Tomb of Ferdowsi

One facet to the poet's mausoleum
Panorama of Ferdowsi's tomb, Tus, Iran

Tomb of Ferdowsi (Persian: آرامگاه فردوسی‎‎) is a tomb complex composed of a white marble base, and a decorative edifice erected in honor of this Persian poet located in Tus, Iran, in Razavi Khorasan province. It was built in the early 1930s,[1] under the Reza Shah, and uses mainly elements of Achaemenid architecture. The construction of the mausoleum as well as its aesthetic design is a reflection of the cultural, and geo-political status of Iran at the time. This article delves into the architecture of the tomb and its influences.

Background

Ferdowsi, the influential Persian poet and author of the Persian epic, Shahnameh died in 1020 A.D. in the Tus, Iran, Iran (Persia) in the same city that he was born in.[2] For all his literary contribution Ferdowsi was not recognized during his life. It was only after his death that his poems won him admiration. For hundreds of years, his resting place was nothing more than a minor dome-shrine erected by a Ghaznavid ruler of Khorasan, without any permanent edifice in place in the garden of his house where Ferdowsi's daughter had originally buried him.[3] In the beginning years of twentieth century Iran started to realize his critical role in defining identity of Iran.[3]

It was not until 1934 that the Iranian government then under the control of Reza Shah, first king of the Pahlavi dynasty recognized the cultural and literary value of Ferdowsi and erected a permanent tomb in his honor.[3] A Millenary celebration was also held for the poet inviting scholars from Soviet Tajikistan, India, Armenia, and Europe (Germany, France, England, etc.) which led to funds mainly from Parsi scholars' donations that led to building of a statue for the poet at his tomb site. The Pahlavi family used Ferdowsi as a vector to advance Iran's cultural prestige but in doing so nearly cost Ferdowsi his tomb since after the Islamic revolution frustrations with the Shah of Iran nearly led to destruction of Ferdowsi's tomb by the revolutionaries.[3][4]

The tomb was originally designed by the Iranian architect, Haj Hossein Lurzadeh who aside from Ferdowsi's tomb also created some 842 mosques, as well as the private palace of Ramsar, part of decoration of the Marmar palace, the Imam Hossein Mosque in Tehran, the motahari Mosque, and various parts of the Hazrat-i-Seyyed-o-Shouhada shrine in Karbala, Iraq.[5] The now existing design of the structure also owes mainly to Karim Taherzadeh who replaced the old dome-shape design by Lurzadeh into the modern cubical design that is now present.[6]

Ferdowsi's tomb is built in style of the Achaemenid architecture specially emulating the tomb of Cyrus the Great. There is a clear link between this choice of architectural style and the politics of Iran at the time. Four years before Reza Shah even came to power in 1922, a group of secular Iranian reformists had created the "Society for National Heritage" (SNH for short or in Persian anjoman-e asar-e meli).[7] Composed mostly of western educated, and pro-reform intellectuals such as Abdolhossein Teymourtash, Hassan Pirnia, Mostowfi ol-Mamalek, Mohammad Ali Foroughi, Firuz Mirza Firus Nosrat al-Dowleh, and Keikhosrow Shahrokh, the SNH was critical in eliciting the funds from the Iranian parliament.[7] Keikhosrow Shahrokh, Iran's Zoroastrian representative to the Iranian parliament was particularly active in revival of Achaemenid and Sassanid architecture in Iran in the 1930s.[7][8]

Structural Details

The basic structure of the tomb is rectangular with a large garden surrounding the structure and interacting with the structure in the Persian style of gardening known as Char-bagh (or Chaharbagh translating to four gardens in Persian). In the center of the cross created by the legs of the garden surrounding it, is an edifice made of primarily white marble. The edifice can be divided into a "wide chamber" that lies at the base and a cubical erection on top, with four pillars surrounding it and scenes from the epic of Shahnameh and text ornating it. The body of the poet is actually interred in the center of the rectangular wide chamber underneath the overlying four pillars cube.[3] There are twelve (12) steps leading from the lowest point of the wide chamber all the way to the level of the cube. The wide base has a total height of 16 m. The edifice has equal dimensions of 30 m on each side.

The following are schematic diagrams of the aerial view of the tomb's wide base and edifice section and their topography:

A unique feature of the design of Ferdowsi's tomb has been its resemblance to that of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae. Cyrus's tomb also has a rectangular structure seating atop a rectangular, gradually elevating base.[9] This resemblance is intentional as the designer of this edifice intended to revoke the original Achaemenid style of architecture. In fact every other facet of the edifice has a Zoroastrian symbol known as Faravahar. This is not coincidental. There are multiple applications of this in the Achaemenid architecture mainly in Persepolis in Fars province today. The "Society for National Heritage of Iran" (SNH) heavily relied on the use of Faravahar as this was the symbolic representation of ancient Iran since Achaemenid times.[5][7] Many construction in the 1930s, including the then National Bank of Iran use Faravahar which is not unexpected considering that the same architect that created Ferdowsi's tomb also created the National Bank of Iran.[5]

A closer look at the edifice points out that there are four columns each at the corner of the rectangular structure with two half-buried columns that protrude as deep friezes on each facet of the structure. Each frieze column has a box, followed by a two horn bull sign which is very much similar if not the exact imitation of the Persepolis column design. The columns are ornated with fluting 3/4 of the way down with the last portion spared. The overall effect is intended to create a grand gesture. The columns are as high as the edifice which is 30 meters high. (the edifice is also 30 m wide).[10] Marble decorations are used to ornate the siding and the floor of the "wide base" structure as well the wall. Persian flower designs (concentric flower designs composed of a flower with seven (7) ovaloid pellets surrounding a central circle), and hexagonal marble designs are commonly used in the structure.

Comparison of the Persepolis columns, and the columns used in Ferdowsi's mausoleum:

Historical Context

A group picture at Ferdowsi millenary showing scholars from Iran as well invited scholars from Armenia, India, Europe, and Soviet Union seated in front of Dar ul-Funun.
Reza Shah Pahlavi officially opening the mausoleum of Ferdowsi for public visiting upon conclusion of Ferdowi Millenary conference

Iran's history has been closely tied to geopolitical changes that has taken place since the establishment of the Achaemenid empire in Persis all the way to the modern day Iran. Two major events are of critical importance in Iran's history specially its literary history as it pertained to Ferdowsi: Arab conquest of Persia and the Mongolian invasion of Persia.

Ferdowsi lived his life as a poor man constantly moving from court to court, and eventually died a poor widower, having lost his only son.[3] Tus, at one point was an opulent city in the greater Khorasan region but it was repeatedly sacked by Oguz Turks, Mongols, and Uzbeks from the steppe.[3] This and the growing influence of Mashad as a political and religious center within Khorasan shaped Ferdowsi's experience and in many way influenced his writing as Tus lost prestige. Additionally, Arabic had found prestige in lands conquered by the Arabs and there was threat of Middle Persian being lost in favor of Arabic. Ferdowsi's role is critical in that using the least number of loan-words he transferred the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) into Modern Persian (Farsi).[11]

In the time frame preceding the construction of the mausoleum, nationalistic feelings in Iran were high.[12] There was a renewed sense of national identity partly due to the pressures felt by foreign powers including the constant Anglo-Persian political struggle specially over the issues of oil, and partly due to inability of the Qajar dynasty from protecting Iranian lands in central Asia to the Russians and in the east to the British. Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) was an important source of contention for Iranians. One journalist studying during this time period reflects his and his colleagues personal experience:

We supported Reza Shah, and we wanted to support his effort to create a modern nation state, to lift us from our backwardness. At this time we talked about Pan-Iraniasm, or reuniting Afghanistan with Iran. We also talked of nationalism. Ferdowsi became very popular partly because of Reza Shah's support for him, and also partly because of the nationalistic impulses the shahnameh inspired[12]

The architecture of Ferdowsi's tomb is also influenced by poet's own personal life, reflecting a constant struggle between the poor poet and the lazy king, and adversity and hope. The Society for National Heritage in 1930s drawing on poet's attempt to revitalize the Persian language, also attempted to revitalize Persian culture and Iranian identity through architecture.[13] This was in many ways taken literary with Persian poems from Shahnameh etched into the white marble facets of the edifice of the poet's mausoleum.

After the Iranian revolution, both tomb of Ferdowsi and even mausoleum of Cyrus the Great survived the initial chaos. One of the most dangerous threats to the structure was that it would be equated with the late Pahlavi dynasty by the new regime and destroyed. It however was not and was instead embraced by the new local government since Ferdowsi was a devout Muslim.[14]

Interior Design

The tomb of Ferdowsi with the accompanying text. To see the translation, see the text on the left.

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh inspires tales of heroic act by protagonists fighting against their antagonists. In that sense it is a national epic that encompasses not only fictional and literary figures but also incorporates parts of the history of pre-Islamic Iran. This has led to the interior of the edifice of Ferdowsi to reflect the same heroic scenes.[1] The chief architect responsible for the design of the interior of the tomb of Ferdowsi is Feraydoon Sadeghi who created deep frieze scenes using three dimensional statues each depicting a scene from Shahnameh. Rostam, the hero of the book of Shahnameh is the focus of the majority of the scenes inside of the edifice. As Shahnameh is essentially a text, artistic recreation of its heroic scenes are multiple.[1] Centered inside the edifice surrounding by the frieze scenes and other artistic endeavors is the tomb stone of the poet. Etched in the tomb stone in Farsi (Persian) is the description of Ferdowsi's contribution to the Persian-speakers and at the end it ends by denoting the poet's date of birth, date of death, and the date at which the mausoleum was built.

The Persian content of the tomb is as follows:

بنام خداوند جان و خرد. این مکان فرخنده آرامگاه استاد گویندگان فارسی‌زبان و سراینده داستان‌های ملی ایران، حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی طوسی است که سخنان او زنده‌کننده کشور ایران و در دل مردم این سرزمین جاودان است

The English translation is roughly as follows:

In the name of the God who created life. This place is the resting place of he (Hakim Abul-qasem Ferdowsi Tusi) who has advanced the art of language among Persian speakers, and the holder of the national epic of Iran and its national stories. His words have given a new life to Iran, and he has a place in the hearts of its people.

Legacy

Today Ferdowsi's tomb is one of the most photographed in Iran.[3] Millions of visitors from various provinces of Iran come to see the tomb every year. Foreign dignitaries, tourists, and other Persian-Speaking civilians from Europe, Asia, and Middle East also visit the site. The most recent was a visit from the Iraqi tourism minister in July 2013.[15] The site has also inspired many Persian poets including Iranian poet Mehdi Akhavan-Sales who is actually physically buried not far from the tomb of Ferdowsi, in his own tomb in the grounds of Ferdowsi's complex.

References

  1. 1 2 3 A. Shahpur, Shahbazi (Dec 15, 1999). "Ferdowsi, Abul-qasem. Mausoleum". Encyclopedia Iranica. Columbia University. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  2. ↑ Mahmoud Omidsalar (Nov 2011). Poetics and Politics of Iran's National Epic, the Shahnameh. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 52–3.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rami Yelda (2012). A Persian Odyssey: Iran Revisited. AuthorHouse.
  4. ↑ Nicholas Jubber (2010). Drinking Arak Off a [cleric]'s Beard: A Journey Through the Inside-Out Worlds of Iran and Afghanistan. Da Capo Press. pp. 61–2.
  5. 1 2 3 Habibollah Ayatollahi (2003). The Book of Iran: The History of Iranian Art. Alhoda UK. pp. 291–5.
  6. ↑ Afshin Marashi (2011). Nationalizing Iran: culture, power, and the state, 1870-1940. University of Washington Press. pp. 126–8.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Bianca Devos, Christoph Werner (Aug 22, 2013). Culture and Cultural Politics Under Reza Shah: The Pahlavi State, New Bourgeoisie and the Creation of a Modern Society in Iran. Routledge. pp. 101–3.
  8. ↑ Jukka Jokilehto (2007). "9.1.5". History of Architectural Conservation. Routledge.
  9. ↑ James Fergusson (1851). The palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis restored: an essay on ancient Assyrian and Persian architecture, Volume 5. J. Murray. pp. 214–216 & 206–209 (Zoroaster Cube: pp. 206).
  10. ↑ "Ferdowsi Tomb, Toos-Khorasan-Iran". Where is Iran. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
  11. ↑ Axworthy, Michael. A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. Basic Books. pp. 66–8.
  12. 1 2 Afshin Molavi (2010). The Soul of Iran: A Nation's Struggle for Freedom. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 40–50.
  13. ↑ Laleh Shahideh (2004). The Power of Iranian Narratives: A Thousand Years of Healing. University Press of America. pp. 125–6.
  14. ↑ Afshin Molavi. Persian Pilgrimages: Journeys Across Iran. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 69–72.
  15. ↑ "Iraqi tourism minister visits tomb of Ferdowsi". IRNA. IRNA. 25 July 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2014.

Coordinates: 36°29′10″N 59°31′03″E / 36.4861°N 59.5175°E / 36.4861; 59.5175

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