Toyota Land Cruiser

Not to be confused with Studebaker Land Cruiser.
Toyota Land Cruiser

Toyota Land Cruiser (J200) VX wagon
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota
Production 1951–present
Body and chassis
Class Off-road vehicle

The Toyota Land Cruiser (Japanese: トヨタ ランドクルーザー Toyota Rando-kurūzā) is a series of four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese car maker Toyota. It is Toyota's longest running series.[1]

Production of the first generation Land Cruiser began in 1951 (90 units) as Toyota's version of a Jeep-like vehicle.[2][3] The Land Cruiser has been produced in convertible, hardtop, station wagon, and pickup truck versions. The Land Cruiser's reliability and longevity has led to huge popularity, especially in Australia where it is the best-selling body-on-frame, four-wheel drive vehicle.[4] Toyota also extensively tests the Land Cruiser in the Australian outback – considered to be one of the toughest operating environments in both temperature and terrain.[5][6][7] In Japan, the Land Cruiser is exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Store.

As of 2014, the Land Cruiser J200 is available in every market except Canada, Hong Kong (both markets where the Lexus LX is available), North Korea, and South Korea.

Origin

When the Imperial Japanese Army occupied the Philippines in 1941 they found an old Bantam Mk II Jeep and promptly sent it to Japan. The Japanese military authorities ordered Toyota to make a similar vehicle but to change the appearance. The resulting Model AK prototype led to the Yon-Shiki Kogata Kamotsu-Sha (小型 貨物 type 4 compact cargo-truck).

Later in 1941 the Japanese government told Toyota to produce a light truck for Japan's military. In 1942 Toyota developed the AK10 prototype by reverse-engineering a Bantam GP Jeep. The half-ton truck features an upright front grille, flat front wheel arches that angled down and back like the FJ40, headlights mounted above the wheel arches on either side of the radiator, and a folding windshield. The AK10 is powered by the 2259 cc, 4-cylinder Type C engine from the Toyota Model AE sedan coupled to a three-speed manual transmission and two-speed transfer gearbox. Unlike the U.S. Jeep, few AK10's were ever used and photographs of them in the battlefield are rare.

The postwar Toyota "Jeep" BJ is completely different from the AK10 and inherits no mechanical parts from it.

Off-road oriented

BJ and FJ (1951–1955)

BJ and FJ
Overview
Production 1951–1955
Assembly Toyota City, Japan (ARACO)
Body and chassis
Body style 2-door softtop
Layout FR layout
Powertrain
Engine
  • 3.4 L B I6
  • 3.9 L F I6
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,650 mm (104.3 in)

J20, J30 (1955–1960)

J20/J30
Overview
Also called Toyota Bandeirante (Brazil)
Production 1955–1960
Assembly
Body and chassis
Body style
Layout FR layout
Powertrain
Engine
  • 3.4 L B I6
  • 3.9 L F I6
Dimensions
Wheelbase
  • 2,285 mm (90.0 in)
  • 2,430 mm (95.7 in)
  • 2,650 mm (104.3 in)
Bandeirante timeline

J40 (1960–1984)

J40
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Bandeirante (Brazil)
  • Toyota Macho (Venezuela)
Production 1960–1984
Assembly
Body and chassis
Body style
Layout Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 3-speed manual
  • 4-speed manual (from 1974)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
  • 2,285 mm (90.0 in)
  • 2,430 mm (95.7 in)
  • 2,650 mm (104.3 in)
  • 2,950 mm (116.1 in)
Length 3,840.5 mm (151.2 in)
Width 1,666.2 mm (65.6 in)
Height
  • 1,950.7 mm (76.8 in) (softtop)
  • 2,000 mm (78.8 in) (hardtop)
Curb weight
  • 1,480 kg (3,263 lb) (softtop)
  • 1,554 kg (3,427 lb) (hardtop)
1963 Toyota Land Cruiser Station Wagon (FJ45)

J70 (1984–present)

70 Series
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Machito (Venezuela)
  • Zo Reken (Haiti)
Production 1984–present
Assembly
Body and chassis
Body style
Layout Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission 5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase
  • 2,310 mm (90.9 in)
  • 2,600 mm (102.4 in)
  • 2,730 mm (107.5 in)
  • 2,980 mm (117.3 in)
  • 3,180 mm (125.2 in)
Length 4,995 mm (196.7 in)
Width 1,870 mm (73.6 in)
Height 2,070 mm (81.5 in)
BJ74 Mid wheelbase FRP-top 3.4D-T LX (Japan) 
HZJ75LV Troop Carrier 4.2D 
HZJ79R Cab-chassis 4.2D 
New South Wales Rural Fire Service Toyota Land Cruiser Personnel carrier 
Toyota Land Cruiser J70 pickup of the Ghana Police (rear) 
Land Cruiser 70 operated by UN peacekeepers in the Golan Heights 

Comfort oriented

J50 (1967–1980)

J50

1979 FJ55 (US)
Overview
Production 1967–1980
Assembly Toyota City, Japan (ARACO)
Body and chassis
Body style 4-door station wagon
Layout Front engine, four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission 3- or 4-speed manual (J30, H41 or H42)
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,700 mm (106.3 in)
Length 4,675 mm (184.1 in)
Width 1,735 mm (68.3 in)
Height 1,865 mm (73.4 in)

The Land Cruiser 55 was produced from 1967 to 1980. Toyota refers to the FJ55G and FJ55V as the first "real" station wagon in the Land Cruiser series, thus marking the beginning of the station wagon branch. It was the first Land Cruiser to have fully enclosed box frame members. Of all the Land Cruiser wagons sold in the U.S., including the FJ45, it is the only one to not have hatch and tailgate in the rear, but rather a tailgate only with an electrically operated window that can be retracted into the tailgate.[18]

J60 (1980–1989)

J60
Overview
Also called Toyota Samurai (Venezuela)
Production 1980–1989
Assembly
Body and chassis
Body style Full size SUV, 4-door station wagon
Layout Front engine, four-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine
  • 4.2 L 2F I6 (FJ60)
  • 4.0 L 3F I6 (FJ62)
  • 4.0 L 3F-E I6 (FJ62 from 1988)
  • 3.4 L 3B I4 diesel (BJ60)
  • 4.0 L 2H I6 diesel (HJ60)
  • 4.0 L 12H-T I6 turbo diesel (HJ61)
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,730 mm (107.5 in)
Length 4,675 mm (184.1 in)
Width 1,800 mm (70.9 in)
Height 1,750 mm (68.9 in)

The Land Cruiser 60 series was produced from 1980 through 1990 for most markets but the Cumana Plant in Venezuela continued until 1992 for their local market. It is a front engine, four door wagon which can seat five to eight people. Like all Land Cruiser generations, it is well known in the off-road world for its off-road abilities but was somewhat limited by its awkward departure angles. The 60 series was available in the following solid exterior colors: Alpine White, Brown, Desert Beige, Freeborn Red, Royal Blue; and in the following metallic exterior colors: Charcoal Gray, Cognac, Gray-Blue, Rootbeer, Sky Blue, Stardust Silver.

Toyota Land Cruiser post-facelift (US) 
1981–1987 Toyota Land Cruiser (FJ60; Australia) 
1987–1990 Toyota Land Cruiser (FJ62RG) GX (Australia) 

J80 (1990–1997)

J80
Overview
Also called Toyota Land Cruiser Autana (Colombia and Venezuela)
Production
  • January 1990 – December 1997
  • 1992–2008 (Venezuela)

[19]

Assembly
Body and chassis
Body style 4-door SUV
Layout Front engine / four-wheel drive
Related Lexus LX 450
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,850 mm (112.2 in)
Length
  • 4,780 mm (188.2 in) (1990–94)
  • 4,820 mm (189.8 in) (1995–97)
Width
  • 1,830 mm (72.0 in) (1990–91)
  • 1,930 mm (76.0 in) (1992–97)
Height
  • 1,785 mm (70.3 in) (1990–91)
  • 1,860 mm (73.2 in) (1992–94)
  • 1,870 mm (73.6 in) (1995–97)
Curb weight
  • 2,084 kg (4,594 lb) (1990–92)
  • 2,159 kg (4,760 lb) (1993–97)

The Land Cruiser 80 series was unveiled in October 1989 at the Tokyo Motor Show and launched in early 1990. It had swing-out back doors, which were replaced by a winch door in 1994. The Land Cruiser was nicknamed the Burbuja (Bubble) in Colombia and Venezuela due to its roundness, but it was officially released as Land Cruiser Autana in both countries. The name is a reference to the Tepui mesa Autana, a spectacular plateau and cave system along the Guiana Shield craton. Land Cruiser sales reached 2 million vehicles.

Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (FJ80R) GXL, Australia 
Facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (FZJ80R) GXL, Australia 
Facelift Toyota Land Cruiser, US 
Facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (HZJ80R) GXL, Australia 
Land Cruiser with swing-out back-doors, Europe 
Designation Engine Power Torque Availability
FJ80R/L 3F-E 4.0 L petrol I6 112 kW (152 PS; 150 hp) at 4,000 rpm 290 N·m (214 lb·ft) at 3,000 rpm Australia, North America
FZJ80R/L 1FZ-FE 4.5 L petrol I6 158 kW (215 PS; 212 hp) at 4,600 rpm 373 N·m (275 lb·ft) at 3,200 rpm Australia, Gulf Cooperation Council states, North Africa, North America
HDJ80R 1HD-T 4.2 L turbodiesel I6 115 kW (156 PS; 154 hp) at 3,600 rpm 357 N·m (263 lb·ft) at 1,800 rpm Australia
HZJ80R 1HZ 4.2 L diesel I6 96 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) at 4,000 rpm 271 N·m (200 lb·ft) at 2,000 rpm Australia

R means Right hand drive version, excluding Japanese domestic market.

J100 (1998–2007)

J100

Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (US)
Overview
Also called Lexus LX 470
Production January 1998–2007
Assembly
Designer Takeo Kondo (1993)
Body and chassis
Body style 4-door wagon
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,850 mm (112.2 in)
Length 4,890 mm (192.5 in)
Width 1,941 mm (76.4 in)
Height 1,849 mm (72.8 in)
Curb weight 2,320 kg (5,115 lb)

In January 1998, the 100 series Land Cruiser was introduced to replace the 8-year-old 80 series. The 100 series was previewed in October 1997 as the "Grand Cruiser" at the 32nd Tokyo Motor Show. Development began in 1991, with final design being frozen in mid-1994.[20]

Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser GXL (FZJ105; Australia)

There are two distinct versions of the 100-series, the 100 and the 105. The two versions look very similar, but there are significant differences under the bodywork. Despite these differences and official model names, both the 100 and 105 are collectively known as the 100 series.

The 105 carried over the majority of its chassis and powertrain from the 80-series with coil suspended solid axles front and rear, and straight-6 petrol and diesel engines. These models were only sold in African, Australian, Russian, and South American markets.

Innovation

In 1998, it introduced a suspension system combining Active Height Control (AHC) and Skyhook TEMS Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension on the Land Cruiser J100[21]

In 2002 Toyota introduced Night View, the first worldwide series production active automotive night vision system, on the Toyota Landcruiser Cygnus or Lexus LX470. This system uses the headlight projectors emitting near infrared light aimed like the car's highbeam headlights and a CCD camera then captures that reflected radiation, this signal is then processed by computer which produces a black-and-white image which is projected on the lower section of the windshield.[22] It was also the first Toyota with roll-over sensor and control logic[23]

The 100 models were fitted with a slightly wider chassis, independent front suspension (IFS) and two new engines. The change to IFS was a first for a Land Cruiser, and was made (in combination with rack-and-pinion steering) to improve on-road handling. However it also limited the vehicle's off-road capability and durability, hence the decision to offer the solid axle 105 models alongside the IFS 100 models in some markets. The table below identifies the range of 100 and 105 models and their worldwide availability.

Despite the 100 and 105 bodies being very similar, there are some exterior visual indications between both models. The most obvious is the front end of the vehicle often appearing lower than the rear on the 100 models, due to the IFS. The other indicator is the design of the wheels. The 100 models have almost flat wheel designs, while the 105 models have dished wheels. This difference allows both versions to retain similar wheel tracks, despite the 100 having a relatively wider axle track to allow for the IFS system.

Facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (US)

The introduction of a V8 engine was also a first for a Land Cruiser, and was specifically intended to improve sales in the North-American market, where it was the only engine available. In Australia, the 100 V8 was initially only available in the range-topping GXV model, while entry and mid-range models were the 105 powered by the 1FZ-FE I6 petrol, or 1HZ diesel engines. The new 1HD-FTE turbo-diesel 100 was added to the Australian range in October 2000 after being available in Europe and the UK since launch in 1998. The 4WD media in Australia were critical of Toyota's decision to offer the acclaimed 1HD-FTE engine only in combination with IFS. Australian 4WD Monthly magazine said "We will never forgive Toyota for going independent at the front with the mighty 4.2 turbo-diesel".

The 100 series formed the basis for the Lexus LX 470, which was also sold in Japan as the Toyota Cygnus.

The 100 series was called the Toyota Land Cruiser Amazon in the UK and Ireland from 1998 to 2007.

In 2000, Toyota celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Land Cruiser with commemorative models offered in several countries. Total global production to date was 3.72 million vehicles.

The 100 series remained in production until late 2007, with several minor facelifts such as headlights, taillights, front grille, rear spoiler and specification changes introduced over the years.

Designation Engine Power Torque Availability
HZJ105 1HZ 4.2 L diesel I6 96 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) at 3,800 rpm 271 N·m (200 lb·ft) at 2,200 rpm Africa, Asia, Australia, Middle East, South America
FZJ105 1FZ-FE 4.5 L petrol I6 158 kW (215 PS; 212 hp) at 4,600 rpm 373 N·m (275 lb·ft) at 3,200 rpm Africa, Asia, Australia, Middle East, South America
FZJ100 1FZ-FE 4.5 L petrol I6 158 kW (215 PS; 212 hp) at 4,600 rpm 373 N·m (275 lb·ft) at 3,200 rpm Middle East, China
UZJ100 2UZ-FE 4.7 L petrol V8 170 kW (231 PS; 228 hp) at 4,800 rpm 410 N·m (302 lb·ft) at 3,400 rpm Africa, Asia, Australia, China, Europe, Japan, Middle East, North America, UK
HDJ1001 1HD-T 4.2 L turbodiesel I6 123 kW (167 PS; 165 hp) at 3,600 rpm 352 N·m (260 lb·ft) at 2,000 rpm Africa, South America
HDJ1002 1HD-FTE 4.2 L turbodiesel I6 150 kW (204 PS; 201 hp) at 3,400 rpm 430 N·m (317 lb·ft) at 1,400 rpm Australia*, Europe, Japan, UK, New Zealand.

*This engine not released in Australia until 2000.

The 100-series is generally considered a durable and reliable vehicle, however there have been three known issues identified, generally for vehicles operating in harsh conditions:

First facelift Toyota Land Cruiser GXL (HDJ100; Australia) 
Second facelift Toyota Land Cruiser VX (UZJ100; Australia) 

J200 (2007–present)

J200
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Roraima (Venezuela)
  • Toyota Land Cruiser V8(Europe)
  • Lexus LX570
Production September 2007–present
Model years 2008–present
Assembly
Designer Takanori Ito (2004)
Tetsu Endō (2012 facelift: 2010)
Matsuno Keisuke (2015 facelift: 2013)
Body and chassis
Body style 5-door SUV
Layout Front engine / four-wheel drive
Related Lexus LX
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,850 mm (112.2 in)
Length 4,950 mm (194.9 in)
Width 1,970 mm (77.6 in)
Height 1,880 mm (74.0 in)
Curb weight 2,405–2,725 kg (5,302–6,008 lb)

In 2002, a 5-year development plan on a successor to the 100-series platform commenced under Sadayoshi Koyari and Tetsuya Tada. By 2004, 10 years after the design selection of its predecessor in 1994, a final production design was settled on for the 2008 J200. Prototype related tests were conducted for over 2 years between 2004 and early 2007. The redesigned Toyota Land Cruiser was introduced in late 2007. Known as the 200 Series, it shares the Lexus LX 570's platform and overall design. The frame was new, derived from the second-generation Tundra but shortened and strengthened by 20 percent. Bigger brake rotors and calipers were added and the front suspension was made heavier duty than the Land Cruiser's first effort at IFS in the 100-series and this underbelly is also protected by skid plates. Also, the roof pillars were redesigned to better protect occupants in a rollover.

Pre-facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (J200)
First facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (J200)
Second facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (J200)
Second facelift Toyota Land Cruiser (J200)
Interior

The 200 Series encountered some criticism due to its bland body restyling, with some claiming that Toyota has 'overdeveloped' the classic trademarked Land Cruiser identity in its efforts to fit the Land Cruiser into modern 21st century motoring and vehicle design. Nonetheless, the Land Cruiser remains the NATO vehicle of choice and remains a competent off-road vehicle.

The vehicle entered production in September 2007 and was available for sale from September or November, depending on country. It became available in Venezuela for sale early in November under the local nickname of "Roraima" (taken from Mount Roraima). Early reliability has proven to be excellent.

The 200 Series, offered numerous features and upgrades over its predecessor not limited to the cosmetic changes made to the body and interior, including:

Various driver assist technologies not offered on previous models, including:

Engine and transmission improvements include:

In Japan, the Land Cruiser had a minor change in 2009 when it received the 4.6 L V8 1UR-FE engine and the gearbox was replaced with a 6-speed automatic.[30] Although the new 4608 cc 1UR-FE is smaller than the old 4663 cc 2UZ-FE engine, the power has been increased from 212 to 234 kW (288 to 318 PS; 284 to 314 hp), torque increased from 448 to 460 N·m (330 to 339 lb·ft) and fuel consumption improved from 6.6 to 7.1 km/L (19 to 20 mpg-imp; 16 to 17 mpg-US) (Japan 10·15 mode measurement).

In the Middle East, the Land Cruiser 200 series was introduced in late 2007 as a 2008 model, for 2008 to 2010 there was three engine choices, 179 kW (240 hp) 4.0L 1GR-FE petrol, 202 kW (271 hp) 2UZ-FE petrol and 162–173 kW (217–232 hp) 1VD-FTV 4.5 L turbo diesel.[31] Starting in 2011, the 270 kW (362 hp) 3UR-FE was offered along with the previous engines.[32] For 2012, the 1GR-FE gained dual VVT-i increased power to 202 kW (271 hp), the 4.7 L 2UZ-FE was dropped in favour of the new 227 kW (304 hp) 4.6 L 1UR-FE, and the 5.7 L and 4.5 L diesel were unchanged, although the latter was dropped in some markets.[33]

In North America, the Land Cruiser 200 series is offered with one trim level and engine, the 5.7 L 3UR-FE V8 petrol engine producing 284 kW (386 PS; 381 hp) and 544 N·m (401 lb·ft) of torque channeled through a six-speed automatic. Towing is rated at 3,700 kg (8,200 lb). Beige or black leather is standard along with a 14 speaker JBL sound system. The only wheel choice is 18 in (460 mm) allowing a lot of sidewall so the vehicle can be driven off-road without modification though a more aggressive tread pattern is advised for deep mud.

For the 2013 model year, Toyota added all previously optional safety and luxury options as standard. The Land Cruiser now gets pushbutton start, HID headlights with beam level adjustment, a power moonroof, automatic rain sensing windshield wipers, heated and ventilated (perforated leather) front and only heated rear seats, a rear-seat DVD entertainment system, bluetooth, rearview camera with parking sensors, navigation system, HD radio and Entune. Another new feature is the Multi-terrain Select system which helps control wheelspin and brake lockup giving the selectable choices of: Rock, Rock & Dirt, Mogul, Loose Rock, and Mud & Sand and with an addition to the Multi-terrain Select system a feature known as adaptive Anti-lock Braking system which adapts to the condition of the road like mud or sand and efficiently uses the ABS to reduce braking distance on any type of terrain.

In Oceania, the 200 Series is offered in four different levels of trim: GX, GXL, VX, and Sahara.

In August 2015, Toyota launched an updated, facelifted version of the J200 Land Cruiser in Japan, quickly rolled out globally. The facelifted version marked a return to the North American market.

Sales

Toyota Land Cruiser of the Rally Dakar, 1992 in Paris
Calendar year United States
2000 15,509[34]
2001 7,591
2002 6,752[35]
2003 6,671
2004 6,778[36]
2005 4,870
2006 3,376[37]
2007 3,251
2008 3,801[38]
2009 2,261
2010 1,807[39]
2011 1,662[40]
2012 2,895[41]
2013 3,082[42]
2014 3,158[42]
2015 2,687[43]

Use by militant groups

See also: Toyota War

Due to its durability and reliability, the Land Cruiser, along with the smaller Toyota Hilux, has become popular among militant groups in war-torn regions.[44] U.S. counter-terror officials have inquired with Toyota how the Salafi jihadist extremist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has apparently acquired large numbers of Toyota Land Cruisers and Hiluxes. Mark Wallace, the CEO of the Counter Extremism Project said, "Regrettably, the Toyota Land Cruiser and Hilux have effectively become almost part of the ISIS brand."[45]

References

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Further reading

External links

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