The Tortoise and the Hare

"The Tortoise and the Hare", from an edition of Aesop's Fables illustrated by Arthur Rackham, 1912

The Tortoise and the Hare is one of Aesop's Fables and is numbered 226 in the Perry Index.^[1] The account of a race between unequal partners has attracted conflicting interpretations. It is itself a variant of a common folktale theme in which ingenuity and trickery (rather than doggedness) are employed to overcome a stronger opponent.

An ambiguous story

The story concerns a Hare who ridicules a slow-moving Tortoise. Tired of the Hare's boastful behaviour, the Tortoise challenges him to a race.^[2] The hare soon leaves the tortoise behind and, confident of winning, takes a nap midway through the race. When the Hare awakes however, he finds that his competitor, crawling slowly but steadily, has arrived before him. The later version of the story in La Fontaine's Fables (VI.10), while more long-winded, differs hardly at all from Aesop's.^[3]

As in several other fables by Aesop, the lesson it is teaching appears ambiguous. In Classical times it was not the Tortoise’s plucky conduct in taking on a bully that was emphasised but the Hare’s foolish over-confidence. An old Greek source comments that 'many people have good natural abilities which are ruined by idleness; on the other hand, sobriety, zeal and perseverance can prevail over indolence.^[4] When the fable entered the European emblem tradition, the precept to ‘hasten slowly’ (festina lente) was recommended to lovers by Otto van Veen in his Emblemata Amorum (1608), using a relation of the story. There the infant figure of Eros is shown passing through a landscape and pointing to the tortoise as it overtakes the sleeping hare under the motto “perseverance winneth.”^[5] Later interpreters too have asserted that the fable's moral is the proverbial 'the more haste, the worse speed' (Samuel Croxall) or have applied to it the Biblical observation that 'the race is not to the swift' (Ecclesiastes 9.11).

In the 19th century and after the fable was given satirical interpretations. In the social commentary of Charles H. Bennett's The Fables of Aesop translated into Human Nature (1857), the hare is changed to a thoughtful craftsman prostrate under the foot of a capitalist entrepreneur.^[6] Lord Dunsany brings out another view in his "The True History of the Tortoise and the Hare" (1915). There the hare realises the stupidity of the challenge and refuses to proceed any further. The obstinate tortoise continues to the finishing line and is proclaimed the swiftest by his backers. But, continues Dunsany,

the reason that this version of the race is not widely known is that very few of those that witnessed it survived the great forest-fire that happened shortly after. It came up over the weald by night with a great wind. The Hare and the Tortoise and a very few of the beasts saw it far off from a high bare hill that was at the edge of the trees, and they hurriedly called a meeting to decide what messenger they should send to warn the beasts in the forest. They sent the Tortoise.^[7]

Applications

In Classical times the story was annexed to a philosophical problem by Zeno of Elea in one of many demonstrations that movement is impossible to define satisfactorily. The second of Zeno's paradoxes is that of Achilles and the Tortoise, in which the hero gives the Tortoise a head start in a race. The argument attempts to show that even though Achilles runs faster than the Tortoise, he will never catch up with her because, when Achilles reaches the point at which the Tortoise started, the Tortoise has advanced some distance beyond; when Achilles arrives at the point where the Tortoise was when Achilles arrived at the point where the Tortoise started, the Tortoise has again moved forward. Hence Achilles can never catch the Tortoise, no matter how fast he runs, since the Tortoise will always be moving ahead.^[8]

The only satisfactory refutation has been mathematical and since then the name of the fable has been applied to the function described in Zeno's paradox. In mathematics and computer science, the tortoise and the hare algorithm is an alternate name for Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm.

Illustrations of the fable

A 19th-century illustration of La Fontaine's Fables by Jean Grandville

There is a Greek version of the fable but no early Latin version. For this reason it did not begin to appear in printed editions of Aesop's fables until the 16th century, one of the earliest being Bernard Salomon's Les Fables d'Esope Phrygien, mises en Ryme Francoise (1547).^[9] Versions followed from the Netherlands (in Dutch, 1567) and Flanders (in French, 1578)^[10] but none in English before Francis Barlow's edition of 1667.^[11]

Among the many illustrations of the fable, that by the French caricaturist Jean Grandville is novel in portraying the tortoise as running upright. This is also how he is shown in the Walt Disney cartoon version of "The Tortoise and the Hare" (1935).^[12] Another departure from the ordinary in Grandville's etching is the choice of a mole (complete with dark glasses) rather than, as usual, a fox as the judge at the finishing line. Auguste Delierre makes the judge a monkey in the 1883 edition of La Fontaine's fables that he illustrated.^[13][14] La Fontaine says in his rhyme that it does not matter who the judge is; his interpreters have taken him at his word.

Outside of book production, there is an early 17th-century oil painting of the fable by the Flemish landscape artist Jan Wildens.^[15] The hare enters on the left, racing over an upland road as dawn breaks; the tortoise is nowhere in sight. In the mid-19th century, the French animal painter Philibert Léon Couturier also devoted an oil painting to the fable in which, as in Grandville's illustration, the tortoise is shown racing upright.^[16] In modern times there have been two pieces of popular sculpture aimed at children. Nancy Schön's was made to commemorate the centenary of the Boston Marathon in 1996 and is sited in Copley Square, the finishing line for the race.^[17] The tortoise is shown determinedly stumping forward while the hare has paused to scratch behind its ear. In the following year a painted steel sculpture by Michael Browne and Stuart Smith was set up near the cross-country finish line at Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx.^[18] The hare is mounted on the tortoise's shell and appears to be trying to leap over him.

The fable has also been illustrated on stamps from several countries. These include:

• Cyprus, in which cartoon characters are depicted on a set of five €0.34 stamps (2011)^[19]
• Dahomey, on a set commemorating the third centenary of La Fontaine's death in which it figures on the 10 franc stamp.^[20]
• Dominica, on a 2 cent stamp for Easter 1984, picturing a Disney tortoise carrying Easter eggs as it overtakes the sleeping hare^[21]
• France issued surcharged Red Cross stamps in 1978 on which the fable appeared on the 1 franc + 0.25 denomination.^[22] It was also included in the 1995 strip of six 2.80 franc stamps commemorating the third centenary of the author's death.^[23]
• Greece issued a 1987 set illustrating Aesop's fables, including the tortoise and the hare on the 130 drachma stamp^[24]
• Hungary issued a set in 1980 with this fable on the 4 forint stamp^[25]
• The Maldives issued a 1990 set in which Disney characters act out the fables; the tortoise and the hare appear on the 15 laree stamp^[26]
• Monaco issued a composite 50 centime stamp on the 350th anniversary of La Fontaine's birth in 1971, on which this fable appears^[27]
• Sri Lanka issued a 5 rupee stamp for Child’s broadcasting day 2007 showing the contestants at the starting line^[28]

Musical versions

Many allusions to the fable in musical titles are of limited or no relevance, but two instrumental versions may be noted. The one by Yellow Jackets jazz quartet was recorded on their Politics album in 1988^[29] The Anglo-Irish band Flook's title is on their Haven album (2005)

There have also been several musical settings of Aesop's fable:

• In Mabel Wood Hill's Aesop's Fables Interpreted Through Music (New York, 1920)^[30]
• Vincent Persichetti included it as the third piece in his Fables for narrator and orchestra (Op. 23, 1943)
• A poetic version set for children's voices and piano by Edward Hughes in his Songs from Aesop's Fables (1965)
• The cellist Evalyn Steinbock's setting for violin, cello and narrator in 1979
• As the first of Anthony Plog's Aesop’s Fables for narrator, piano and horn (1989/93)^[31]
• Among Scott Watson's Aesop's Fables for narrator and orchestral accompaniment (1999)
• A setting for solo voice by Lucian Cristofor Tugui (2006)
• As one of the five pieces in Bob Chilcott's Aesop's Fables for piano and choir (2008)^[32]
• A setting for a cappella choir by Darmon Meader (2009)^[33]
• As one of David Edgar Walther's ‘short operatic dramas’, composed in 2009

Later adaptations

There have been a number of film versions of the fable, although some have taken liberties with the original story line.

In Alexander Sumarokov's Russian version (loosely based on La Fontaine's), the tortoise and the hare race on the road from Saint Petersburg to Moscow; the hare is "three months or more" late with his departure, and upon reaching Moscow finds that the tortoise has bested him by three days.^[34]

There were early animated cartoons in France (1920), and the US (1921). The fable was adapted into a Silly Symphonies cartoon titled The Tortoise and the Hare (1934/5), produced by Walt Disney Productions, in which the tortoise is named Toby (voiced by Eddie Holden), and the hare is named Max (voiced by Ned Norton),^[35] which was followed in 1936 by the sequel Toby Tortoise Returns. In 1941, Warner Bros. Animation Studios produced the Merrie Melodies cartoon Tortoise Beats Hare, which is based on the fable and features Bugs Bunny and Cecil Turtle (both voiced by Mel Blanc), and followed by two sequels of decreasingly relevant significance. Encyclopædia Britannica Films followed with a dramatized version of Aesop's fable starring live animals, including an owl, a fox, a goose, a rooster, a raccoon, and a hare.^[36] This was a 1947 production in black and white with narrated voice-over.

In 1952, the model animator Ray Harryhausen began a version of the fable, before moving over to more lucrative work on monster movies. Young enthusiasts Seamus Walsh and Mark Caballero later helped Harryhausen complete "The Story of the Tortoise and the Hare", having refurbished the original puppets and, under Harryhausen's guidance, completed the film in 2002.^[37] A feature in this, is that the hare drops off to sleep as a result of taking a big meal near the end of the race, thus allowing the tortoise to win. The same situation had appeared in Georges de la Grandière's 1960's cartoon version of the fable, Le Lièvre et la tortue.^[38]

In 1971, Filmation produced a live action/animated television special based on the fable, along with an adaptation of the fable of The Tortoise and the Birds, under the title Aesop's Fables. This television special stars Bill Cosby as Aesop, Keith Hamilton as a boy named Joey, and Jere Fields as a girl named Marta, and the voice talents of James Earl Jones as the voice of the tree (live action wrap-around sequences only), John Byner as the voices of the owl, the tortoise, the beaver, and the fox, Dal McKennon as the voices of the hare, and the old turtle, Larry Storch as the voice of the rooster, John Erwin as the voices of the donkey, the male swan, and the tree, Roger C. Carmel as the voices of the frog, and the eagle, and Jane Webb as the voices of the girl tortoise, the bee, the female swan, the mother duck, the duckling, and the two cute girl laboratory rabbits, who are not only that much of scientific geniuses and inventors, but they also have received their own spin-off television special, which is also produced by Filmation as well. One of them wears a blue bow on her head, and the other one speaks with a German accent and wears a red bow on her head.^[39]

In 1973, the television show, Sesame Street, had a cartoon short based on the fable, but it had the tortoise and the hare switching their body parts, which is part of a series of "What if..." cartoon shorts.^[40] In 1976, German author and composer Rolf Krenzer published his own rather different version of the fable, known as a fairy tale called, Der Wettlauf zwischen Hase und Igel (English version as "The Race between The Tortoise and the Hare"), which is part of the children's book Update on Rumpelstiltskin and other Fairy Tales by 43 Authors, which is compiled by Hans-Joachim Gelberg, illustrated by Willi Glasauer, and published by Beltz & Gelberg.

In 2015, Moving Picture Company and director Robert Stromberg produced a full, unedited version of a live-action/animated short film/Super Bowl ad/commercial for Mercedes-Benz based on the fable. In the commercial, the tortoise is depicted as the main protagonist and lead character, while the hare is depicted not only as the main deuteragonist, but also the tortoise's best friend. The hare also had a girlfriend and love interest, a white-furred female hare, who not only has a speaking role, but also takes a liking to the hare himself. She is also best friends with the tortoise as well. The hare takes a group picture of himself, the female hare, and all of his friends with his camera, as the female hare kisses the hare, and wishes him good luck. Two crows watched, as the hare takes a jog through the forest. While walking through the forest, the tortoise chats with a snail down the path on the way. However, the hare somehow gets tricked into playing a game of poker organized by a fox, a mole, a weasel, and a squirrel, meanwhile the tortoise accidentally stumbles into a Mercedes-Benz car factory by accident in the process. There, he watches human workers assemble a 2016 Mercedes-AMG GT S sports car, which he buys it, and drives real fast through the forest. A frog, and an opossum both watched the tortoise's car pass by. The tortoise's car crosses the finish line, and the tortoise asks the female hare to go for a ride with him in the car he bought back at the Mercedes-Benz car factory. The female hare tells the hare that she'll come back for him, much to his dismay.^[41]

Folk variants

The many other variants of the story in oral folk tradition appear worldwide and are classed as Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 275.^[42] In most of these there is a race between unequal partners but most often brain is matched against brawn and the race is won by means of trickery. Broadly this is of two types: either the slower animal jumps on the other's back or tail and hops off at the end when the creature turns round to see where his challenger has got to, or else he is deceived by lookalikes substituting themselves along the course.

Tales with a similar theme emphasizing doggedness have been recorded in Native American culture. Hummingbird and Crane agree to race from one ocean to the other. Though Hummingbird flies faster, he stops at night to sleep. Crane, however, flies overnight and is overtaken by Hummingbird later and later during the day, at length coming in first. The ultimate prize differs between versions and includes choice of habitat, the love of a girl, or the right to cut the other down to size.^[43]

See also

• Achilles and the Tortoise
• Festina lente
• Law of the handicap of a head start

References

1. "THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE". mythfolklore.net.
2. "Story Arts - Aesop's ABC - The Tortoise and The Hare". storyarts.org.
3. A translation is here
4. Aesop's Fables: a new translation by Laura Gibbs, Oxford 2002, fable 237
5. The English emblem tradition, University of Toronto 1998, vol.IV, p.174
6. "Lepus et Testudo". Flickr - Photo Sharing!.
7. "Lord Dunsany, ''51 Tales'&#39". FullTextArchive.com. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
8. "Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy". Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
9. "Aesop (Thomas Bewick)". Mythfolklore.net. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
10. "Aesop's Fables - Victoria and Albert Museum". Vam.ac.uk. 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
11. "70. De lepore et testudine (1687), illustrated by Francis Barlow". Mythfolklore.net. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
12. "The cartoon can be viewed on YouTube". Youtube.com. 2008-06-07. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
13. The preparatory water colour is at the La Fontaine Museum
14. http://www.cuniculture.info/Docs/Phototheque/Peinture&Decor/Peintres-D/Delierre-01.jpg
15. http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/183278/1/The-Tortoise-And-The-Hare,-From-Aesops-Fables.jpg
16. "Le Lièvre et la Tortue Philibert Léon Couturier Peinture Toile Huile". philibert-leon-couturier.com.
17. "Hare and Tortoise, Boston, Mass by Nancy Schön". Schon.com. 1993-05-19. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
18. Humanities magazine for Nov/Dec 2009
19. Cyprus postal service
20. "Creighton University :: Aesop's Fables: Dahomey Stamps". Creighton.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
21. http://philatelia.ru/pict/cat5/stamp/12393s.jpg
22. http://environnement.ecole.free.fr/Timbres/1978066-fable-la-fontaine.jpg
23. "Creighton University :: Aesop's Fables: Individual Stamps". Creighton.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
24. "Creighton University :: Aesop's Fables: Greece". Creighton.edu. 1987-03-05. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
25. "Creighton University :: Aesop's Fables: Hungary". Creighton.edu. 1960-12-01. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
26. "Creighton University :: Aesop's Fables: Maldives". Creighton.edu. 1990-12-11. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
27. Scroll down to 12 April 2011 on Stampboard.com
28. "Stamp: Hare and the tortoise at the starting line (Sri Lanka (Ceylon)) (International Children's Broadcasting Day 2007) Mi:LK 1679,WAD:LK064.07". colnect.com.
29. "Yellow Jackets - Tortoise and the Hare (Live)". YouTube. 2006-07-27. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
30. The score is available on the Rochester University site
31. A performance on YouTube
32. FMHS Jaguar Chorale -- "Aesop's Fables: the Hare and the Tortoise". YouTube. 26 May 2009.
33. Harambee - The Tortoise and The Hare (Darmon Meader) Acappella. YouTube. 1 September 2010.
34. Item XXIV. "Заяцъ и Черепаха" (Hare and Tortoise), in ПОЛНОЕ СОБРАНІЕ ВСѢХЪ СОЧИНЕНIЙ въ СТИХАХЪ И ПРОЗѢ, ПОКОЙНАГО ... АЛЕКСАНДРА ПЕТРОВИЧА СУМАРОКОВА (Complete Works in Verse and Prose by the late... Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov), Moscow, 1787
35. "Silly Symphony - The Tortoise and the Hare". Youtube.com. 2008-06-07. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
36. This is available on the online movie archive
37. Screen Novelties site. The film can now be viewed on YouTube, the first part here and the second models here
38. This is in two parts on YouTube, the first at and the second at
39. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jON9jB6KPws
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0ELfr6VrY8
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK7WGaWm04Y
40. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AP4Pt9qyomk
41. http://www.moving-picture.com/work/mercedes-super-bowl-fable
    http://www.moving-picture.com/reels/vfx-breakdowns/mercedes-fable-vfx-breakdown
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oF--p4Dkv_Q
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjfVp19Tu1M
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4qAJpfc_3U
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4MUXGsurT8
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CngYErZZsVQ
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kd0vMMr57xA
42. "The Tortoise and the Hare, and Other Races between Unequal Contestants". Pitt.edu. 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
43. John Reed Swanton, Myths and Tales of the Southeastern Indians, University of Oklahoma 1929, p. 253

External links

• 15th-20th century book illustrations online