Truncation (geometry)

Truncated square is a regular octagon: t{4} = {8} =	Truncated cube t{4,3} or	Truncated cubic honeycomb t{4,3,4} or

In geometry, a truncation is an operation in any dimension that cuts polytope vertices, creating a new facet in place of each vertex. The term originates from Kepler's names for the Archimedean solids.

Uniform truncation

Regular polygon general truncation

In general any polyhedron (or polytope) can also be truncated with a degree of freedom as to how deep the cut is, as shown in Conway polyhedron notation truncation operation.

A special kind of truncation, usually implied, is a uniform truncation, a truncation operator applied to a regular polyhedron (or regular polytope) which creates a resulting uniform polyhedron (uniform polytope) with equal edge lengths. There are no degrees of freedom, and it represents a fixed geometric, just like the regular polyhedra.

In general all single ringed uniform polytopes have a uniform truncation. For example the icosidodecahedron, represented as Schläfli symbols r{5,3} or $\begin{Bmatrix} 5 \\ 3 \end{Bmatrix}$ , and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram or has a uniform truncation, the truncated icosidodecahedron, represented as tr{5,3} or $t\begin{Bmatrix} 5 \\ 3 \end{Bmatrix}$ , . In the Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, the effect of a truncation is to ring all the nodes adjacent to the ringed node.

Truncation of polygons

A truncated n-sided polygon will have 2n sides (edges). A regular polygon uniformly truncated will become another regular polygon: t{n} is {2n}. A complete truncation (or rectification), r{3}, is another regular polygon in its dual position.

A regular polygon can also be represented by its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, , and its uniform truncation , and its complete truncation . The graph represents Coxeter group I₂(n), with each node representing a mirror, and the edge representing the angle π/n between the mirrors, and a circle is given around one or both mirrors to show which ones are active.

Parametric truncations of a triangle
{3}		t{3} = {6}		r{3} = {3}

Star polygons can also be truncated. A truncated pentagram {5/2} will look like a pentagon, but is actually a double-covered (degenerate) decagon ({10/2}) with two sets of overlapping vertices and edges. A truncated great heptagram {7/3} gives a tetradecagram {14/3}.

Uniform truncation in regular polyhedra and tilings and higher

Truncations of the cube beyond rectification

When the term applies to truncating platonic solids or regular tilings, usually "uniform truncation" is implied, which means to truncate until the original faces become regular polygons with double the sides.

This sequence shows an example of the truncation of a cube, using four steps of a continuous truncating process between a full cube and a rectified cube. The final polyhedron is a cuboctahedron.

The middle image is the uniform truncated cube. It is represented by a Schläfli symbol t{p,q,...}.

A bitruncation is a deeper truncation, removing all the original edges, but leaving an interior part of the original faces. The truncated octahedron is a bitruncated cube: 2t{4,3} is an example.

A complete bitruncation is called a birectification that reduces original faces to points. For polyhedra, this becomes the dual polyhedron. An octahedron is a birectification of the cube: {3,4} = 2r{4,3} is an example.

Another type of truncation is called cantellation, cuts edge and vertices, removing original edges and replacing them with rectangles.

Higher dimensional polytopes have higher truncations, runcination cuts faces, edges, and vertices. In 5-dimensions sterication cuts cells, faces, and edges.

Edge-truncation

Edge-truncation is a beveling or chamfer for polyhedra, similar to cantellation but retains original vertices, where edges are replaced by hexagons. In 4-polytopes edge-truncation replaces edges with elongated bipyramid cells.

Alternation or partial truncation

The snub cube can be seen as a uniform alternation of a truncated cuboctahedron

Alternation or partial truncation only removes some of the original vertices.

A partial truncation or alternation - Half of the vertices and connecting edges are completely removed. The operation only applies to polytopes with even-sided faces. Faces are reduced to half as many sides, and square faces degenerate into edges. For example the tetrahedron is an alternated cube, h{4,3}.

Diminishment - A more general term used in Johnson solids for the removal of one or more vertices, edges, or faces of a polytope, without disturbing the other vertices. For example, the tridiminished icosahedron starts with a regular icosahedron with 3 vertices removed.

Other partial truncations are symmetry-based. For example, the tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron.

Generalized truncations

Types of truncations shown on an edge isolated from a larger polygon or polyhedron with red and blue vertices. The edge reverses direction after complete truncation.

The linear truncation process can be generalized by allowing parametric truncations that are negative, or that go beyond the midpoint of the edges, causing self-intersecting star polyhedra, and can parametrically relate to some of the regular star polygons and uniform star polyhedra.

Shallow truncation - Edges are reduced in length, faces are truncated to have twice as many sides, while new facets are formed, centered at the old vertices.
Uniform truncation are a special case of this with equal edge lengths. The truncated cube, t{4,3}, with square faces becoming octagons, with new triangular faces are the vertices.
Antitruncation A reverse shallow truncation, truncated outwards off the original edges, rather than inward. This results in a polytope which looks like the original, but has parts of the dual dangling off its corners, instead of the dual cutting into its own corners.
Complete truncation or rectification - The limit of a shallow truncation, where edges are reduced to points. The cuboctahedron, r{4,3}, is an example.
Hypertruncation A form of truncation that goes past the rectification, inverting the original edges, and causing self-intersections to appear.
Quasitruncation A form of truncation that goes even farther than hypertruncation where the inverted edge becomes longer than the original edge. It can be generated from the original polytope by treating all the faces as retrograde, i.e. going backwards round the vertex. For example, quasitruncating the square gives a regular octagram (t{4,3}={8/3}), and quasitruncating the cube gives the uniform stellated truncated hexahedron, t{4/3,3}.

Truncations on a square
Types of truncation on a square, {4}, showing red original edges, and new truncated edges in cyan. A uniform truncated square is a regular octagon, t{4}={8}. A complete truncated square becomes a new square, with a diagonal orientation. Vertices are sequenced around counterclockwise, 1-4, with truncated pairs of vertices as a and b.

Truncations of the cube
⇨	Cube {4,3}	⇨	Truncation t{4,3}	⇨	Complete truncation r{4,3}	⇩
Antitruncation						Hypertruncation
⇧	Complete quasitruncation	⇦	Quasitruncation t{4/3,3}	⇦	Complete hypertruncation	⇦

References

Coxeter, H.S.M. Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8 (pp. 145–154 Chapter 8: Truncation)
Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
- N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966

External links

Weisstein, Eric W., "Truncation", MathWorld.
Olshevsky, George, Truncation at Glossary for Hyperspace.
Polyhedra Names, truncation

Polyhedron operators
Seed	Truncation	Rectification	Bitruncation	Dual	Expansion	Omnitruncation	Alternations


t₀{p,q} {p,q}	t₀₁{p,q} t{p,q}	t₁{p,q} r{p,q}	t₁₂{p,q} 2t{p,q}	t₂{p,q} 2r{p,q}	t₀₂{p,q} rr{p,q}	t₀₁₂{p,q} tr{p,q}	ht₀{p,q} h{q,p}	ht₁₂{p,q} s{q,p}	ht₀₁₂{p,q} sr{p,q}

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