Udmurtia

Udmurt Republic Удмуртская Республика (Russian) Удмурт Элькун (Udmurt)
—  Republic  —
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: National Anthem of the Udmurt Republic
Coordinates: 57°17′N 52°45′E / 57.283°N 52.750°ECoordinates: 57°17′N 52°45′E / 57.283°N 52.750°E
Political status
Country	Russia
Federal district	Volga[1]
Economic region	Urals[2]
Established	December 28, 1934[3]
Capital	Izhevsk
Government (as of February 2014)
• Head[4]	Alexander Solovyov[5]
• Legislature	State Council[4]
Statistics
Area [6]
• Total	42,100 km^2 (16,300 sq mi)
Area rank	57th
Population (2010 Census)[7]
• Total	1,521,420
• Rank	30th
• Density[8]	36.14/km^2 (93.6/sq mi)
• Urban	69.2%
• Rural	30.8%
Time zone(s)	SAMT (UTC+04:00)[9]
ISO 3166-2	RU-UD
License plates	18
Official languages	Russian;[10] Udmurt[11]
Official website

Udmurtia (Russian: Удму́ртия, tr. Udmurtiya; IPA: [ʊˈdmurtʲɪjə]; Udmurt: Удмуртия), or the Udmurt Republic (Russian: Удму́ртская Pеспу́блика, tr. Udmurtskaya Respublika; IPA: [ʊˈdmurtskəjə rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə]; Udmurt: Удмурт Элькун) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) within the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Izhevsk. Population: 1,521,420 (2010 Census).^[7]

History

Map of the Udmurt Republic

On November 4, 1920, Votsk Autonomous Oblast was formed.^[3] On January 1, 1932, it was renamed Udmurt Autonomous Oblast, which was then reorganized into the Udmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934.^[3] During World War II, many industrial factories were evacuated from Ukraine and western borderlands to Udmurtia.

Geography

The republic is located in the eastern portion of the Eastern European Plain, between the Kama and Vyatka Rivers.

Borders

Kind	Polity or geographical feature	Direction
Internal	Kirov Oblast	SW/W/NW/N
	Perm Krai	NE/E
	Republic of Bashkortostan	SE
	Republic of Tatarstan	S/SW
Water	Votkinsk Reservoir	E

• Highest point: 332 m (1,089 ft)
• Maximum North-South distance:320 kilometers (200 mi)
• Maximum East-West distance: 200 kilometers (120 mi)

Rivers

Major rivers include:

• Cheptsa River
• Izh River
• Kama River (navigable)
• Kilmez River
• Siva River

Natural resources

Forests cover over 40% of the republic's territory. Most of the forests are coniferous.

Climate

The republic has a moderate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters with a lot of snow.

Average temperatures

Month	Average temperature
January	−14.5 °C (5.9 °F)
July	+18.3 °C (64.9 °F)

• Average annual precipitation: 400–600 mm

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Population: 1,521,420 (2010 Census);^[7] 1,570,316 (2002 Census);^[12] 1,609,003 (1989 Census).^[13]

Although as of 2007 the population was declining, the decline was more pronounced in urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas (11.86 per 1000) and 7,036 were in rural areas (14.88 per 1000). Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas (13.49 per 1000) and 7,361 were in rural areas (15.56 per 1000). Natural decline of population was measured at -0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant -0.07% for rural areas (average for Russia was -0.33% in 2007).^[14]

As of 2010, the area has recorded slight population growth.

Vital statistics

Source^[15]

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
1970	1,421	23,286	13,265	10,021	16.4	9.3	7.1
1975	1,459	26,497	14,666	11,831	18.2	10.1	8.1
1980	1,508	27,601	16,862	10,739	18.3	11.2	7.1
1985	1,562	29,343	17,553	11,790	18.8	11.2	7.5
1990	1,614	24,345	15,816	8,529	15.1	9.8	5.3
1991	1,619	22,213	16,002	6,211	13.7	9.9	3.8
1992	1,623	20,074	18,063	2,011	12.4	11.1	1.2
1993	1,622	17,126	21,923	- 4,797	10.6	13.5	- 3.0
1994	1,619	16,874	24,183	- 7,309	10.4	14.9	- 4.5
1995	1,615	15,484	22,445	- 6,961	9.6	13.9	- 4.3
1996	1,610	14,877	20,641	- 5,764	9.2	12.8	- 3.6
1997	1,606	15,368	19,881	- 4,513	9.6	12.4	- 2.8
1998	1,603	16,130	19,080	- 2,950	10.1	11.9	- 1.8
1999	1,598	15,793	20,745	- 4,952	9.9	13.0	- 3.1
2000	1,592	16,256	21,852	- 5,596	10.2	13.7	- 3.5
2001	1,583	16,636	22,810	- 6,174	10.5	14.4	- 3.9
2002	1,572	17,746	24,520	- 6,774	11.3	15.6	- 4.3
2003	1,561	17,982	24,571	- 6,589	11.5	15.7	- 4.2
2004	1,552	18,238	23,994	- 5,756	11.7	15.5	- 3.7
2005	1,543	17,190	24,006	- 6,816	11.1	15.6	- 4.4
2006	1,535	17,480	22,011	- 4,531	11.4	14.3	- 3.0
2007	1,529	19,667	21,727	- 2,060	12.9	14.2	- 1.3
2008	1,525	20,421	21,436	- 1,015	13.4	14.1	- 0.7
2009	1,523	21,109	20,227	882	13.9	13.3	0.6	1,73
2010	1,522	21,684	21,100	584	14.3	13.9	0.4	1.78
2011	1,519	21,905	20,358	1,547	14.4	13.4	1.0	1.83
2012	1,518	23,225	19,526	3,699	15.3	12.9	2.4	1.98
2013	1,517	22,138	19,332	2,806	14.6	12.7	1.9	1.92
2014	1,517	22,060	19,461	2,599	14.5	12.8	1.7	1.96
2015	1,517	22,195	19,533	2,662	14.6	12.9	1.7	2.00(e)

TFR source^[16]

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Census,^[7] Russians make up 62.2% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Udmurts only make up 28%. Other groups include Tatars (6.7%), Ukrainians (0.6%), Mari (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the republic's total population.

Ethnic group	1926 Census		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census		2010 Census^1
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Udmurts	395,607	52.3%	480,014	39.4%	475,913	35.6%	484,168	34.2%	479,702	32.1%	496,522	30.9%	460,584	29.3%	410,584	28.0%
Besermyan	9,200	1.2%											2,998	0.2%	2,111	0.1%
Russians	327,493	43.3%	679,294	55.7%	758,770	56.8%	809,563	57.1%	870,270	58.3%	945,216	58.9%	944,108	60.1%	912,539	62.2%
Tatars	19,248	2.5%	40,561	3.3%	71,930	5.4%	87,150	6.1%	99,139	6.6%	110,490	6.9%	109,218	7.0%	98,831	6.7%
Others	4,716	0.6%	19,481	1.6%	30,314	2.3%	36,794	2.6%	43,061	2.9%	53,435	3.3%	53,408	3.4%	42,558	2.9%
^1 54,797 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[17]

Over two thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in the republic.^[18]

Religion

Religion in Udmurtia (2012)^[19][20]

  Russian Orthodox (33.1%)

  Unaffiliated Christian (5%)

  Muslim (4%)

  Rodnovery, Udmurt Vos (2%)

  Other Orthodox (2%)

  Protestant (1%)

  Old Believers (1%)

  Spiritual but not religious (29%)

  Atheist (19%)

  Other or undeclared (3.9%)

According to a 2012 official survey,^[19] 33.1% of the population of Udmurtia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 2% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, 4% are Muslims, 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to Udmurt Vos (Udmurt native faith), 1% adheres to forms of Protestantism, and 1% of the population are Old Believers. In addition, 29% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 19% is atheist, and 3.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.^[19]

Jews in Udmurtia

see: History of Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan

Udmurt Jews is special territorial group of the Ashkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residence areas of mixed Turkic-speaking (Tatars, Kryashens, Bashkirs, Chuvash people), Finno-Ugric-speaking (Udmurts, Mari people) and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of the Udmurt Republic first appeared in the 1830s.^{[21][22][23][24]} The udmurt Jewry had formed the local Idiom on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it (in the 1930s and 1940s);^[25] as a result up to the 1970s and 1980s the Udmurt Idiom (Udmurtish) was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the central subgroup (with centers Izhevsk, Sarapul and Votkinsk) and the southern subgroup (with centers Kambarka, Alnashi, Agryz and Naberezhnye Chelny).^[25] One of the characteristic features of the Udmurt Idiom is a noticeable number of Udmurt and Tatar loan words.^[26][27]

Culture

St. Michael's Cathedral is the main church of Udmurtia

In Udmurtia, there are eight professional theaters, a Philharmonic Society, and more than ten state and numerous public museums, which tell of the history and culture of Udmurtia and its people, like the Museum of History and Culture in Sarapul, or the Tchaikovsky Museum in Votkinsk. One of the oldest arms museums is located in Izhevsk, as well as the newer Kalashnikov Museum (dedicated in November 2004), which has recently become a general small-arms museum. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union a new, pan-Uralic cultural movement has evolved called "Ethnofuturism".^[28]

Education

Higher education facilities include the Udmurt State University and Izhevsk State Technical University.

References

Notes

1. Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
2. Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
3. Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987., p. 57
4. Constitution, Article 9.1
5. "Михаил Бабич представил исполняющего обязанности Главы Удмуртии". Official website of the Udmurt Republic. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
6. "GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION". Udmurtia Official. Archived from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
7. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
8. The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
9. Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №248-ФЗ от 05 апреля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of April 05, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
10. Official on the whole territory of Russia according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
11. Constitution, Article 8
12. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
13. Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
14. Statistics
15. http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312
16. http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b12_111/Main.htm
17. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
18. "General Information". Land and People. Udmurtia Official. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
19. Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
20. 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
21. Шумилов Е.Ф., "Евреи: элита инженерная, торговая, медицинская..." Свое дело. 2001. №11. С. 18. (Russian)
22. Карпенко И., "В окрестностях Хаимграда". Лехаим. 2009. №1 (201). (Russian)
23. Шумилов Е.Ф., "Евреи на Ижевском оружейном заводе". (Russian)
24. Ренев Е.,"Шалом. Народ Торы в старом Ижевске. Инвожо. 2012. № 8. С. 47. (Russian)
25. Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. no. 4 (66), p. 131. (Алтынцев А.В., "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131: Комментарии.) (Russian)
26. Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51.
27. Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца." Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 3. (Russian)
28. Ethnofuturism

Sources

• №663-XII 7 декабря 1994 г. «Конституция Удмуртской Республики», в ред. Закона №62-РЗ от 22 ноября 2007 г. (#663-XII December 7, 1994 Constitution of the Udmurt Republic, as amended by the Law #62-RZ of November 22, 2007. ).
• "СССР. Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик. 1987." (USSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987) / Составители В. А. Дударев, Н. А. Евсеева. — М.: Изд-во «Известия Советов народных депутатов СССР», 1987. — 673 с.

Further reading

• Kalder, Daniel. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist. Scribner Book Company. ISBN 0-7432-8994-3.
• Shkliaev, Aleksandr; Eva Toulouze (March 2001). "The mass media and the national question in Udmurtia in the 1990s". Nationalities Papers 29 (1): 97–108. doi:10.1080/00905990120050811.

External links

• (Russian) (English) Official website of the Udmurt Republic