United Kingdom public service law

United Kingdom public service law concerns the ownership, regulation and potentially competition in the provision of public services in the United Kingdom.

Nationalisation and competition

Main articles: UK competition law, EU competition law, Public economics, Nationalisation and Privatisation

Constitutional and administrative law

Main articles: UK constitution and UK administrative law

UK constitutional law
Parliament and local government
Municipal Corporations Act 1882, allowed establishment of elected councils
Civil service and bureaucracy
UK administrative law
Courts in England and Wales
Judicial review

Public safety

Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)

Fire

Police

Metropolitan Police Act of 1829
Metropolitan Police Act 1839
County Police Acts
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom and History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and Police Act 1996
Independent Police Complaints Commission est 2004

Prisons

Income insurance

Main articles: Pensions in the United Kingdom, Jobseeker's Allowance and Incapacity benefit

Pensions

Unemployment insurance

National Insurance Act 1911
Jobseekers' Act 1995

Education

Governance in higher education

Schools

Education Act 1833
Public Schools Act 1868, following the Clarendon Commission removed charity schools from government or education department oversight, and now the main "UK private schools
Elementary Education Act 1870, five to twelve year olds, school boards providing universal primary education
Education Act 1902 abolished 2568 school boards and instituted 328 local education authorities in their place, following the Cockerton judgment
Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906, introduced free school meals
Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907, medical services
Education Act 1918, school leaving age raised to 14, maximum class size of 30
Education Act 1944, attempted foundation of tripartite secondary school system, every child got free school meals, until 1949 when it was 2.5 pence
Education Reform Act 1988, schools could remove themselves from LEA oversight and become "grant maintained" by central government, headteachers getting financial control, academic tenure abolished, national curriculum with key stages, league tables
Education Act 1996, teacher training, and opt out from student union
School Standards and Framework Act 1998, 30 infant pupil class size limit, replaced "grant maintained schools" with "foundation status" meaning money is channelled from central government through the LEA, restrictions on selection
Learning and Skills Act 2000 and Education Act 2002 and Academies Act 2010 allowed for academies outside national curriculum and autonomy over teacher pay
Education Act 2005, Ofsted inspections
Education and Inspections Act 2006, trust schools

Higher education

Main article: Universities in the United Kingdom

Royal Charter
Universities Tests Act 1871, nonconformist entry to university
University of London Act 1898
Education Act 1962, grants, and Robbins Report (1963)
Education Reform Act 1988
Further and Higher Education Act 1992
Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998, fees of up to £1000, General Teaching Councils and code
Higher Education Act 2004 up to £3000 in fees

Libraries

Health

Main article: National Health Service Act 2006

Bethlem Royal Hospital
National Insurance Act 1911
National Health Service Act 1946
National Health Service Act 1977 (c 49)
National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 (c 19)
National Health Service (Primary Care) Act 1997 (c 46)
National Health Service (Private Finance) Act 1997 (c 56) section 1, on private finance
National Health Service Act 1966 (c 8) section 10, on GP remuneration
NHS Redress Act 2006

Housing

Main articles: Council house and Public housing

Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890
Housing Act 1919, homes fit for heroes
Housing Act 1930
New Towns Act 1946
Town and Country Planning Act 1947
Housing Act 1980 right to buy scheme copied Horace Cutler's policy in the GLC, see also Estmanco Ltd v GLC
Housing Act 1996
Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom
Town and country planning in the United Kingdom
Directive on the energy performance of buildings (Directive 2002/91/EC)

Transport

Roads

Highways Act 1555
Highways Act 1562
Turnpike Act 1707 and Turnpike trust
Local Government Act 1888, establishing county and borough councils, gave them powers to maintain roads
Highways Act 1980

Buses

Privatisation of London bus services
Transport Act 1985, councils transfer buses to companies

Rail

Privatisation of British Rail
EU Directive 91/440 required member states to separate 'the management of railway operation and infrastructure from the provision of railway transport services, separation of accounts being compulsory and organisational or institutional separation being optional'
Railways Act 1993
Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003
Ofrail

Airports

Airport Authority Act 1966, established the British Airports Authority, privatised in Airports Act 1986, and then wholly bought by a Spanish group, now BAA Limited
British Overseas Airways Corporation or British Airways, combining the private British Airways Ltd. and the state owned Imperial Airways in 1939

Waterways

Canals, ferries

Energy and water

Gas and electricity

Water

Water Act 2003
Ofwat
Local authority water supply undertakings in England and Wales 1973

Communications

Post

Broadcasting

Telegraph

Telegraph Act 1868
Attorney General v Edison Telephone Co of London Ltd (1880–81) LR 6 QBD 244

Telephones

National Telephone Company, a monopoly nationalised in 1911
British Telecommunications Act 1981, splitting telephony from the post office
Telecommunications Act 1984, privatising British telecom and establishing a regulator

Banking

Main article: UK banking law

Bank of England
Bank Charter Act 1844, monopoly of Bank of England on issuing notes
Girobank 1968
Northern Rock, Bradford & Bingley and the Royal Bank of Scotland, and the newly merged HBOS-Lloyds TSB in 2008 as a result of the global financial crisis
2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package

Waste and environment

Sanitation

Original map by Dr. John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854

John Snow (physician) and Broad Street cholera outbreak of 1854
Great Stink of 1858, Joseph Bazalgette and the London sewerage system
Public Health Act 1866, duty on councils to deal with nuisances and drainage

Air

Smoke Nuisance Abatement (Metropolis) Act 1853 and 1856
Public Health (London) Act 1891
City of London (Various Powers) Act of 1954 and Clean Air Act 1968
Great Smog of 1952
Clean Air Act 1956

Waste

Environmental Protection Act 1990 establishes waste disposal authorities, e.g. Waste disposal authorities in London
Recycling in the United Kingdom and UK Domestic Recycling Policy
Household Waste Recycling Act 2003, at least 2 kinds of collection each week by 2010
Landfill Directive 1999, reduce amounts going to landfill
Waste Framework Directive, must have 50% of waste recycled by 2020

Land management

Common land
Erection of Cottages Act 1588
Inclosure Acts
Commons Registration Act 1965 (and The common land and commoners of Ashdown Forest)
Agricultural Holdings Act 1948 and Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 (c 5)

Industry and manufacturing

National Enterprise Board 1975, a State holding company for full or partial ownership of industrial undertakings
British Petroleum 1974, the combination of a 50% stake bought by Winston Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty after World War I with around a 25% stake acquired by the Bank of England from Burmah Oil made the UK Government directly or indirectly BP's majority shareholder, though commercial independence was maintained
Coal Commission 1933, National Coal Board then British Coal
British Steel 1967
British Leyland Motor Corporation 1976 became British Leyland upon nationalisation. Privatised in 1986 to British Aerospace.
British Aerospace 1977, combining the major aircraft companies British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley and others. British Shipbuilders - combining the major shipbuilding companies including Cammell Laird, Govan Shipbuilders, Swan Hunter, Yarrow Shipbuilders
Rolls-Royce (1971) Ltd

Private sector standards

Consumer cooperative
Worker cooperative
Consumer Protection Act 1989
Health and Safety Executive
Environmental Protection Act 1990
UK labour law
Charities Act 2006
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
Sale of Goods Act 1979
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999

Notes

References

Tony Prosser, The limits of competition law (2004)

History of bus transport in the United Kingdom

General	Charabanc John Greenwood

Organisations	British Electric Traction British Transport Commission Defunct manufacturers Former PTE bus operators National Bus Company (UK) Scottish Bus Group Transport Holding Company Tilling Group Ulster Transport Authority

Regulation	Bus deregulation Former municipal bus companies History of the PTE bus operations

London	History of public transport authorities in London Buses in London Former London bus operators London Country Bus Services London Omnibus Traction Society London General Omnibus Company Privatisation of London bus services Routemaster Star Omnibus Company

Parliamentary Acts	London Traffic Act 1924 Road Traffic Act 1930 Transport Act 1947 Transport Act 1962 Transport Act 1968 London Regional Transport Act 1984 Transport Act 1985

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