Tycho (crater)

Tycho

Tycho seen by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. NASA
Coordinates	43°19′S 11°22′W / 43.31°S 11.36°WCoordinates: 43°19′S 11°22′W / 43.31°S 11.36°W
Diameter	86 km
Depth	4.8 km
Colongitude	12° at sunrise
Eponym	Tycho Brahe

Tycho (/ˈtaɪkoʊ/) is a prominent lunar impact crater located in the southern lunar highlands, named after the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601).^[1] To the south is the crater Street; to the east is Pictet, and to the north-northeast is Sasserides. The surface around Tycho is replete with craters of various sizes, many overlapping still older craters. Some of the smaller craters are secondary craters formed from larger chunks of ejecta from Tycho.

Location of Tycho as seen from the Northern Hemisphere.

Age and description

Tycho is a relatively young crater, with an estimated age of 108 million years (Ma), based on analysis of samples of the crater ray recovered during the Apollo 16 mission. This age suggests that the impactor may have been a member of the Baptistina family of asteroids, but as the composition of the impactor is unknown this is currently conjecture. However, simulation studies give a 70 percent probability that the crater was created by a fragment from the same break-up that created asteroid 298 Baptistina;^[2] which was previously believed to be responsible for the formation of Chicxulub Crater and the extinction of the dinosaurs. However, that possibility was potentially ruled out by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer in 2011.

The crater is sharply defined, unlike older craters that have been degraded by subsequent impacts. The interior has a high albedo that is prominent when the Sun is overhead, and the crater is surrounded by a distinctive ray system forming long spokes that reach as long as 1,500 kilometers. Sections of these rays can be observed even when Tycho is illuminated only by earthlight. Due to its prominent rays, Tycho is mapped as part of the Copernican System.^[3]

The large ray system centered on Tycho

The ramparts beyond the rim have a lower albedo than the interior for a distance of over a hundred kilometers, and are free of the ray markings that lie beyond. This darker rim may have been formed from minerals excavated during the impact.

Its inner wall is slumped and terraced, sloping down to a rough but nearly flat floor exhibiting small, knobby domes. The floor displays signs of past volcanism, most likely from rock melt caused by the impact. Detailed photographs of the floor show that it is covered in a criss-crossing array of cracks and small hills. The central peaks rise 1.6 kilometers (0.99 mi) above the floor, and a lesser peak stands just to the northeast of the primary massif.

Infrared observations of the lunar surface during an eclipse have demonstrated that Tycho cools at a slower rate than other parts of the surface, making the crater a "hot spot". This effect is caused by the difference in materials that cover the crater.

Panoramic view of the lunar surface taken by Surveyor 7, which landed about 29 km (18 mi) from the rim of Tycho

The rim of this crater was chosen as the target of the Surveyor 7 mission. The robotic spacecraft safely touched down north of the crater in January 1968. The craft performed chemical measurements of the surface, finding a composition different from the maria. From this, one of the main components of the highlands was theorized to be anorthosite, an aluminium-rich mineral. The crater was also imaged in great detail by Lunar Orbiter 5.

From the 1950s through the 1990s, NASA aerodynamicist Dean Chapman and others advanced the lunar origin theory of tektites. Chapman used complex orbital computer models and extensive wind tunnel tests to support the theory that the so-called Australasian tektites originated from the Rosse ejecta ray of Tycho. Until the Rosse ray is sampled, a lunar origin for these tektites cannot be ruled out.

This crater was drawn on lunar maps as early as 1645, when Antonius Maria Schyrleus de Rheita depicted the bright ray system.

Names

Tycho is named after the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe. Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by the Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized.^[4][5] Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names. Pierre Gassendi named it Umbilicus Lunaris ('the navel of the Moon').^[6] Michael van Langren's 1645 map calls it "Vladislai IV" after Władysław IV Vasa, King of Poland.^[7][8] And Johannes Hevelius named it 'Mons Sinai' after Mount Sinai.^[9]

Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Tycho.

Tycho	Coordinates	Diameter, km
A	39°56′S 12°04′W / 39.94°S 12.07°W	29
B	43°59′S 13°55′W / 43.99°S 13.92°W	14
C	44°07′S 13°28′W / 44.12°S 13.46°W	7
D	45°35′S 14°04′W / 45.58°S 14.07°W	26
E	42°20′S 13°40′W / 42.34°S 13.66°W	13
F	40°55′S 13°13′W / 40.91°S 13.21°W	17
H	45°17′S 15°55′W / 45.29°S 15.92°W	8
J	42°35′S 15°25′W / 42.58°S 15.42°W	11
K	45°11′S 14°23′W / 45.18°S 14.38°W	6
P	45°26′S 13°04′W / 45.44°S 13.06°W	7
Q	42°30′S 15°59′W / 42.50°S 15.99°W	20
R	41°55′S 13°41′W / 41.91°S 13.68°W	4
S	43°28′S 16°18′W / 43.47°S 16.30°W	3
T	41°09′S 12°37′W / 41.15°S 12.62°W	14
U	41°05′S 13°55′W / 41.08°S 13.91°W	20
V	41°43′S 15°26′W / 41.72°S 15.43°W	4
W	43°18′S 15°23′W / 43.30°S 15.38°W	21
X	43°50′S 15°15′W / 43.84°S 15.25°W	12
Y	44°07′S 15°56′W / 44.12°S 15.93°W	22
Z	43°14′S 16°21′W / 43.23°S 16.35°W	23

Fictional references

There is a chapter entitled "Tycho" in Jules Verne's Around the Moon (Autour de la Lune, 1870) which describes the crater and its ray system.

Tycho was the location of the Tycho Magnetic Anomaly (TMA-1), and subsequent excavation of an alien monolith, in 2001: A Space Odyssey, the seminal science-fiction film by Stanley Kubrick and book by Arthur C. Clarke.

It also serves as the location of "Tycho City" in Star Trek: First Contact; a lunar metropolis by the 24th century.

In the film Can't Buy Me Love, Cindy notices Tycho while looking through a telescope on her final "contractual" date with Ronny in the Airplane Graveyard.

In Robert A. Heinlein's book The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, Tycho is the location of the lunar habitat "Tycho Under".

In Jack Williamson's novel Terraforming Earth, the crater is utilized for "Tycho Base", a self-sustaining, robot controlled installation aimed at restoring life to the (dead) planet Earth after an asteroid sterilizes the biosphere.

Tycho Station is a prominent location in The Expanse series of novels by James S.A. Corey.

In Heinlein's short story Blowups Happen, a character hypothesizes that Tycho may have been the location of a sentient race's main atomic power plant, in a past time when the Moon was still habitable—and that the plant exploded, causing the craters, the rays spreading from Tycho, and the death of all life on the Moon.

Clifford Simak set a novelette The Trouble with Tycho, at the lunar crater. He also postulated that the crater's rays were composed of volcanic glass (tektites) akin to a theory postulated by NASA researchers Dean Chapman and John O'Keefe in the 1970s.

Crater Tycho figures prominently in the Matthew Looney and Maria Looney series of children's books set on the Moon, authored by Jerome Beatty.

In Roger Macbride Allen's Hunted Earth series of novels, the Naked Purples own a former penal colony in or around Tycho crater known as "Tycho Purple Penal" (see The Ring of Charon).

Gallery

• 

  March 2007 lunar eclipse. The advancing shadow of Earth brings out detail on the lunar surface. The huge ray system emanating from Tycho is shown as the dominant feature on the southern hemisphere.

• 

  Central peak complex of crater Tycho, taken at sunrise by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2011.

• 

  Lunar Orbiter 4 image from 1967

• 

  Lunar Orbiter 5 image of the northeastern crater floor, showing irregular surface of cracked impact melt. Illumination is from lower right.

See also

• 1677 Tycho Brahe, minor planet
• Tycho Brahe (crater) on Mars
• Tycho's Nova, bright supernova

References

1. Blue, Jennifer (2010-10-18). "Tycho". USGS. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
2. "Breakup event in the main asteroid belt likely caused dinosaur extinction 65 million years ago". Physorg. September 5, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
3. The geologic history of the Moon, 1987, Wilhelms, Don E.; with sections by McCauley, John F.; Trask, Newell J. USGS Professional Paper: 1348. Plate 11: Copernican System (online)
4. Whitaker 2003, pp. 61.
5. Riccioli map of the Moon (1651)
6. Whitaker 2003, pp. 33.
7. Whitaker 2003, pp. 198.
8. Langrenus map of the Moon (1645)
9. Hevelius map of the Moon (1647)

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