Trần Thuáºn Tông
Trần Thuáºn Tông | |||||||||||||||||
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Emperor of Vietnam | |||||||||||||||||
Emperor of Trần Dynasty | |||||||||||||||||
Reign | 1388–1398 | ||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Trần Phế Äế | ||||||||||||||||
Successor | Trần Thiếu Äế | ||||||||||||||||
Retired Emperor of Trần Dynasty | |||||||||||||||||
Reign | 1398–1399 | ||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Trần Nghệ Tông | ||||||||||||||||
Successor | none | ||||||||||||||||
Born |
1378 Thăng Long, Vietnam | ||||||||||||||||
Died |
1399 Äại Việt | ||||||||||||||||
Burial | Yên Sinh Lăng | ||||||||||||||||
Spouse | Queen Thánh Ngâu | ||||||||||||||||
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House | Trần Dynasty | ||||||||||||||||
Father | Trần Nghệ Tông | ||||||||||||||||
Mother | Queen Thục Äức | ||||||||||||||||
Religion | Buddhism |
Trần Thuáºn Tông, (1378–1399), given name Trần Ngung, was the eleventh emperor of the Trần Dynasty who reigned in Äại Việt from 1388 to 1398. He was chosen to succeed to this position by his father, the Retired Emperor Trần Nghệ Tông, after Nghệ Tông decided to dethrone and force Trần Phế Äế to commit suicide. Although holding the position emperor for ten years and retired emperor for one more year, Thuáºn Tông's reign was totally under the control of Nghệ Tông and Hồ Quý Ly. It was Hồ Quý Ly who obliged Thuáºn Tông to change the capital from Thăng Long to Thanh Hóa, Hồ Quý Ly was also responsible for the resignation of Thuáºn Tông as emperor and his death afterward. Only one year after Thuáºn Tông's death, Trần Dynasty was collapsed while Hồ Quý Ly established his own dynasty, Hồ Dynasty.
Background
Thuáºn Tông was born in 1378 as Trần Ngung, youngest son of the Retired Emperor Trần Nghệ Tông, and his wife, the Queen Thục Äức. After the dethronement and forced suicide of Trần Phế Äế in December 1387, Prince Chiêm Äịnh Trần Ngung, only ten at that time, was chosen by his father for the position of successor as Trần Thuáºn Tông. The new era name under Thuáºn Tông's reign was Quang Thái (光泰, 1388–1398).[1]
As emperor
Trần Thuáºn Tông | |
Vietnamese name | |
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Vietnamese | Trần Thuáºn Tông |
Hán-Nôm | é™³é †å®— |
Although being the Emperor of Vietnam, Phế Äế only reigned in name because it was Nghệ Tông and Hồ Quý Ly who held the real power.[1][2] In January 1389, Thuáºn Tông married the eldest daughter of Hồ Quý Ly as Queen Thánh Ngâu.[3]
Less than one year from Thuáºn Tông's coronation, Chế Bồng Nga continued to attack Äại Việt in October 1389. Under the command of Hồ Quý Ly, Äại Việt's army suffered a heavy defeat in Thanh Hóa which made Hồ Quý Ly fled from the battle and left the position for his subordinate.[4]:108 After this event, Hồ Quý Ly resigned from the military leader and general Trần Khát Chân was appointed by Nghệ Tông to take charge of stopping Champa.[3] In January 1390, Trần Khát Chân had a decisive victory over Champa which resulted in the death of Chế Bồng Nga and thus the stable situation in southern border of Äại Việt.[5] At home, Trần's Dynasty also had to face with several revolts ignited by famine and Chế Bồng Nga's stimulation.[6] In December 1389, the revolt led by monk Phạm Sư Ôn even attacked Thăng Long and forced Nghệ Tông and Thuáºn Tông flee to Bắc Giang before general Phụ Thế brought his troops from the front line with Champa back to pacify the revolt and kill Phạm Sư Ôn.[7]
Birth name | |
Vietnamese alphabet | Trần Ngung |
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Hán-Nôm | 陳顒 |
During the reign of Thuáºn Tông, Hồ Quý Ly gradually eliminated all opponents in royal court such as Nguyá»…n Äa Phương, who was forced to commit suicide in 1389,[7] Prince Trang Äịnh Trần Ngạc, who was killed by order of Quý Ly in 1391[8] or Trần Nháºt Chương who was killed after Nghệ Tông's decision in 1392.[9] Trần Nghệ Tông deceased on December 15 of Lunar calendar, 1394 at the age of 73 and left royal court in the total control of Hồ Quý Ly.[10] He began to reform the administrative and examination systems of Trần Dynasty and eventually obliged Thuáºn Tông to change the capital from Thăng Long to Thanh Hóa in January 1397.[11]
On March 15 of Lunar calendar, 1398, under pressure of Hồ Quý Ly, Thuáºn Tông, had to cede the throne to his three-year-old son Trần An, now Trần Thiếu Äế, and held the title Retired Emperor at the age of only 20.[12] According to Äại Việt sá» kà toà n thư, actually Hồ Quý Ly wanted to overthrow Thuáºn Tông but before his death, Nghệ Tông made Quý Ly promise him supporting the Emperor[2][10] therefore Hồ Quý Ly decided to force Thuáºn Tông resign before taking over the throne from the new emperor.[12]
Finally, Hồ Quý Ly ordered a general to kill Thuáºn Tông in 1399 and buried the Retired Emperor in Yên Sinh Lăng. Two powerful figure in royal court Trần Khát Chân and Trần Hãng were also killed not long after the death of Thuáºn Tông and Trần Dynasty collapsed in 1400 when Hồ Quý Ly established his own dynasty, Hồ Dynasty.[13][14]
Family
Trần Thuáºn Tông had one wife, Queen Thánh Ngâu who was Hồ Quý Ly's daughter[3] and one son, Crown Prince Trần An[15] who became the Emperor Trần Thiếu Äế, the last emperor of Trần Dynasty.[13]
References
Notes
- 1 2 Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 280
- 1 2 Chapuis 1995, p. 94
- 1 2 3 Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 281
- ↑ Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991
- ↑ Ngô 1993, pp. 282–283
- ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 273–274
- 1 2 Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 282
- ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 284
- ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 285
- 1 2 Ngô 1993, pp. 287–288
- ↑ Ngô 1993, pp. 288–291
- 1 2 Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 292
- 1 2 Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 294
- ↑ Chapuis 1995, p. 96
- ↑ His given name (An, 𤇼) was suggested by authors of Khâm định Việt sỠThông giám cương mục, the official historical book of Nguyễn Dynasty, because they could not find the exact Chinese character for this sovereign. National Bureau for Historical Record 1998, p. 321
Bibliography
- Ngô SÄ© Liên (1993), Äại Việt sá» ký toà n thư (in Vietnamese) (Ná»™i các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
- National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sỠThông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House
- Trần Trá»ng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sá» lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials
- Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-29622-7
Trần Thuáºn Tông Born: 1378 Died: 1399 | ||
Regnal titles | ||
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Preceded by Trần Phế Äế |
Emperor of Trần Dynasty 1388–1398 |
Succeeded by Trần Thiếu Äế |
Preceded by Trần Nghệ Tông |
Retired Emperor of Trần Dynasty 1398–1399 |
Succeeded by none |
Trần royal family | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes:
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