Tularosa Basin
The Tularosa Basin is a graben basin in the Basin and Range Province and within the Chihuahuan Desert, east of the Rio Grande in southern New Mexico, in the Southwestern United States.
Geography
The Tularosa Basin is located primarily in Otero County. It covers about 6,500 square miles or 16,800 square kilometres (35% larger than Connecticut). It lies between the Sacramento Mountains to the east, and the San Andres and Oscura Mountains to the west. The basin stretches about 150 miles (240 km) north-south, and at its widest is about 60 miles (100 km) east-west. It is geologically considered part of the Rio Grande Rift zone, which widens there due to the slight clockwise rotation of the Colorado Plateau tectonic plate.
Notable features of the basin include White Sands National Monument, Oliver Lee Memorial State Park, the Carrizozo Malpais lava flow, Holloman Air Force Base, and the White Sands Missile Range with the historic Trinity nuclear test Site. Tularosa Creek flows westward into the Tularosa Basin just north of the village of Tularosa. The distinct northwestern New Mexico Tularosa River is located in Catron County.
Hydrologically, the Tularosa Basin is an endorheic basin, as no water flows out of it. The basin is closed to the north by Chupadera Mesa and to the south by the Franklin and Hueco Mountains. Surface water that doesn't evaporate or soak into the ground eventually accumulates at playas (intermittently dry lake beds), the largest of which is Lake Lucero at the southwest end of the White Sands dunes. The White Sands are a 710-km² (275-sq mi) field of white sand dunes composed of gypsum crystals. To the north of Lake Lucero there are extensive alkali flats, which produce additional gypsum for wind deposition on the dunes.
History
- Apache, Spanish, and U.S. 'Old West'
When the Spanish arrived in the Tularosa Basin they found springs and small streams coming from the Sacramento Mountains that fed a relatively lush grassland on the eastern side of the basin. While some sheep ranching was tried by the Spanish, and some mining, the area remained firmly under Apache control until the 1850s when the United States established its military presence at Fort Stanton (in the Sacramento Mountains) (1855–1896), Torreon Fort (near Lincoln) (1850s), and Camp Comfort (1858–1859) at White Sands. Under US military protection the first permanent settlement was established in 1862, when approx. 50 Hispanic farmers from the Rio Grande Valley moved to Tularosa. Efforts to control the Apache waned somewhat during the American Civil War and serious Anglo settlement did not begin until the late 1870s when settlers and cattlemen from Texas began moving into the basin.
- Grasslands and grazing
The native grasslands in the Tularosa Basin were able to support large herds in the wet years of the 1880s. When the Anglos first started running cattle, in some places the native perennial bunchgrasses grew 'as high as a horse’s shoulder' - 1–2.5 metres (3.3–8.2 ft) depending on species. One cowboy estimated in 1889 that 85,000 head were mustered within the basin, but said that that was “far too heavy a burden for the range” - or beyond its carrying capacity.[1] The following years were ones of severe drought, and the grassland pastures never recovered from the over-grazing which continued in many instances for 75 years or more, and consequent top soil erosion and desertification. Even within the White Sands Missile Range, where cattle grazing was eliminated in 1945, the effects from the 1890 -1945 period of overgrazing can still be seen nearly everywhere in the Range. Many areas that were historically known to be rich perennial grasslands are now xeric desert shrublands, with creosote bush—(Larrea tridentata) predominating.
- Groundwater salinization
Since surface water was unable to sustain the cattle herds, the ranchers turned to groundwater, and the easily reachable aquifer of 'sweet water' was pumped out and depleted from under the basin, leaving only brackish water. Applying the groundwater to the surface resulted in additional salts being dissolved and transported back down via groundwater recharge into the aquifer, increasing its salinity. By the year 2000 it was recognized that salts in the aquifer needed to be significantly reduced if existing levels of water usage were to continue. Therefore, in 2004 the Tularosa Basin National Desalination Research Facility was established in the basin at Alamogordo, as a joint project of the Federal Bureau of Reclamation and Sandia National Laboratories. It is a national center for researching procedures to reduce brackish water creation and to develop new technologies for its desalination, as it is increasingly found in present-day inland basin aquifers with agricultural irrigation and potable water withdrawal demands.
Ecology
The Tularosa Basin is in the Chihuahuan Desert ecoregion, with the former Great Plains grassland habitat ecotones. Because of the closed nature of the basin, a number of unique ecological niches have developed. There are a significant number of endemic species which are only found in the Tularosa Basin. These include the White Sands pupfish—(Cyprinodon tularosa) and the Oscura Mountains chipmunk.
Counties
While the Tularosa Basin lies primarily in New Mexican Otero County, it also extends into Doña Ana, Sierra, Lincoln, and Socorro Counties in New Mexico, and El Paso County in southwest Texas.
Cities, towns and ghost towns
- Alamogordo 32°54′N 105°58′W / 32.90°N 105.96°W
- Alvarado 32°05′N 106°08′W / 32.08°N 106.14°W
- Boles Acres 32°49′N 105°59′W / 32.81°N 105.99°W
- Carrizozo 33°38′N 105°53′W / 33.64°N 105.88°W
- Coane
- Desert 32°07′N 106°07′W / 32.12°N 106.11°W
- Elwood 32°11′N 106°05′W / 32.18°N 106.08°W
- Estey City
- Holloman AFB 32°49′N 105°56′W / 32.82°N 105.94°W ZIP Code: 88330
- Kearney 32°59′N 105°59′W / 32.98°N 105.99°W
- La Luz 32°59′N 105°56′W / 32.98°N 105.94°W ZIP Code: 88337
- Lovelace 33°28′N 106°01′W / 33.46°N 106.02°W
- Monista 32°50′N 106°04′W / 32.83°N 106.07°W
- Omlee 32°50′N 105°58′W / 32.84°N 105.97°W
- Orogrande 32°22′N 106°05′W / 32.37°N 106.08°W ZIP Code: 88342
- Oscura
- Point of Sands
- Polly
- Salinas
- Three Rivers 33°19′N 106°04′W / 33.32°N 106.07°W ZIP Code: 88352
- Tularosa 33°04′N 106°01′W / 33.07°N 106.02°W ZIP Code: 88352
- Turquoise 32°27′N 106°02′W / 32.45°N 106.03°W
- Valmont 32°45′N 105°59′W / 32.75°N 105.99°W
- White Sands 32°23′N 106°29′W / 32.38°N 106.48°W
Notes
- ↑ Tom Fraser in an interview in 1942, quoted in Sonnichsen, C.L. (1980) Tularosa: Last of the Frontier West Univ. of NM Press edition, p. 21.
External links
- Alamogordo Museum: "Tularosa Basin Historical Society" website
- NPS: official White Sands National Monument website
- City of Alamogordo website
- Town of Carrizozo website
- U.S. Army: White Sands Missile Range website