Trigonopterus

Trigonopterus
Trigonopterus vandekampi from New Guinea
100 Trigonopterus species described in 2013
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Superfamily: Curculionoidea
Family: Curculionidae
Subfamily: Cryptorhynchinae
Genus: Trigonopterus
C.A.A.Fauvel, 1862

Trigonopterus is a genus of flightless weevils placed in the Cryptorhynchinae of Curculionidae. It is distributed in the area between Sumatra, Samoa, the Philippines, and New Caledonia. About 90 species had been formally described until March 2013, when a single paper more than doubled this number,[1] agreeing with previous studies[2] and a systematic barcoding study[3] that many more species have yet to be described.

The center of its diversity appears to be New Guinea where 51 or more species can be found in a single locality.[4] Many of them are very similar to each other, but male genital characters and DNA barcoding allow a safe identification.

In January 2016 a paper was published that revised the Australian species within this genus. That paper described 24 new species and indicated the potential for more research into undescribed Australian species within this genus.[5][6]

In April 2016 a paper was published that described 4 new species in this genus from the island of New Britain. The paper postulated that more species of this genus presently unknown to science may exist on the island. It emphasised the importance of prioritising further research due to the ongoing destruction of the habitat of these species.[7]

The genus can be diagnosed among wingless cryptorhynchine weevils by the absence of a metanepisternum and by a synapomorphic structure of the tarsus with minute claws and a deeply incavated articulation of tarsomere 4. The metathoracic spiracle located externally at the side of the metaventrite is a unique feature and may ensure sufficient respiration during thanatosis.[8]

Trigonopterus species inhabit primary tropical forests, both on foliage and edaphic in the litter layer. They have a marked tendency to endemism with many species only known from a single locality. Their primary defence against predators is apparent death or thanatosis. An animated 3D model of a Trigonopterus weevil reveals a number of mechanisms to maintain a stable defensive position.[9]

Trigonopterus oblongus

The species Trigonopterus oblongus (Pascoe, 1885) is found in Papua.[10] It became notable in July 2011 when examination of the anatomy of the weevil revealed the first instance of a biological screw joint.[11] T. oblongus is just 4 millimetres (0.16 in) long and can fold their legs below their body. The biological screw joint is just 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) in size.[12][13] This discovery was made by Alexander Riedel of the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe and by Thomas van de Kamp of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology .[12]

Mechanism

The arthropod hip-leg joint consists of two parts - the coxa (or the hip) and the trochanter (or the head of the arthropod leg femur).[14] The coxa, in the case of Trigonopterus oblongus, resembles a nut, and it has a thread running along its inner surface with an angular span of 345°.[11][14] The trochanter resembles the screw.[14] It is rod-shaped with a large external spiral flange, having an angular span of 410°, in excess of a full circle, which functions as a thread.[11] When the leg muscles of a beetle are stretched, the screw turns. Though the screw-thread provide for very large angular rotation, the front legs are capable of rotating by 90°, while their hind legs can rotate by 130°.[15]

Evolution

The screw-and-nut system has now been found to be present in all 15 weevil species examined by the scientists and appears to be a hitherto unknown anatomical feature of weevils.[12][15] It has been estimated that weevils evolved this system about 100 million years ago. It is surmised that the development of this feature provided additional flexibility which permitted weevils to improve their climbing abilities, helped them keep steady when at rest, and to give a stronger leverage for piercing by the snout.[12]

Species

  • Trigonopterus acuminatus
  • Trigonopterus aeneipennis
  • Trigonopterus aeneomicans
  • Trigonopterus aeneoniveus
  • Trigonopterus aeneus
  • Trigonopterus aequalis
  • Trigonopterus agathis
  • Trigonopterus agilis
  • Trigonopterus alaspurwensis
  • Trigonopterus albidosparsus
  • Trigonopterus albopunctatus
  • Trigonopterus allopatricus
  • Trigonopterus allotopus
  • Trigonopterus amphoralis
  • Trigonopterus ampliatus
  • Trigonopterus amplipennis
  • Trigonopterus ancoruncus
  • Trigonopterus angulatus
  • Trigonopterus angulicollis
  • Trigonopterus angustus
  • Trigonopterus anthracinus
  • Trigonopterus anthrax
  • Trigonopterus apicalis
  • Trigonopterus argopurensis
  • Trigonopterus arjunensis
  • Trigonopterus armatus
  • Trigonopterus ascendens
  • Trigonopterus asper
  • Trigonopterus attenboroughi
  • Trigonopterus augur
  • Trigonopterus bakeri
  • Trigonopterus baliensis
  • Trigonopterus balimensis
  • Trigonopterus basalis
  • Trigonopterus basimaculatus
  • Trigonopterus batukarensis
  • Trigonopterus bawangensis
  • Trigonopterus bicolor
  • Trigonopterus biguttatoides
  • Trigonopterus biguttatus
  • Trigonopterus binodulus
  • Trigonopterus binotatus
  • Trigonopterus bornensis
  • Trigonopterus bryani
  • Trigonopterus caesipes
  • Trigonopterus cahyoi
  • Trigonopterus carinatus
  • Trigonopterus caudatus
  • Trigonopterus chewbacca
  • Trigonopterus conformis
  • Trigonopterus conicus
  • Trigonopterus constrictus
  • Trigonopterus convexus
  • Trigonopterus coriarius
  • Trigonopterus costatus
  • Trigonopterus costicollis
  • Trigonopterus costipennis
  • Trigonopterus crassicornis
  • Trigonopterus cribratus
  • Trigonopterus cribricollis
  • Trigonopterus crinipes
  • Trigonopterus cuneatus
  • Trigonopterus cuneipennis
  • Trigonopterus cuprescens
  • Trigonopterus cupreus
  • Trigonopterus curtus
  • Trigonopterus cyclopensis
  • Trigonopterus dacrycarpi
  • Trigonopterus dehiscens
  • Trigonopterus delapan
  • Trigonopterus densatus
  • Trigonopterus dentipes
  • Trigonopterus dentirostris
  • Trigonopterus diengensis
  • Trigonopterus difficilis
  • Trigonopterus difformis
  • Trigonopterus dilaticollis
  • Trigonopterus dimorphus
  • Trigonopterus discoidalis
  • Trigonopterus disruptus
  • Trigonopterus diversicollis
  • Trigonopterus dromedarius
  • Trigonopterus dua
  • Trigonopterus duabelas
  • Trigonopterus durus
  • Trigonopterus ebriosus
  • Trigonopterus echinatus
  • Trigonopterus echinus
  • Trigonopterus edaphus
  • Trigonopterus ellipticus
  • Trigonopterus empat
  • Trigonopterus enam
  • Trigonopterus ephippiatus
  • Trigonopterus eremitus
  • Trigonopterus euops
  • Trigonopterus evanidus
  • Trigonopterus femoralis
  • Trigonopterus femoridens
  • Trigonopterus ferrugineus
  • Trigonopterus fissitarsis
  • Trigonopterus flavomaculatus
  • Trigonopterus florensis
  • Trigonopterus foveatus
  • Trigonopterus fulgidus
  • Trigonopterus fulvicornis
  • Trigonopterus fusiformis
  • Trigonopterus gedensis
  • Trigonopterus gibbirostris
  • Trigonopterus glaber
  • Trigonopterus globatus
  • Trigonopterus gonatoceros
  • Trigonopterus grandicollis
  • Trigonopterus granum
  • Trigonopterus halimunensis
  • Trigonopterus hassleri
  • Trigonopterus helios
  • Trigonopterus heteropunctatus
  • Trigonopterus hitoloorum
  • Trigonopterus honestus
  • Trigonopterus honjensis
  • Trigonopterus humeralis
  • Trigonopterus ijensis
  • Trigonopterus illex
  • Trigonopterus illitus
  • Trigonopterus imitatus
  • Trigonopterus impar
  • Trigonopterus inclusus
  • Trigonopterus inflatus
  • Trigonopterus insignis
  • Trigonopterus insignoides
  • Trigonopterus insularis
  • Trigonopterus interpositus
  • Trigonopterus irregularis
  • Trigonopterus ixodiformis
  • Trigonopterus javensis
  • Trigonopterus jekelii
  • Trigonopterus kalimantanensis
  • Trigonopterus kanawiorum
  • Trigonopterus katayoi
  • Trigonopterus kintamanensis
  • Trigonopterus klatakanensis
  • Trigonopterus koveorum
  • Trigonopterus kurulu
  • Trigonopterus kuscheli
  • Trigonopterus laetus
  • Trigonopterus lampungensis
  • Trigonopterus latipes
  • Trigonopterus lekiorum
  • Trigonopterus lescheni
  • Trigonopterus lima
  • Trigonopterus lineatus
  • Trigonopterus lineellus
  • Trigonopterus lombokensis
  • Trigonopterus maculatus
  • Trigonopterus melas
  • Trigonopterus merophysioides
  • Trigonopterus merubetirensis
  • Trigonopterus mesehensis
  • Trigonopterus micans
  • Trigonopterus micros
  • Trigonopterus mimicus
  • Trigonopterus minutus
  • Trigonopterus misellus
  • Trigonopterus monticola
  • Trigonopterus montivagus
  • Trigonopterus moreaorum
  • Trigonopterus morokensis
  • Trigonopterus myops
  • Trigonopterus nangiorum
  • Trigonopterus nasutus
  • Trigonopterus neglectus
  • Trigonopterus nothofagorum
  • Trigonopterus oblitus
  • Trigonopterus oblongus
  • Trigonopterus obnixus
  • Trigonopterus obsidianus
  • Trigonopterus obsoletus
  • Trigonopterus ocladiiformis
  • Trigonopterus ovatus
  • Trigonopterus oviformis
  • Trigonopterus palawanensis
  • Trigonopterus pangandaranensis
  • Trigonopterus paraflorensis
  • Trigonopterus pararugosus
  • Trigonopterus parasumbawensis
  • Trigonopterus parumsquamosus
  • Trigonopterus parvulus
  • Trigonopterus parvus
  • Trigonopterus paucisquamosus
  • Trigonopterus pauxillus
  • Trigonopterus payungensis
  • Trigonopterus pembertoni
  • Trigonopterus perpolitus
  • Trigonopterus phoenix
  • Trigonopterus pilosipes
  • Trigonopterus plicicollis
  • Trigonopterus politoides
  • Trigonopterus politus
  • Trigonopterus porcatus
  • Trigonopterus proximus
  • Trigonopterus pseudinsignis
  • Trigonopterus pseudoflorensis
  • Trigonopterus pseudogranum
  • Trigonopterus pseudonasutus
  • Trigonopterus pseudosumbawensis
  • Trigonopterus ptolycoides
  • Trigonopterus pulchellus
  • Trigonopterus pulicaris
  • Trigonopterus pullus
  • Trigonopterus punctatoseriatus
  • Trigonopterus puncticollis
  • Trigonopterus punctulatus
  • Trigonopterus pusillus
  • Trigonopterus quadrimaculatus
  • Trigonopterus ragaorum
  • Trigonopterus ranakensis
  • Trigonopterus relictus
  • Trigonopterus rhinoceros
  • Trigonopterus rhomboidalis
  • Trigonopterus rinjaniensis
  • Trigonopterus roensis
  • Trigonopterus rostralis
  • Trigonopterus rubiginosus
  • Trigonopterus rubripennis
  • Trigonopterus rufibasis
  • Trigonopterus rufipennis
  • Trigonopterus rufipterus
  • Trigonopterus rufithorax
  • Trigonopterus rugosostriatus
  • Trigonopterus rugosus
  • Trigonopterus rutengensis
  • Trigonopterus saltator
  • Trigonopterus salubris
  • Trigonopterus samoanus
  • Trigonopterus santubongensis
  • Trigonopterus sasak
  • Trigonopterus satu
  • Trigonopterus scabrosus
  • Trigonopterus scaphioides
  • Trigonopterus scharfi
  • Trigonopterus schulzi
  • Trigonopterus scissops
  • Trigonopterus sculptirostris
  • Trigonopterus sculpturatus
  • Trigonopterus sebelas
  • Trigonopterus seclusus
  • Trigonopterus sejunctus
  • Trigonopterus sellatus
  • Trigonopterus sembilan
  • Trigonopterus semicribrosus
  • Trigonopterus semirubrus
  • Trigonopterus sepuluh
  • Trigonopterus seriatus
  • Trigonopterus serratifemur
  • Trigonopterus serratipes
  • Trigonopterus setifer
  • Trigonopterus setipoides
  • Trigonopterus setipus
  • Trigonopterus sexmaculatus
  • Trigonopterus signicollis
  • Trigonopterus silaliensis
  • Trigonopterus silvestris
  • Trigonopterus similis
  • Trigonopterus simulans
  • Trigonopterus singkawangensis
  • Trigonopterus singularis
  • Trigonopterus sinuatus
  • Trigonopterus soiorum
  • Trigonopterus solidus
  • Trigonopterus sordidus
  • Trigonopterus squalidus
  • Trigonopterus squamirostris
  • Trigonopterus squamosus
  • Trigonopterus striatipennis
  • Trigonopterus striatus
  • Trigonopterus strigatus
  • Trigonopterus strombosceroides
  • Trigonopterus subglabratus
  • Trigonopterus submetallicus
  • Trigonopterus subrubricollis
  • Trigonopterus sulcatus
  • Trigonopterus sumatrensis
  • Trigonopterus sumbawensis
  • Trigonopterus sundaicus
  • Trigonopterus suturaelevata
  • Trigonopterus suturalis
  • Trigonopterus syarbis
  • Trigonopterus taenzleri
  • Trigonopterus talpa
  • Trigonopterus taurekaorum
  • Trigonopterus telagensis
  • Trigonopterus tepalensis
  • Trigonopterus tialeorum
  • Trigonopterus tibialis
  • Trigonopterus tiga
  • Trigonopterus tridentatus
  • Trigonopterus trigonopterus
  • Trigonopterus tujuh
  • Trigonopterus ujungkulonensis
  • Trigonopterus unicolor
  • Trigonopterus uniformis
  • Trigonopterus vandekampi
  • Trigonopterus vanus
  • Trigonopterus variabilis
  • Trigonopterus variolosus
  • Trigonopterus velaris
  • Trigonopterus verrucosus
  • Trigonopterus violaceus
  • Trigonopterus viridescens
  • Trigonopterus vossi
  • Trigonopterus vulcanicus
  • Trigonopterus wallacei
  • Trigonopterus wamenaensis
  • Trigonopterus wariorum
  • Trigonopterus wolffi
  • Trigonopterus zonatus
  • Trigonopterus zygops

Gallery

The lateral aspect on thorax of the weevil Trigonopterus oblongus. In this genus, the metanepisternite is absent and the elytron touches the metaventrite (indicated). 
Metatarsus of weevil Trigonopterus sp. (from Java); scanning electron micrograph 
Diagram of the biological screw in the weevil Trigonopterus oblongus 

References

Wikispecies has information related to: Trigonopterus
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trigonopterus.
  1. ↑ Riedel, A.; Sagata, K.; Surbakti, S.; Tänzler, R.; Balke, M. (2013). "One hundred and one new species of Trigonopterus weevils from New Guinea". ZooKeys 280: 1. doi:10.3897/zookeys.280.3906.
  2. ↑ Alexander Riedel (2010). "One of a thousand - a new species of Trigonopterus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Cryptorhynchinae) from New Guinea". Zootaxa 2403: 59–68.
  3. ↑ Riedel, A.; Sagata, K.; Suhardjono, Y. R.; Tänzler, R.; Balke, M. (2013). "Integrative taxonomy on the fast track - towards more sustainability in biodiversity research". Frontiers in Zoology 10 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-10-15. PMID 23537182.
  4. ↑ Alexander Riedel, Daawia Daawia & Michael Balke (2010). "Deep cox1 divergence and hyperdiversity of Trigonopterus weevils in a New Guinea mountain range (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)". Zoologica Scripta 39 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00404.x.
  5. ↑ Riedel, Alexander; Tänzler, Rene (21 January 2016). "Revision of the Australian species of the weevil genus Trigonopterus Fauvel". ZooKeys 556: 97–162. doi:10.3897/zookeys.556.6126.
  6. ↑ Sheikh, Knvul. "Hiding in Plain Sight: 24 New Beetle Species Discovered in Australia". Live Science. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  7. ↑ Van Dam, Matthew H.; Laufa, Raymond; Riedel, Alexander (21 April 2016). "Four new species of Trigonopterus Fauvel from the island of New Britain (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)". ZooKeys 582: 129–141. doi:10.3897/zookeys.582.7709.
  8. ↑
    • van de Kamp, T., Cecilia, A., dos Santos Rolo, T., Vagovič, P., Baumbach, T., & Riedel, A. 2015: Comparative thorax morphology of death-feigning flightless cryptorhynchine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) based on 3D reconstructions. Arthropod Structure & Development 44: 509–523. doi: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.07.004
  9. ↑ Van De Kamp, T.; Dos Santos Rolo, T.; Vagovič, P.; Baumbach, T.; Riedel, A. (2014). "Three-Dimensional Reconstructions Come to Life – Interactive 3D PDF Animations in Functional Morphology". PLoS ONE 9 (7): e102355. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102355.
  10. ↑ Riedel, Alexander. "The True Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea, Curculionidae) of Papua Indonesia". Taxonomic and faunistic overviews on the insect species living in Papua and West-Papua (Indonesian New Guinea). The Papua Insect Foundation. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 van de Kamp, Thomas; Vagovic, Patrik; Baumbach, Tilo; Riedel, Alexander (1 July 2011). "A Biological Screw in a Beetle's Leg". Science 333 (6038): 52. doi:10.1126/science.1204245. PMID 21719669.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (source) (5 July 2011). /releases/2011/07/110701082802.htm= "Nature uses screws and nuts: Previously unknown musculoskeletal system discovered in weevils" Check |url= value (help). ScienceDaily. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  13. ↑ Tenenbaum, David J. (30 Jun 2011). "Meet the biological screw". The Why Files. whyfiles.org. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  14. 1 2 3 Ross, Valerie (30 Jun 2011). "Zooming in on Beetles’ Knees, Biologists Find Tiny Screws and Nuts". Discover magazine. Kalmbach Publishing Co. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  15. 1 2 Brown, Mark (5 July 2011). "Weevil Has Nuts and Bolts in Its Legs". Wired Science. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
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