Li (unit)

The li (Chinese: 里, lǐ, or 市里, shìlǐ), also known as the Chinese mile, is a traditional Chinese unit of distance. The li has varied considerably over time but was usually about a third as long as the English mile and now has a standardized length of a half-kilometer (500 meters or 1,640 feet). This is then divided into 1 500 chi or "Chinese feet".

The character 里 combines the characters for "field" (田, tián) and "earth" (土, tǔ), since it was considered to be about the length of a single village. As late as the 1940s, a "li" did not represent a fixed measure but could be longer or shorter depending on the effort required to cover the distance.[1]

There is also another li (Traditional: 釐, Simplified: 厘, lí) that indicates a unit of length 1/1000 of a chi, but it is used much less commonly. This li is used in the People's Republic of China as the equivalent of the centi- prefix in metric units, thus limi (厘米, límǐ) for centimeter. The tonal difference makes it distinguishable to speakers of Chinese, but unless specifically noted otherwise, any reference to li will always refer to the longer traditional unit and not to either the shorter unit or the kilometer. This traditional unit, in terms of historical usage and distance proportion, can be considered the East Asian counterpart to the Western league unit.

Changing values

See also: Chinese units

Like most traditional Chinese measurements, the li was reputed to have been established by the Yellow Emperor at the founding of Chinese civilization around 2600 BC and standardized by Yu the Great of the Xia Dynasty six hundred years later. Although the value varied from state to state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, historians give a general value to the li of 405 meters prior to the Qin Dynasty imposition of its standard in the 3rd century BC.

The basic Chinese traditional unit of distance was the chi. As its value changed over time, so did the li’s. In addition, the number of chi per li was sometimes altered. To add further complexity, under the Qin Dynasty, the li was set at 360 "paces" (步, bù) but the number of chi per bu was subsequently changed from 6 to 5, shortening the li by 1/6. Thus, the Qin li of about 576 meters became (with other changes) the Han li, which was standardized at 415.8 meters.

The basic units of measurement fortunately remained stable over the Qin and Han periods. A bronze imperial standard measure, dated AD 9, had been preserved at the Imperial Palace in Beijing and came to light in 1924. This has allowed very accurate conversions to modern measurements, which has provided a new and extremely useful additional tool in the identification of place names and routes. These measurements have been confirmed in many ways including the discovery of a number of rulers found at archaeological sites, and careful measurements of distances between known points.[2] The Han li was calculated by Dubs to be 415.8 metres[3] and all indications are that this is a precise and reliable determination.[2]

Evolving values of the li
Dynasty Period SI length
Xia 2100 - 1600 BCE 405 m
Western Zhou 1045 - 771 BCE 358 m
Eastern Zhou 770 - 250 BCE 416 m
Qin 221 - 206 BCE 415.8 m
Han 205 BCE - 220 CE 415.8 m
Tang 618 - 907 CE 323 m
Qing 1644 - 1911 CE 537 m - 645 m
ROC 1911 - 1984 500 m - 545 m
PRC 1984 – present 500 m

Under the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907), the li was approximately 323 meters.

In the late Manchu or Qing Dynasty, the number of chi was increased from 1,500 per li to 1,800. This had a value of 2115 feet or 644.6 meters. In addition, the Qing added a longer unit called the tu, which was equal to 150 li (96.7 km).

These changes were undone by the Republic of China of Chiang Kai-shek, who adopted the metric system in 1928. The Republic of China (now also known as Taiwan) continues not to use the li at all but only the kilometer (Chinese: 公里, gongli, lit. "common li").

Under Mao Zedong, the People's Republic of China reinstituted the traditional units as a measure of anti-imperialism and cultural pride before officially adopting the metric system in 1984. A place was made within this for the traditional units, which were restandardized to metric values. A modern li is thus set at exactly half a kilometer (500 meters). However, unlike the jin which is still frequently preferred in daily use over the kilogram, the li is almost never used. Nonetheless, its appearance in many phrases and sayings means that "kilometer" must always be specified by saying gongli in full.

Cultural use

A section of the Song-era Anping Bridge in Fujian. The bridge is commonly known as the "Five-Li Bridge" due to its length.

As one might expect for the equivalent of "mile", li appears in many Chinese sayings, locations, and proverbs as an indicator of great distances or the exotic:

Ri in Japan and Korea

Further information: Japanese units of measurement and Korean units of measurement

The present day Korean ri (리, 里) and Japanese ri (里) are units of measurements that can be traced back to the Chinese li (里).

Although the Chinese unit was unofficially used in Japan since the Zhou Dynasty, the countries officially adopted the measurement used by the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD). The ri of an earlier era in Japan was thus true to Chinese length, corresponding to six chō (ca. 500–600 m), but later somehow elongated to denote the distance that a person can walk in a fixed time. Thus, there had been various ri of 36, 40, and 48 chō. Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period officially defined 36 chō be 1 ri, allowing other variants, and the Japanese government in 1891 adopted this last definition. The Japanese ri was, at that time, fixed upon the metric system, 43200/11 ≈ 3927.27 meters or about 2.44 miles. Therefore, one must be careful about the correspondence between chō and ri. See Kujūkuri Beach (99-ri beach) for a case.

In South Korea, the ri currently in use is a unit taken from the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) li. It has a value of approximately 392.72 meters, or one tenth of the ri. The Aegukga, the national anthem of South Korea, and the Aegukka, the national anthem of North Korea, both mention 3,000 ri, which roughly corresponds to 1,200 km, the approximate longitudal span of the Korean peninsula.

In North Korea the Chollima Movement is a campaign aimed at improving labour productivity along the lines of the Stakhanovite movement in the Soviet Union. "Chollima" is the thousand-ri horse.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Byron R. Winborn (1994). Wen Bon: a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China. University of North Texas Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-929398-77-8.
  2. 1 2 Hulsewé (1961), pp. 206–207.
  3. ↑ Dubs (1938), pp. 276-280; (1955), p. 160, n. 7,

References

Further reading

External links

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