Type 45 destroyer

Not to be confused with Daring class destroyer (1949).
HMS Daring departing Portsmouth Naval Base, 1 March 2010.
Class overview
Name: Type 45 destroyer
Builders: BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships
Operators:  Royal Navy
Preceded by: Type 42
Cost: Over £1,050M per ship inc R&D
Planned: 6[N 1]
Completed: 6
Active: 6
General characteristics
Type: Guided missile destroyer
Displacement: 8,000[3] to 8,500 t (8,400 long tons; 9,400 short tons)[4][5][6]
Length: 152.4 m (500 ft 0 in)
Beam: 21.2 m (69 ft 7 in)
Draught: 7.4 m (24 ft 3 in)
Installed power:
Propulsion:
Speed: In excess of 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph)[8]
Range: In excess of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km) at 18 kn (33 km/h)[8]
Complement: 191[9] (accommodation for up to 235)
Sensors and
processing systems:
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
Armament:
Aircraft carried:
  • 1–2 × Lynx HMA8, armed with:
    • 4 × Sea Skua anti ship missiles, or
    • 2 × anti submarine torpedoes
  • or
  • 1 × Merlin HM1,[15] armed with:
    • 4 × anti-submarine torpedoes
Aviation facilities:
  • Large flight deck
  • Enclosed hangar

The Type 45 destroyer, also known as the D or Daring class, is an advanced class of six guided missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The class is primarily designed for anti-aircraft and anti-missile warfare and is built around the PAAMS (Sea Viper) air-defence system utilizing the SAMPSON AESA and the S1850M long-range radars. The first three destroyers were assembled by BAE Systems Surface Fleet Solutions from partially prefabricated "blocks" built at different shipyards, the remaining three were built by BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships. The first ship in the Daring class, HMS Daring, was launched on 1 February 2006 and commissioned on 23 July 2009.[16]

The Type 45 destroyers were built to replace the Type 42 (Sheffield class) destroyers that had served during the Falklands War, with the last Type 42 being decommissioned in 2013. The National Audit Office reported that, during an "intensive attack", a single Type 45 could simultaneously track, engage and destroy more targets than five Type 42 destroyers operating together.[17] After the launch of Daring on 1 February 2006 Admiral Sir Alan West, a former First Sea Lord, stated that it would be the Royal Navy's most capable destroyer ever, as well as the world's best air-defence ship.[18] The reduction in the number to be procured from twelve, then to eight and eventually down to six (in 2008) was controversial.[19][20]

Development

Main articles: NFR-90 and Horizon class frigate

The UK had sought to procure a new class air-defence destroyers in collaboration with seven other NATO nations under the NFR-90 project; the project collapsed due to varying requirements of the different countries involved. The UK then joined France and Italy in the Horizon-class frigate programme; however, differing national requirements, workshare arguments and delays led to the UK withdrawing on 26 April 1999 and starting its own national project.[21] On 23 November 1999 Marconi Electronic Systems (MES) was confirmed as prime contractor for the Type 45 project.[22] Seven days later MES and British Aerospace merged to form BAE Systems, making the latter the prime contractor.

The Type 45 project has been criticised for rising costs and delays, with the six ships costing £6.46 billion, an increase of £1.5 billion (29%) on the original budget.[23] The first ship entered service in 2010,[24] rather than 2007 as initially planned. In 2007, the Defence Select Committee expressed its disappointment that the MoD and BAE had failed to control rising costs.[25][26]

Construction

The Type 45 destroyers take advantage of some Horizon development work and utilise the Sea Viper air-defence system and the SAMPSON radar. The ships are built by BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships, originally created as BVT Surface Fleet by the merger of the surface shipbuilding arms of BAE Systems and VT Group. These two companies previously built the ships in collaboration. BAE's two Glasgow shipyards and single Portsmouth shipyard are responsible for different "blocks". BAE's Govan yard is responsible for Block A (stern to edge of helicopter hangar). The Scotstoun yard builds Blocks B/C (a 2600 tonne section which contains the Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines, starts with the helicopter hangar to the bridge section) and Block D (bridge section itself). BAE's Portsmouth shipyard is responsible for Blocks E/F (bridge to the bow) and the funnels and masts. For ships 2 to 6 blocks A-D were assembled in the Ships Block and Outfit Hall of the Govan shipyard, and taken fully outfitted to the Scotstoun berth. The masts and funnels were also fitted before launch.

Construction of blocks of Dauntless at Portsmouth.

For the first-of-class, Block A was assembled at Govan and moved to Scotstoun, where it was mated to Block B/C, which was already fitted with the WR-21 turbines and machinery. Block D, also assembled at Scotstoun, was fitted to these three blocks. The bow sections (E/F) were mated at Portsmouth and taken by barge to Scotstoun. These were the final blocks to be attached. At this point the hull was launched into the Clyde and towed to the Scotstoun Dry Dock where the masts and funnels were fitted (the masts are partially outfitted with equipment, for example the mast for the S1850M radar is sent from Portsmouth to Thales Nederland to be fitted with radar equipment). Once this is complete, the remaining equipment is fitted: radar arrays, bow-mounted sonar, propellers, missile equipment and 4.5-inch gun.

This modular construction arrangement was agreed in February 2002. However, when the original contract for three ships was signed in July 2000, BAE Systems Marine was to build the first and third ships, and Vosper Thornycroft (now VT) was to build the second.

By the end of 2010, all six Type 45 destroyers had been launched, with the first two in commission and the remainder fitting out. By 2012, all destroyers were structurally complete and the production lines had been closed. Duncan, the last of the Type 45 destroyers, was commissioned at Portsmouth Naval Base on 26 September 2013, and entered service in 2014 after trials and training.[27]

The Daring class are the largest escorts ever built for the Royal Navy in terms of displacement.[N 3]

In 2009, delivery of the ships' Aster missiles was delayed due to a failure during testing.[28] A subsequent investigation revealed a manufacturing fault with a single batch of missiles and delivery of the Aster 30 is back on schedule.[29]

Characteristics

HMS Defender moored at Greenwich in London

The Type 45 destroyers are 152.4 m (500 ft) in length, with a beam of 21.2 m (70 ft), a draught of 7.4 m. (24.3 ft) and a displacement of approximately 8,500 tonnes.[3][4] This makes them significantly larger than the Type 42 they replace (displacement 5,200 tonnes). The Type 45 destroyers are the first British warships built to meet the Lloyd's Register's Naval Ship Rules for hull structure requiring design approval by Lloyd's Register for the principal structural arrangements of the vessel.[30] BAE Systems is the Design Authority for the Type 45, a role traditionally held by the UK Ministry of Defence.[31] The design of the Type 45 brings new levels of radar signature reduction to the Royal Navy. Deck equipment and life rafts are concealed behind the ship's superstructure panels, producing a very "clean" superstructure, somewhat similar to that of the French La Fayette-class frigates. The mast is also sparingly equipped externally. Speculation by the press suggests that this design gives the ship the radar cross-section of a small fishing boat.[32]

The Daring class is notable for being the first Royal Navy vessels to include gender-neutral living spaces to accommodate male and female crew members; communal shower and heads facilities have given way to individual cubicles, and six-person berths for junior ratings are far more flexible in accommodating a mixture of male and female sailors.[33] Men and women will continue to sleep in separate spaces, in common with most other navies.

Propulsion

Further information: Integrated electric propulsion

The Type 45 is fitted with an innovative integrated electric propulsion system. Historically, electric-drive ships (like USS Langley) have supplied power to their electric motors using DC, and ship's electrical load, where necessary at all, was either separately supplied or was supplied as DC with a large range of acceptable voltage. Integrated electric propulsion seeks to supply all propulsion and ship's electrical load using alternating current at a high quality of voltage and frequency.[N 4] This is achieved by computerised control, high quality transformation, and electrical filtering. Two Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbine alternators and two Wärtsilä 12V200 diesel generators provide electrical power at 4,160 volts to a high voltage system. The high voltage supply is then used to provide power to two GE Power Conversion advanced induction motors with outputs of 20 MW (27,000 hp) each. Ship's services, including hotel load and weapons system power supplies, are supplied via transformers from the high voltage supply at 440 V and 115 V.[34] The benefits of integrated electric propulsion are cited as:

The key to the efficient use of a single prime mover is the choice of a gas turbine that provides efficiency over a large load range; the WR-21 gas turbine incorporates compressor intercooling and exhaust heat recovery, making it significantly more efficient than previous marine gas turbines, especially at low and medium load.

The combination of greater efficiency and high fuel capacity gives an endurance of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km) at 18 knots (33 km/h).[34] High power density and the hydrodynamic efficiency of a longer hull form allow high speeds to be sustained. It has been reported that Daring reached her design speed of 29 knots (54 km/h) in 70 seconds and achieved a speed of 31.5 knots (58 km/h) in 120 seconds during sea trials in August 2007.[36]

In January 2016, the Ministry of Defence acknowledged that the propulsion system, specifically, the Northrup Grumman intercooler[37][38][39] was experiencing reliability issues, previously reported as nothing more than "teething troubles". A staggered refit was also announced, which will involve cutting into the ships' hulls and fitting additional generation capacity.[40][41] The reliability issues with the intercooler lead to occasional near-complete power generation failures, temporarily disabling propulsion, weapons, and navigational systems.[42][43]

Advanced air-defence

Further information: PAAMS, SAMPSON, S1850M and Aster (missile family)
HMS Daring SAMPSON multi-function AESA radar

The Type 45 destroyers are primarily designed for anti-air warfare with the capability to defend against sophisticated targets such as fighter aircraft, drones as well as highly maneuverable sea skimming anti-ship missiles travelling at supersonic speeds.[44] The Royal Navy describes the destroyers' mission as being "to shield the Fleet from air attack".[45]

The Type 45 destroyer is equipped with the sophisticated Sea Viper (PAAMS) air-defence system utilizing the SAMPSON active electronically scanned array multi-function radar and the S1850M long-range radar. PAAMS is able to track over 2,000 targets and simultaneously control and coordinate multiple missiles in the air at once, allowing a large number of tracks to be intercepted and destroyed at any given time. This makes it particularly difficult to swamp PAAMS during a saturation attack, even against supersonic targets.[46] The US Naval War College has suggested that the SAMPSON radar is capable of tracking 1,000 objects the size of a cricket ball travelling at three times the speed of sound (Mach 3), emphasising the system's capabilities against high performance stealth targets.[44]

The operations room aboard HMS Daring

A core component of PAAMS is the Aster missile, comprising Aster 15 and Aster 30. MBDA describe Aster as a "hit-to-kill" anti-missile missile capable of intercepting all types of high performance air threats at a maximum range of 120 km.[47] The Aster missile is autonomously guided and equipped with an active RF seeker enabling it to cope with "saturated attacks" thanks to a "multiple engagement capability" and a "high rate of fire".[47] Presently the Daring-class destroyers are equipped with a 48-cell A50 Sylver Vertical Launching System allowing for a mix of up to 48 Aster 15 and 30 missiles.

In addition to its anti-air warfare role, PAAMS offers additional ballistic missile defence capabilities. In March 2013 the United States Naval Institute reported that the Royal Navy along with the United States Missile Defense Agency will explore the potential of the Daring class to provide ballistic missile defence in Europe along with United States Navy Aegis equipped destroyers.[48] In May 2014, it was reported by Jane's Information Group that the United Kingdom is committing more funds to explore the capabilities of the SAMPSON multi-function radar and the Type 45 destroyer in a ballistic missile defence role. This followed a successful live firing event hundreds of miles north of Kwajalein Atoll in the Western Pacific Ocean, where Daring demonstrated the ability to "detect at the earliest opportunity" and track "through to intercept" two medium-range ballistic missiles. BAE systems reportedly told Jane's that the SAMPSON multi-function radar "exceeded expectations in all respects". An "Experiment Concurrency and Cueing (TECC)" event for the Type 45 is planned for late 2015.[49]

Because of the marked increase in capabilities delivered by the Type 45 destroyers in relation to their predecessors, the exceptionally high price per ship, and the large amount of public attention they have attracted, defence analysts and correspondents commonly refer to the Daring class as being the "most advanced" or "most powerful" air-defence destroyers in the world.[50][51] Likewise, the ships' builders BAE Systems claim: "Able to detect and track hundreds of targets simultaneously, the Type 45 Destroyer is recognised as the most advanced anti-air warfare vessel in the world."[52] Nick Brown, the editor-in-chief of Jane’s International Defence Review, was quoted by The Huffington Post (a US online news aggregator and blog) saying, "It’s [Type 45 destroyer] certainly one of the most advanced air defence ships in the world... The US Aegis system is similar, but Sea Viper is more advanced."[53]

Weapons, countermeasures, capabilities and sensors

The SAMPSON AESA each of two faces of multi-function air tracking radar makes a full 360° rotation every 4 seconds.
The S1850M long-range air surveillance radar on HMS Daring. A 20mm Phalanx CIWS gun mount can be seen in the foreground.
HMS Diamond firing her Aster missiles for the first time.
The BAE 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun on Daring.

Anti-air warfare

The Sea Viper air-defence system:

A 48-cell A50 Sylver Vertical Launching System for a mix of up to 48:

The Type 45 does not have a formal theatre ballistic missile defence (TBMD) capability but its potential for such a role is being assessed.[54] Land-based Aster 30 Block 1 missiles have intercepted short-range ballistic missiles[55] and trials of a land-based SAMPSON modified for BMD were planned for early 2012.[56] It is said that the first ship, Daring, is engaged in ballistic defence trials with the US Missile Defence Agency (MDA) as part of a major research and development programme.[57] In March 2016 Britain and France announced a joint procurement programme with the intention of France acquiring Brimstone missiles to equip the Tiger Mk3 helicopter and Britain acquiring Aster Block 1NT missiles capable of intercepting medium range ballistic missiles of 1000–1500 km range. A block 2 version of the Aster 30 NT is under development by France and Italy capable of intercepting 3000 km range missiles.[58]

Guns

Aviation

The flight deck of the Type 45 is large enough to accommodate aircraft up to the size of a Chinook helicopter.[64] It has hangar space for either one Merlin HM1 or two Lynx helicopters.[64] Both types have a dipping sonar, sonobuoys and radar; the Merlin carries four anti-submarine Sting Ray torpedoes whilst the smaller Lynx HMA8 carries either two Sting Ray or four Sea Skua anti-ship missiles. From 2015 the Lynx will be replaced in RN service by the AW159 Wildcat whose weapons will include the Lightweight Multirole Missile and FASGW(H) missile.[65]

Anti-ship, submarine and land-attack

Countermeasures

Communications and other systems

Additional capabilities

Provisioned for but not fitted

Further information: For but not with

Ships in the class

HMS Duncan, the last ship of the class, departing for sea trials in 2012.

Six ships have been ordered, and transfer of custody of the first happened on 10 December 2008.[76] The MoD's initial planning assumption was to procure twelve ships (essentially a like-for-like replacement of a similar number of Type 42s), with the size of the second batch to be determined between 2005 and 2010.[1] However this was reduced to eight ships in the 2003 defence white paper entitled Delivering Security in a Changing World: Future Capabilities. It was reported in December 2006 that the last two could be cut.[77] In July 2007, Ministry of Defence officials stated that they "still planned to build eight Type 45 destroyers" and that "the extra two ships were still included in planning assumptions".[78] This plan was officially abandoned on 19 June 2008 when the Minister for the Armed Forces, Bob Ainsworth, announced in Parliament that options for the seventh and eighth destroyers would not be taken up.[2][79] The continual scaling back of the project, first from twelve to eight, and subsequently to six ships, has been criticised for leaving the Royal Navy with insufficient ships to meet its requirements.[19][20]

On 9 March 2007, The Independent reported that Saudi Arabia was considering buying "two or three" Type 45s.[80] On 7 September 2007 it was reported that Saudi Arabian officials had been invited to observe Daring's sea trials.[81]

The entire class is based at HMNB Portsmouth.[82][83][84][85]

Name Pennant number Builder First steel cut[N 5] Launched Commissioned Status Badge
Daring D32 BAE Systems Surface Ships 28 March 2003 1 February 2006 23 July 2009[86] In active service
Dauntless D33 BAE Systems Surface Ships 26 August 2004 23 January 2007 3 June 2010[87] In active service
Diamond D34 BAE Systems Surface Ships 25 February 2005 27 November 2007 6 May 2011[88] In active service
Dragon D35 BAE Systems Surface Ships 19 December 2005 17 November 2008 20 April 2012[89] In refit
Defender D36 BAE Systems Surface Ships 31 July 2006 21 October 2009 21 March 2013[90] In active service
Duncan D37 BAE Systems Surface Ships 26 January 2007 11 October 2010 26 September 2013[91] In active service

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Six hulls were originally ordered, with a planning assumption that a further six would be ordered between 2005 and 2010.[1] This planning assumption was later reduced to a further two. In the 2008 defence budget, the Global Combat Ship programme (known then as the FSC) was brought forward at the expense of ships 7 and 8, resulting in the final order being left at six, with options for further ships not being taken up.[2]
  2. ↑ The Harpoon missile is to be fitted to four of the six ships. HMS Duncan is to be the first.[14]
  3. ↑ Largest in terms of displacement; however, the 6,200 ton County-class destroyers were some 6 metres longer, and the 6,300 ton Type 82 destroyer was 2 metres longer.
  4. ↑ High quality indicates that the frequency and voltage are stable, with an absence of spikes, even under changes in power demand.
  5. ↑ The Type 45 is constructed in modules, so the keel is not "laid down" as in the past. The ceremonial start of the ships' construction is "cutting the first sheet" of steel.

References

  1. 1 2 "Appendix - Warship Building Strategies", Major Procurement Projects: Government Response, House of Commons Defence Committee, 24 October 2002, ISBN 978-0-21-500586-1, HC 1229, retrieved 29 May 2010, The MoD intends to make a decision on the size of the next batch of Type-45s in the second half of the decade. Until the main investment decision on the next batch is made, the size of that batch will remain a planning assumption.
  2. 1 2 Ministry of Defence Annual Report and Accounts Volume I including the Annual Performance Report and Consolidated Departmental Resource Accounts (PDF). Ministry of Defence (Report) (HM Government). 21 July 2008. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-10-295509-5. HC 850-I. Retrieved 26 July 2011. Six of these highly advanced and capable ships have been ordered, but following the 2008 planning round we no longer intend to place orders for any further Type 45 destroyers.
  3. 1 2 "Type 45 Destroyer". Royal Navy. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  4. 1 2 "HMS Daring leaves Sydney after spectacular week of celebrations". Royal Navy. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  5. ↑ "For Queen and Country". Navy News (July 2012): Page 8. One hundred or so miles west of the largest city of Abidjan lies the fishing port of Sassandra, too small to accommodate 8,500-tonnes of Type 45.
  6. ↑ "HMS Duncan joins US Carrier on strike operations against ISIL". Navy News (Royal Navy). 7 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015. As well as supporting the international effort against the ISIL fundamentalists – the 8,500-tonne warship has also joined the wider security mission in the region.
  7. ↑ "HMS Daring". Wärtsilä. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
  8. 1 2 Type 45 Facts by Royal Navy
  9. ↑ Royal Navy (11 July 2013). "A Global Force 2012/13" (pdf). Newsdesk Media. ISBN 978-1-906940-75-1. Complement as of 24 April 2013
  10. ↑ "Raytheon Press Release" (PDF). 2006-03-08. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  11. ↑ "Jane's Electro-Optic Systems". 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  12. 1 2 "Fleet to get the latest in electronic surveillance" (PDF). DESider (Ministry of Defence). September 2012. p. 18.
  13. ↑ "UK to buy Shaman CESM for Seaseeker SIGINT programme". IHS Janes Defense. 29 June 2014.
  14. ↑ Royal Navy - HMS Duncan, royalnavy.mod.uk
  15. ↑ "Air Defence Destroyer (T45)". Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  16. ↑ "UK Royal Navy Commissions Type 45 Destroyer HMS Daring". defpro. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
  17. ↑ "Providing Anti Air Warfare Capability: the Type 45 destroyer" (PDF). www.nao.org.uk. National Audit Office (United Kingdom). 13 March 2009. p. 12. Retrieved 2014-03-08. In an intensive attack, a Type 45 destroyer would be able to simultaneously track, engage and destroy more targets than the remaining Type 42 destroyers operating together.
  18. ↑ Nicoll, Alexander (2006-02-01). "Countess of Wessex Launches Royal Navy's New Warship". Government News Network. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
  19. 1 2 "Six of the best but scrap the rest". Shipping Times. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
  20. 1 2 See statement by the then First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Alan West, Jane's Defence Weekly 25 June 2008, p.6 reproduced from an interview in February 2006.
  21. ↑ Nicoll, Alexander (1999-04-27). "National differences scupper frigate project". Financial Times.
  22. ↑ Sinclair, Keith (1999-11-24). "Jobs boost for shipyard; Yarrow confirmed as main contractor for MoD's Type 45 destroyer programme". The Herald (Scottish Media Newspapers). p. 13.
  23. ↑ Public Accounts Committee (1 June 2009). "Ministry of Defence: Type 45 Destroyer" (PDF). House of Commons. HC 372. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  24. ↑ "Air Defence Destroyer (Type 45)". Royal Navy website. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  25. ↑ David Robertson (2008-01-29). "Taxpayers face £500m bill for BAE projects". The Times (London). Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  26. ↑ Graeme Wilson (2007-12-09). "MPs accuse MoD of £2.6bn overspend". Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  27. ↑ "Type 45 destroyer HMS Duncan 'christened' at Portsmouth Naval Base". BBC News. 26 September 2013.
  28. ↑ "Royal Navy destroyers at sea with faulty weapons systems (2009-12-09)". Portsmouth.co.uk. 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  29. ↑ "MBDA Completes Four Successful Aster Missile Firings in less than a Month". http://www.mbda-systems.com. Retrieved 2011-05-18. External link in |publisher= (help)
  30. ↑ Beedall, Richard (18 May 2011). "Type 45 ("D" Class) Destroyer Daring Class: Part 2". Navy Matters. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  31. ↑ P J Gates, Royal Institution of Naval Architects, 2005, p35.
  32. ↑ HMS Daring eases through first sea trials
  33. ↑ "The Comfort of the Crew". BAE Systems. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  34. 1 2 3 4 "TYPE 45 - The Anti-Air Warfare Destroyer" (PDF). Royal Navy. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
  35. ↑ Chitale, Captain S S (2010). "Integrated Full Electric Propulsion" (PDF). IE(I) Journal (The Institution of Engineers (India)) 90: 18–22.
  36. ↑ MacDermid, Alan (2007-08-15). "Daring is mean, green and built for speed". The Herald. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
  37. ↑ "Northrop Grumman/Rolls-Royce Team Selected as Preferred Supplier". Defence Aerospace. 1 Nov 2000. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  38. ↑ "Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing, Marine Engines & Turbines". Janes Navy International. August 2000. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  39. ↑ "Putting the Type 45 propulsion problems in perspective". STRN. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  40. ↑ Letter from UK Defence Secretary (Rt. Hon. Michael Fallon MP) to Chair of UK House of Commons Defence Committee (re: Problems with Power & Propulsion System of the Type 45 Destroyers), dated 3rd March 2016
  41. ↑ 'Project Napier see twin-track plan adopted to resolve Type 45 problems', Warship Technology (a publication of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects), May 2016 Edition
  42. ↑ Ben Farmer, Victoria Ward (29 January 2016). "Royal Navy's 1bn new warships need major engine refit after power failures". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  43. ↑ Jessica Elgot (29 January 2016). "British warships need multimillion-pound refit to stop power failures". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  44. 1 2 Lombardi, Ben. "The Type 45 Daring-Class Destroyer". https://www.usnwc.edu/. U.S. Naval War College. Retrieved 20 May 2014. External link in |work= (help)
  45. ↑ "TYPE 45 DESTROYER". http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/. Royal Navy. Retrieved 20 May 2014. External link in |work= (help)
  46. ↑ Beedall, Richard. "UK PAAMS". http://navy-matters.beedall.com/. navy-matters. Retrieved 2012. External link in |work= (help)
  47. 1 2 "Aster Anti-Missile Missile" (PDF). http://www.mbda-systems.com/. MBDA. Retrieved 20 May 2014. External link in |work= (help)
  48. ↑ LaGrone, Sam (7 March 2013). "U.K. Royal Navy Wants to Bullseye Rogue Missiles with U.S. Help". U.S. Naval Institute. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  49. ↑ "UK extends Sampson radar experimental BMD research". IHS Jane's 360. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  50. ↑ Harding, Thomas (10 December 2008). "World's most advanced destroyer handed to Royal Navy". The Telegraph. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  51. ↑ "Royal Navy's new 'stealth' destroyer HMS Daring makes her home port debut". The Daily Mail. 28 January 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  52. ↑ "Products - Destroyers". http://www.baesystems.com/. BAE Systems. Retrieved 20 May 2014. External link in |work= (help)
  53. ↑ Vale, Paul (3 February 2012). "Falkland Islands: HMS Dauntless, The Royal Navy's 'Cutting Edge' Deterrent". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  54. ↑ "Royal Navy destroyer to join ballistic defence trial". Ministry of Defence. 6 March 2013.
  55. ↑ "MBDA's Aster, the first European missile to successfully carry out a ballistic intercept". MBDA Missile Systems. 25 November 2010.
  56. ↑ Scott, Richard (December 2011). "UK set to test experimental Sampson modified for BMD". Jane's International Defence Review 44. p. 8.
  57. ↑ http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newshms-daring-to-participate-in-ballistic-defence-trials-with-us
  58. ↑ http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/land/weapons/2016/03/17/france/81908970/
  59. 1 2 3 Scott, Richard (30 November 2011). "Taking aim at Type 26" (PDF). Jane's Defence Weekly. p. 24. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012.
  60. ↑ Ships Acquisition, DE&S, MOD Abbey Wood (28 November 2012). "UK-Bristol: weapons, ammunition and associated parts". Gateway S.C.S., S.L.
  61. ↑ http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/naval-exhibitions/dsei-2015-naval-show-daily-news/3107-bae-systems-to-provide-mk-45-mod-4-naval-gun-system-for-royal-navy-type-26-frigates.html
  62. ↑ "The Best of the UK". Navy News. January 2011. p. 9. Retrieved 2011-01-26. Daring is currently undergoing a mini overhaul which among other upgrades will see her fitted with Phalanx automated guns
  63. 1 2 3 "HMS Daring's Warfare Department". Royal Navy website. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
  64. 1 2 "Dauntless makes history training future front-line Naval aviators". Royal Navy. 12 February 2013.
  65. ↑ Tran, Pierre (6 May 2013). "France OKs Joint Missile Development with UK". defensenews.com, Gannett Government Media Corporation.
  66. 1 2 DE&S Policy Secretariat (7 August 2013). "20130807-11-07-2013-095342-001-Response-Dainton-weapons.doc" (PDF). whatdotheyknow.com (mySociety).
  67. ↑ "HMS Duncan sails for maiden deployment". Royal Navy. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  68. ↑ "HMS Diamond crew back on board after refit". Royal Navy. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  69. ↑ "Daring’s Lynx fliers singled out for Philippines disaster mission". Royal Navy. 12 June 2015.
  70. ↑ "Naval Decoy IDS300, Ship Deployed Floating Naval Countermeasure". Airborne Systems. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
  71. ↑ Type 45 FICS Fully Integrated Communications System
  72. ↑ "Type 45 Destroyers". Royal Navy website. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  73. ↑ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers - Frigates 17 March 2011
  74. ↑ Early in the design phase it was estimated that 16 strike-length tubes could be fitted and this number has been widely circulated, but as of 2010 the RN website said 12
  75. ↑ Naval War College Review, Summer 2013, Vol. 66, No. 3
  76. ↑ "HMS Daring at the Royal Navy website". Royal Navy. 2008-07-19.
  77. ↑ Harrison, Michael (2006-12-31). "Half of Royal Navy’s ships in mothballs as defence cuts bite". The Times (London). Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
  78. ↑ Evans, Michael (2007-07-26). "Go-ahead for £4bn aircraft carriers". The Times (London). Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  79. ↑ Kula, Adam (2008-06-19). "Government admits destroyers will never be built". Portsmouth News. Archived from the original on 2008-06-27. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  80. ↑ Harrison, Michael (2007-03-09). "UK seeks £2bn Saudi destroyer contract". The Independent (London). Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  81. ↑ Robertson, David (2007-09-07). "BAE poised to clinch £20bn Saudi Eurofighter deal". The Times (London: Times Newspapers). Retrieved 2007-09-08.
  82. ↑ "HMS Daring to head for the Gulf". Press Association. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
  83. ↑ "HMS Dauntless destroyer deployed to Falklands by navy". The Guardian. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
  84. ↑ "HMS Diamond enters service". Ministry of Defence. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  85. ↑ "Royal Navy’s final Type 45 destroyer enters service early". Royal Navy. 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  86. ↑ "First port of call for destroyer". BBC. 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
  87. ↑ The Shields Gazette HMS Dauntless set for Tyne visit
  88. ↑ "HMS Diamond to join fleet". The News. 4 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  89. ↑ "HMS Dragon commissioned". Royal Navy. 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
  90. ↑ "Royal Navy's newest destroyer joins the fleet". Royal Navy. 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  91. ↑ http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2013/September/26/130926-Duncan-commissioned

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Type 45 destroyer.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, May 07, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.