre playwright has a house in Todmorden; he was also a writer for the BBC 1 TV series EastEnders, as well as several other TV and radio programmes.

Todmorden-born actor Dicken Ashworth appeared in Coronation Street and Brookside.

Antony Booth, actor, father of Cherie Blair and father-in-law of former Prime Minister Tony Blair, resides in Todmorden.

Manchester-born Becky Simpson is an award-winning actress. As a 10-year-old child she starred as Spoonface Steinberg in the BBC production by that name written by writer Lee Hall, famous for writing Billy Elliot. Becky is married to Wes Paul notable Rock and Roll lead singer with the Wes Paul Band; they are tenants of the Grade-I-listed lodge inside the gates of Todmorden Unitarian Church and are both members of the local management committee.

The Bayes family of artists were prominent in the 19th and 20th centuries. They were: Alfred Bayes (1832–1909), painter; Walter Bayes (1869–1856), painter; Gilbert Bayes (1872–1952), sculptor; and Jessie Bayes (1876–1970), painter (some of her work can be see at Lumbutts Methodist Church, Lumbutts, Todmorden).

William Holt (1897–1977) was a writer, painter, political activist, journalist and traveller. William was often seen riding his white horse Trigger around Todmorden and other local areas.

Keyboardist Keith Emerson (1944-2016), founder member of UK prog-rock groups The Nice and Emerson, Lake & Palmer, was born in the town while the family was evacuated from the south coast.[28]

John Helliwell, another Todmorden-born musician, was saxophonist in the band Supertramp.

Dale Hibbert, original bass player with The Smiths, author of "Boy Interrupted".

Geoff Love (1917–1991), the big band leader, was born in Todmorden.

John Kettley (born 1952), the former BBC weatherman, grew up in Todmorden.

Tim Benjamin (born 1975), the composer, lives in Todmorden, and the world premiere of his opera Emily was given at the town's Hippodrome Theatre in 2013.[29]

Sport

England Test cricketers Peter Lever (born 1940) and Derek Shackleton (1924–2007) are from Todmorden.

Other

Harold Shipman, the G.P. who is believed to have killed over 200 patients in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, claimed at least one of his victims while working as a doctor at the Abraham Ormerod Medical Centre between March 1974 and September 1975.[30][31] His first known victim, 70-year-old Eva Lyons, lived at Keswick Close in the town. Shipman had initially been charged with 15 murders committed around Hyde, Greater Manchester, between 1995 and 1998 when he went on trial in late 1999, but Lyons was only identified as a victim of Shipman when the inquiry into his crimes was completed in July 2002 by Dame Janet Smith.[32]

On 29 November 1980 police officer Alan Godfrey allegedly experienced an alien abduction and was the subject of Jenny Randles' book The Pennine UFO Mystery.[33][34]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ See page 828 of John C. Wells's LPD. Also, see 25 April 2008 and 29 January 2010
  2. ↑ Peter Wright, A Yorkshireman's Dictionary, page 8
  3. ↑ "Census 2001 – Todmorden CP (Parish)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
  4. ↑ "Town population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  5. ↑ Nicolaisen, Gelling & Richards, The Names of Towns and Cities in Britain, p. 181
  6. ↑ Glyn Hughes, foreword in "Todmorden Album 4", (Birch R.) p. 6
  7. ↑ "Blackheath Barrow: Archaeology". Calderdale Council. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  8. ↑ Russell's note of the excavations appears in H. Ling Wroth, The Yorkshire Coiners 1767–1783, and Notes on Old and Prehistoic Halifax
  9. ↑ "Blackheath Circle, Todmorden, West Yorkshire | The Northern Antiquarian". Megalithix.wordpress.com. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  10. ↑ "Todmorden Library". Calderdale Council. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  11. ↑ Hindley, Charles (1871). "Execution and Confession of Miles Weatherhill, The Young Weaver, and his Sweetheart, Sarah Bell". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  12. ↑ "The Murder At Todmorden Parsonage" (News). The Times (London). Thursday, 5 March 1868. (26064), col A, p. 12.
  13. ↑ "Northern Circuit. Manchester, 13 March., The Todmorden Murders" (Law). The Times (London). Saturday, 14 March 1868. (26072), p. 11.
  14. ↑ "Executions. Manchester" (News). The Times (London). Monday, 6 April 1868. (26091), col D, p. 10.
  15. ↑ Survivor! The Summit Tunnel. Parry, K. ISBN 0-948287-00-4
  16. 1 2 "U.F.O. In Todmorden Part 2.Alien Abduction". YouTube. 1 August 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  17. ↑ "BBC Inside Out – Alien abduction claims in Yorkshire". BBC. 3 February 2003. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  18. ↑ "Adamski case still fascinates". Todmorden News. 13 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  19. 1 2 3 Paull, John (2013) "Please Pick Me" – How Incredible Edible Todmorden is repurposing the commons for open source food and agricultural biodiversity, In J. Franzo, D. Hunter, T. Borelli & F. Mattei (Eds.). Diversifying Foods and Diets: Using Agricultural Biodiversity to Improve Nutrition and Health. Oxford: Earthscan, Routledge, pp.336–345.
  20. ↑ "Roses united": The Times (Letters) 15 August 2009
  21. ↑ Todmorden ward profile
  22. ↑ Calder ward
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ "index". Treesculptor.co.uk. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  25. ↑ "davidwynne.info". davidwynne.info. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  26. ↑ http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~todmordenandwalsden/ww1memorial.htm
  27. ↑ BBC4 Costing the Earth: The New Diggers
  28. ↑ Hanson, Martyn. Hang on to a Dream – The Story of the Nice. Helter Skelter Publishing. ISBN 1-900924-43-9.
  29. ↑ Todmorden News, 11 July 2013
  30. ↑ "The Shipman Enquiry". Retrieved 15 September 2007.
  31. ↑ "Abraham Ormerod Medical Centre". YouTube. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  32. ↑ "Shipman's 215 victims". BBC News. 13 January 2004. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  33. ↑ Randles, Jenny (1983). Pennine UFO Mystery. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0722189351.
  34. ↑ "Policeman Probed | FBI". Fortean Times. Retrieved 20 January 2014.

Bibliography

  • W. F. H., Nicolaisen; Gelling, M.; Richards, M. (1970). The Names of Towns and Cities in Britain. B. T. Batsford Ltd. ISBN 0-7134-0113-3. 

Further reading

External links

Media related to Todmorden at Wikimedia Commons

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