Turkish population

The Turkish population refers to the number of ethnic Turkish people in the world.

Turkish colonisation took place during the rule of the Ottoman Empire which formed traditional areas of Turkish settlement. Many of these Turkish communities/minorities have established their own diasporas, such as the Turkish diaspora, the Turkish Cypriot diaspora, and the Meskhetian Turkish diaspora.

Traditional areas of Turkish settlement

The 1965 Turkish census was the last census in which people were asked about their mother tongue. This map shows the distribution of people who spoke Turkish during this period.

Prior to the Cyprus dispute Turkish Cypriots lived throughout the island of Cyprus. However, the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état initiated by the Greek military junta, which sought to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus followed by the declaration of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus. Since the establishement of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983 the majority of Turkish Cypriots live mostly in the northern region of the island. The break-away state remains internationally unrecognised, except by Turkey.

Country	Official State census figures	Other estimates	Constitution recognition	See also
Turkey	N/A. The Turkish census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	55,000,000 - 59,500,000[1][2]	The Turkish language is the official language of the Republic of Turkey, under Article 3 of the 1982 Turkish constitution.	Turkish people
Cyprus	1,128 (2011 Cypriot Census)[3]	2,000 Turkish Cypriots remain in the internationally recognized southern region of the Republic of Cyprus[4]	Under Article 2 of the Cypriot constitution the Turkish Cypriots, alongside the Greek Cypriots, form one of the two "Communities" in Cyprus. The Turkish Cypriots are therefore recognised as equal participants of the Republic rather than as a minority. Furthermore, under Article 3, the Greek and Turkish languages are the two official languages of Cyprus.[5] Despite President Makarios III's attempt to amend the constitution and the aim to weaken the rights of Turkish Cypriots, under the 1963 Akritas plan, the original 1960 constitution is still legally in force today.	Turkish Cypriots
Northern Cyprus	286,257 (2011 Turkish Cypriot census)[6]	300,000[7]-500,000[8] (includes Turkish Cypriots and recent Turkish settlers)	According to Article 2(2) of the 1985 constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is only recognised by Turkey, the Turkish language is the sole official language of the break-away state.[9]	Turkish Cypriots

Turkish minorities in the Balkans

Map of the the Turkish population in Bulgaria. According to the 2011 Bulgarian census the Turks make up a majority in the Kardzhali Province (66.2%) and the Razgrad Province (50.02%).

According to the 2002 census of the Republic of Macedonia the Turks make up a majority in the Centar Župa Municipality (80.2%) and the Plasnica Municipality (97.8%).

According to the 2011 census of Kosovo the Turks make up a majority in Mamuša (93.1%).

According to the 2011 census of Romania the Turks make up a majority in Dobromir (61.93%) located in the Constanța County.

Country	Official State census figures	Other estimates	Constitutional recognition/Minority status	Further information	Lists of Turks by country
Bosnia and Herzegovina	267 (1991 Bosnian census)[10]	50,000[11][12]	The Turkish language is officially recognized as a minority language, in accordance with the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, under Article 2, paragraph 2, of the 2010 ratification.[13]	Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria	588,318 (2011 Bulgarian census)[14]	750,000[11]	The Bulgarian constitution of 1991 does not mention any ethnic minorities and the Bulgarian language is the sole official language of the State. However, in accordance with Article 36(2), the Turkish minority has the right to study their own language alongside the compulsory study of the Bulgarian language. Moreover, under Article 54(1), the Turkish minority have the right to "develop their culture in accordance with his ethnic identification".[15]	Turks in Bulgaria	List of Bulgarian Turks
Croatia	367 (2011 Croatian census)[16]	2,000[17]	The Turks are officially recognised as a minority ethnic group, in accordance with the 2010 Constitution of Croatia.[18]	Turks in Croatia
Greece	179,895 (1951 Greek census)[19][20][21]	Total unknown 80,000[22]-130,000 (Western Thrace)[23][24] 10,000[25] to 15,000 (Athens)[26] 5,000 (Rhodes and Kos)[27][28] 5,000 (Thessaloniki)[26]	The Turks of Western Thrace have protected status to practice their religion and use the Turkish language, in accordance with the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. However, the other sizeable Turkish minorities in Greece have no official recognition.[29]	Turks in Greece
Kosovo	18,738 (2011 Kosovar census)[30]	30,000[31] to 50,000[11]	The Turkish language is recognized as an official language in the municipalities of Prizren and Mamuša and has minority status in Gjilan, Pristina, Vučitrn, and Mitrovica.[32]	Turks in Kosovo
Republic of Macedonia	77,959 (2002 Macedonian census)[33]	170,000-200,000.[34][35]	Initially the 1988 draft constitution spoke of the "state of the Macedonian people and the Albanian and Turkish minority". Once the 1991 constitution came into force the Turkish language was used officially where Turks formed a majority in the Centar Župa Municipality and the Plasnica Municipality. Since the 2001 amendment to the constitution, the Turkish language is officially used where Turks form at least 20% of the population and hence it is also an official language of Mavrovo and Rostuša.[36]	Turks in Macedonia
Montenegro	104 (2011 Montenegrin census).[37]			Turks in Montenegro
Romania	28,226 (2011 Romanian census)[38]	55,000[39] to 80,000[40]	The Turkish language is officially recognized as a minority language, in accordance with the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, under Part III of the 2007 ratification.[13]	Turks in Romania
Serbia	647 (2011 Serbian census)[41]			Turks in Serbia
Total	N/A	1,300,000 (2011 estimate)[11]		Turks in the Balkans

Turkish minorities in the Caucasus

The Meskheti region of Georgia had the largest Turkish population in Caucasus prior to the Second World War. In 1944 Joseph Stalin deported the Meskhetian Turkish minority to other parts of the Soviet Union, where they now form a large diaspora.

Country	Official State census figures	Other estimates	Constitutional recognition/ Minority status	Further information	Lists of Turks by country
Abkhazia	731 (2011 census)[42]	15,000[43]		Turks in Abkhazia
Azerbaijan	Turkish minority N/A. The Azeri census does not distinguish between the Turkish minority and recent Turkish arrivals.	19,000[44] (This does not include the Meskhetian Turks or recent Turkish arrivals)		Turks in Azerbaijan
Georgia		600-1,000[45]		Meskhetian Turks

Turkish minorities in the Arab World

The majority of Iraqi Turks live in the so-called "Turkmeneli" region.

Country	Official State census figures	Other estimates	Constitutional recognition/Minority status	Further information	Lists of Turks by country
Algeria		600,000-3,300,000[46][47][48][49]		Turks in Algeria
Egypt		100,000[50]-1,500,000[51]		Turks in Egypt
Iraq	567,000 (1957 census)	500,000–3,000,000[52][51]	Under Article 14 of the draft of the first Iraqi constitution the Turks were one of the constitutive people of Iraq. However, due to the political dispute over the Mosul Question, which Turkey and Britain claimed as part of their territory, the Turkish minority in the Turkmeneli region were not mentioned in the 1925 and 1943 constitutions. Nevertheless, the 1932 Iraqi constitution was written in the Arabic, Kurdish and Turkish languages.[53] Under Article 3 of the current 2005 constitution the Iraqi Turks have been given official minority recognition. Furthermore, under Article 4, the Iraqi Turkmen/Turcoman language has been given official recognition.[54] Despite being called the "Turkmen/Turcoman" language, the Iraqi Turkoman Congress has adopted a Declaration of Principles, Article Three of which states that "The official written language of the Turkmans is Istanbul Turkish, and its alphabet is the new Latin alphabet."[55][56]	Iraqi Turkmens^a[›]
Jordan		60,000[48]		Turks in Jordan
Lebanon		80,000[57]		Turks in Lebanon
Libya		50,000[48]		Turks in Libya
Saudi Arabia		150,000[48]		Turks in Saudi Arabia
Syria		750,000-3,500,000[58][51]		Syrian Turkmens
Tunisia		500,000[48]-2,000,000[59]		Turks in Tunisia
Yemen		10,000-30,000[60][61]		Turks in Yemen
Total		8,760,000 (1993 estimate)[48]

Turkish diasporas

Asia

Country	Official State census figures	Other estimates	Further information	Lists of Turks
India	126 (2001 Indian census)[62]	250[63]	Turks in India
Kyrgyzstan	39,133 (2009 Kyrgyz census)[64]	50,000[65] to 70,000[66] (Meskhetian Turks only)	Turks in Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan	227 (1989 Turkmen census)[67]		Turks in Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan	106,302 (1989 Uzbek census)[68]		Turks in Uzbekistan

Europe

Country	Official State census figures	Other estimates	Further information	Lists of Turks
Austria	N/A. The Austrian census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	350,000[69][70][71]-500,000[72][73]	Turks in Austria	List of Austrian Turks
Azerbaijan	38,000 (2009 Azeri census)[74]	90,000-110,000 (Meskhetian Turks only)[75]	Turks in Azerbaijan
Belarus	55 (1989 Belarusian Census)[76]
Belgium	N/A. The Belgian census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	200,000[77][78] 250,000[79][80][81][82]	Turks in Belgium	List of Belgian Turks
Czech Republic		1,700[83]
Denmark	N/A. The Danish census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	70,000[84] 80,000[85]	Turks in Denmark
Estonia		24[86]
Finland		10,000[87]	Turks in Finland
France	N/A. The French census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	800,000[88]- 1,000,000[89][90]	Turks in France	List of French Turks
Germany	N/A. The German census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	3,500,000[91][92] - 4,000,000[93][94] Plus 2,000 Turkish Cypriots[95]	Turks in Germany	List of German Turks
Hungary	1,565 (2001 Hungarian census)[96]	1,700[97]	Turks in Hungary
Iceland		68[98]
Ireland	N/A. The Irish census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	3,000[99]	Turks in Ireland
Italy	N/A. The Italian census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	30,000-40,000[100][101] (excluding the Turkish minority in Moena)	Turks in Italy
Kazakhstan	97,015 (2009 Kazakh census)[102]	150,000 (Meskhetian Turks only)[75]	Turks in Kazakhstan
Latvia		142[103]	lv:Turki Latvijā
Liechtenstein		1,000[104]	Turks in Liechtenstein
Lithuania		35[105]
Luxembourg		450[106]
Malta		53[107]
Moldova			Turks in Moldova
Monaco		57[108]
Netherlands	N/A. The Dutch census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	400,000-500,000[109] 627,000[110] Plus 10,000-30,000 Bulgarian Turks.[111]	Turks in the Netherlands	List of Dutch Turks
Norway	N/A. The Norwegian census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	16,000[112]	Turks in Norway
Poland		2,500[113]	Turks in Poland
Portugal		250[114]
Russia	Recorded 105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks (2010 Russian census)[115]	120,000-150,000[116]	Turks in Russia
Slovakia		150[117]
Slovenia		259[118]
Spain	N/A. The Spanish census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	4,000[119]	Turks in Spain
Sweden	N/A. The Swedish census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	100,000[120][121]-200,000[122][123] Plus 30,000 Bulgarian Turks[124]	Turks in Sweden
Switzerland	N/A. The Swiss census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	100,000[125]-120,000[126][127]	Turks in Switzerland	List of Swiss Turks
Ukraine	Recorded 8,844 Turks and 336 Meskhetian Turks (2001 Ukrainian census)[128]	10,000 (Meskhetian Turks only)[129]	Turks in Ukraine
United Kingdom	N/A. The British census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity.	500,000 (including 300,000-350,000 Turkish Cypriots)[130]	Turks in the United Kingdom	List of British Turks
Total		9 to 10 million[131][132][133]

North America

Country	Official State census figures	Other estimates	Further information	Lists of Turks
Canada	55,430 (2011 Canadian census)[134]	100,000[135][136][137] 1,800 Turkish Cypriots[95]	Turkish Canadians	List of Turkish Canadians
United States	206,911 (2014 American Community Survey estimate)[138]	500,000[139][140]	Turkish Americans	List of Turkish Americans

South America

Country	Official State census figures	Other estimates	Further information	Lists of Turks by country
Peru		12,000[141]
Total

Oceania

Country	Official State census figures	Other estimates	Further information	Lists of Turks
Australia	66,919 (2011 census)[142]	150,000[143] to 200,000[144] Plus 40,000-120,000 Turkish Cypriots[145][146][147][95]	Turkish Australians	List of Turkish Australians
New Zealand	957 (2013 census)[148]	2,000-3,000[149] Plus 1,600 Turkish Cypriots[95]	Turks in New Zealand

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