Komi Republic

The Komi Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Ко́ми, Respublika Komi; Komi: Коми Республика, Komi Respublika) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar. Population: 901,189 (2010 Census).^[8]

Geography

The republic is situated to the west of the Ural mountains, in the north-east of the East European Plain. Forests cover over 70% of the territory and swamps cover approximately 15%.

Area: 415,900 square kilometers (160,600 sq mi)
Borders (all internal): Nenets (NW/N), Yamalo-Nenets (NE/E), Khanty–Mansi (E), Sverdlovsk (SE), Perm Krai (S), Kirov (S/SW), and Arkhangelsk (W).
Highest point: Mount Narodnaya (1,894 m)
Maximum N→S distance: 785 kilometers (488 mi)
Maximum E→W distance: 695 kilometers (432 mi)

Rivers

Major rivers include:

Lakes

There are many lakes in the republic. Major lakes include:

Sindorskoye Lake
Yam-Ozero Lake

Natural resources

The Vym River, Komi Republic, Russia

The republic's natural resources include coal, oil, natural gas, gold, diamonds and timber. Native reindeer are in abundance, and have been intentionally bred for human usage by the indigenous population.

Around 32,800 km² of mostly boreal forest (as well as some alpine tundra and meadows) in the Republic's Northern Ural Mountains have been recognized in 1995 as a UNESCO World Heritage site, Virgin Komi Forests. It is the first natural UNESCO World Heritage site in Russia and the largest expanse of virgin forests in Europe. The site includes two pre-existing protected areas: Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (created in 1930) and Yugyd Va National Park (created in 1994).

Climate

Winters in the republic are long and cold, and the summers, while short, are quite warm.

Average January temperature: −17 °C (1 °F) (southern parts) to −20 °C (−4 °F) (northern parts)
Average July temperature: 11 °C (52 °F) (northern parts) to 15 °C (59 °F) (southern parts)
Lowest recorded temperature: −58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) (village of Ust-Shchuger)
Average annual precipitation: 625 mm (24.6 in)

Manpupuner and the 7 Strong Men Rock Formations

Main article: Manpupuner rock formations

Deemed one of the Seven Wonders of Russia, Komi Republic is home to Manpupuner (Man-Pupu-Nyer), a mysterious site in the northern Ural mountains, in the Troitsko-Pechorsky District, made out of seven rock towers bursting out of the flat plateau known as the “7 strong men“. Manpupuner is a very popular attraction in Russia, but not on an international level. Information regarding its origin is scarce. We know however that their height and abnormal shapes make the top of these rock giants inaccessible even to experienced rock-climbers.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of the Komi Republic

History

Map of the Komi Republic

The Komi first appear in the records of the Novgorod Republic in the 12th century, when Novgorodian (East Slavic) traders travelled to the Perm region in search of furs and animal hides. The Komi territories came under the influence of Muscovy in the late Middle Ages (late 15th to early 16th centuries). The site of Syktyvkar has been settled since the 16th century. It was known as Sysolskoye (Сысольскoe). In 1780, under Catherine the Great, it was renamed to Ust-Sysolsk (Усть-Сысольск) and used as a penal colony.

Starting from the expedition led by Alexander von Keyserling in 1843, the Komi territory was most extensively explored in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries by the Russians, who found ample reservoirs of various minerals, as well as timber, to exploit. After the founding of the Soviet Union, the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast was established on August 22, 1921,^[14] and on December 5, 1936, it was reorganized into the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with its administrative center located at the town of Syktyvkar.

Many of the "settlers" who came in the early 20th century were prisoners of the Gulag who were sent by the hundreds of thousands to perform forced labor in the Arctic regions of the USSR. Towns sprang up around labor-camp sites, which were initially carved out of the untouched tundra and taiga by gangs of prisoners. The first mine, "Rudnik No. 1," became the city of Vorkuta, and the other towns of the region have similar origins: "Prisoners planned and built all of the republic's major cities, not just Ukhta but also Syktyvkar, Pechora, Vorkuta, and Inta. Prisoners built Komi's railways and roads, as well as its original industrial infrastructure."^[15]

Demographics

Population

Population: 901,189 (2010 Census);^[8] 1,018,674 (2002 Census);^[16] 1,261,024 (1989 Census).^[17]

	17-12-1926	17-01-1939	17-01-1959	15-01-1970	17-01-1979	17-01-1989	09-10-2002	14-10-2010
Total population	207,314	318,996	806,199	964,802	1,110,361	1,250,847	1,018,674	901,189
Average annual population growth				+1.7%	+1.6%	+1.3%	-1.6%	-1.5%
Males	46%	49%	52%	50%	51%	50%	48%
Females	54%	51%	48%	50%	49%	50%	52%
Females per 1000 males
Proportion urban	4.4%	9.1%	59.4%	61.9%	70.8%	75.5%	75.3%
Territory (km²)	434,150	415,900	415,900	415,900	415,900	415,900	415,900	415,900
Population density/km²	0.5	0.8	1.9	2.3	2.7	3.0	2.4	2.2

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertlity rate
1920		4 760	4 353	407
1930		10 256	6 574	3 682
1940		14 976	12 134	2 842
1945		6 432	6 185	247
1950	534	20 087	6 002	14 085	37.6	11.2	26.4
1960	836	25 578	5 010	20 568	30.6	6.0	24.6
1965	938	18 956	5 241	13 715	20.2	5.6	14.6
1970	970	16 462	6 276	10 186	17.0	6.5	10.5
1975	1 044	18 899	7 284	11 615	18.1	7.0	11.1
1980	1 137	20 685	9 169	11 516	18.2	8.1	10.1
1981	1 153	21 244	9 103	12 141	18.4	7.9	10.5
1982	1 169	23 420	8 758	14 662	20.0	7.5	12.5
1983	1 185	23 806	9 250	14 556	20.1	7.8	12.3
1984	1 199	24 217	9 486	14 731	20.2	7.9	12.3
1985	1 213	23 303	9 334	13 969	19.2	7.7	11.5
1986	1 228	24 176	8 112	16 064	19.7	6.6	13.1
1987	1 242	23 616	8 544	15 072	19.0	6.9	12.1
1988	1 256	20 916	8 930	11 986	16.7	7.1	9.5
1989	1 256	18 481	8 857	9 624	14.7	7.1	7.7
1990	1 244	16 930	9 321	7 609	13.6	7.5	6.1	1.873
1991	1 231	15 589	9 665	5 924	12.7	7.9	4.8
1992	1 214	13 880	11 426	2 454	11.4	9.4	2.0
1993	1 199	12 158	14 642	- 2 484	10.1	12.2	- 2.1
1994	1 174	11 835	16 074	- 4 239	10.1	13.7	- 3.6
1995	1 145	11 105	15 057	- 3 952	9.7	13.2	- 3.5	1.317
1996	1 124	10 900	13 674	- 2 774	9.7	12.2	- 2.5
1997	1 106	10 388	12 244	- 1 856	9.4	11.1	- 1.7
1998	1 087	10 793	11 545	- 752	9.9	10.6	- 0.7
1999	1 068	9 680	12 253	- 2 573	9.1	11.5	- 2.4
2000	1 050	9 906	13 594	- 3 688	9.4	12.9	- 3.5	1.219
2001	1 036	10 325	13 968	- 3 643	10.0	13.5	- 3.5	1.272
2002	1 021	11 177	15 265	- 4 088	10.9	15.0	- 4.0	1.374
2003	1 004	11 462	15 810	- 4 348	11.4	15.8	- 4.3	1.401
2004	987	11 489	15 210	- 3 721	11.6	15.4	- 3.8	1.397
2005	971	10 975	15 074	- 4 099	11.3	15.5	- 4.2	1.332
2006	955	10 872	13 519	- 2 647	11.4	14.1	- 2.8	1.318
2007	941	11 523	12 304	- 781	12.2	13.1	- 0.8	1.406
2008	928	11 719	12 270	- 551	12.6	13.2	- 0.6	1.452
2009	916	11 868	12 182	- 314	13.0	13.3	- 0.3	1.62
2010	903	11 648	11 819	- 171	12.9	13.1	- 0.2	1.63
2011		11 715	11 097	+ 443	13.0	12.4	+ 0.6	1.71
2012	890	12 418	10 830	+ 1 588	14.0	12.2	+ 1.8	1.88
2013	876	12 436	10 484	+ 1 952	14.2	12.0	+ 2.2	1.96
2014	868	12 291	10 621	+ 1 670	14.2	12.2	+ 2.0	2.01
2015	861	11 797	10 666	+ 1 131	13.6	12.3	+ 1.3	2.00(e)

Regional vital statistics for 2011

Source:^[18]

District	Birth Rate	Death Rate	Natural Growth Rate	Whites as % of Pop	Native Komi and Nenets as % of Pop
Komi Republic	13.0	12.4	0.06%	96.05%	3.95%
Syktyvkar	12.5	10.2	0.23%	97.61%	2.39%
Vorkuta	11.8	9.7	0.21%	92.33%	7.67%
Vuktyl	11.2	12.6	-0.14%	95.27%	4.73%
Inta	11.1	12.6	-0.15%	95.40%	4.60%
Pechora	13.0	13.6	-0.06%	96.89%	3.11%
Sosnogorsk	12.6	14.4	-0.18%	97.02%	2.98%
Usinsk	14.7	9.0	0.57%	86.04%	13.96%
Ukhta	11.0	10.7	0.03%	96.20%	3.80%
Izhemsky	19.1	18.8	0.03%	99.62%	0.38%
Knyazhpogostsky	11.6	15.9	-0.43%	95.50%	4.50%
Koygorodsky	16.2	18.3	-0.21%	97.89%	2.11%
Kortkerossky	16.9	18.6	-0.17%	98.86%	1.14%
Priluzsky	15.6	18.4	-0.28%	98.98%	1.02%
Syktyvdinsky	17.3	13.3	0.40%	98.11%	1.89%
Sysolsky	16.4	17.6	-0.12%	98.37%	1.63%
Troitsko-Pechorsky	14.0	17.9	-0.39%	97.80%	2.20%
Udorsky	15.6	13.1	0.25%	95.33%	4.67%
Ust-Vymsky	12.0	15.8	-0.38%	96.48%	3.52%
Ust-Kulomsky	19.2	18.9	0.03%	98.96%	1.04%
Ust-Tsilemsky	16.1	15.4	0.07%	99.62%	0.38%

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Census,^[8] ethnic Russians make up 65.1% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Komi are only 23.7%. Other groups include Ukrainians (4.2%), Tatars (1.3%), Belarusians (1%), Ethnic Germans (0.6%), Chuvash (0.6%), Azeris (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic group	1926 census (1926 territory)¹		1926 census (present territory)		1939 census		1959 census		1970 census		1979 census		1989 census		2002 census		2010 census²
Ethnic group	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Komi	191,245	92.2%	195,400	86.9%	231,301	72.5%	245,074	30.4%	276,178	28.6%	280,798	25.3%	291,542	23.3%	256,464	25.2%	202,348	23.7%
Russians	13,731	6.6%	28,300	12.6%	70,226	22.0%	389,995	48.4%	512,203	53.1%	629,523	56.7%	721,780	57.7%	607,021	59.6%	555,963	65.1%
Ukrainians	34	0.0%	200	0.1%	6,010	1.9%	80,132	9.9%	82,955	8.6%	94,154	8.5%	104,170	8.3%	62,115	6.1%	36,082	4.2%
Nenets	2,080	1.0%			1,000	0.4%	508	0.2%	374	0.0%	369	0.0%	366	0.0%	376	0.0%	708	0.1%
Tatars	33	0.0%			709	0.2%	8,459	1.0%	11,906	1.2%	17,836	1.6%	25,980	2.1%	15,680	1.5%	10,779	1.3%
Belarusians	11	0.0%			3,323	1.0%	22,339	2.8%	24,706	2.6%	24,763	2.2%	26,730	2.1%	15,212	1.5%	8,859	1.0%
Others	180	0.1%	6,919	2.2%	59,826	7.4%	56,485	5.9%	62,921	5.7%	80,269	6.4%	61,474	6.0%	40,272	4.7%
¹ The territory of the Komi AO was different from the Komi Republic. ² Excluding 46,886 people who were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.^[19]

Religion

Religion in Komi (2012)^[20]^[21]

Russian Orthodox (30.2%)

Unaffiliated Christian (4%)

Muslim (1%)

Rodnover and Komi folk religion (1%)

Other Orthodox (1%)

Old Believers (1%)

Roman Catholic (0.4%)

Spiritual but not religious (41%)

Atheist (14%)

Other or undeclared (6.4%)

According to a 2012 official survey^[20] 30.2% of the population of Komi adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Rodnovers or Komi native religious believers, 1% are Muslims, 1% are Orthodox Christians not belonging to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 1% are Old Believers, and 0.4% are members of the Catholic Church. In addition, 41% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious", 14% is atheist, and 6.4% follows other religions or failed to answer the question.^[20]

Politics

The head of government in the Komi Republic is the Head of the Republic. As of 2010, the head of the republic is Vyacheslav Gayzer.

The State Council is the legislature.

Economy

The Komi Republic's major industries include oil processing, timber, woodworking, natural gas and electric power industries. Major industrial centers are Syktyvkar, Inta, Pechora, Sosnogorsk, Ukhta, and Vorkuta.

Natural gas transportation and distribution is conducted by Komigaz.

Transportation

Railroad transportation is very well developed. The most important railroad line is Kotlas–Vorkuta–Salekhard, which is used to ship most goods in and out of the republic. The rivers Vychegda and Pechora are navigable. There are airports in Syktyvkar, Ukhta, and Vorkuta.

In 1997, total railroad trackage was 1,708 km, automobile roads 4,677 km.

Education

There are over 450 secondary schools in the republic (with ~180,000 students). The most important higher education facilities include Syktyvkar State University and Ukhta State Technical University.

Sports

Stroitel used to play in Russian Bandy Super League for a long time. Now the team plays in Russian Bandy Supreme League, the second highest division. In 2016 the authorities presented a five-year plan to develop bandy in the republic.

References

Notes

↑ Law #XII-20/5
↑ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
↑ Komi ASSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure, p. 5
1 2 Constitution, Article 8
↑ Official website of the Komi Republic. Sergey Gaplikov (Russian)
↑ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
1 2 3 4 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
↑ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
↑ Komi Republic Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Оценка численности населения по городам, районам, городским населённым пунктам Республики Коми на 1 января 2012 г., 2013 г. и в среднем за 2012 год (Russian)
↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №248-ФЗ от 05 апреля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of April 05, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
↑ Official on the whole territory of Russia according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
↑ Constitution of the Komi Republic, Article 67
↑ Коми Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
↑ Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (Random House, Inc., 2004: ISBN 1-4000-3409-4), pp. 78, 82.
↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
↑ http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/munst/munst87/DBInet.cgi
↑ http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
1 2 3 Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
↑ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.

Sources

17 февраля 1994 г. «Конституция Республики Коми», в ред. Закона №67-РЗ от 23 октября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Коми». Вступил в силу 10 марта 1994 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Красное знамя", №45, 10 марта 1994 г. (February 17, 1994 Constitution of the Komi Republic, as amended by the Law #67-RZ of October 23, 2015 On Amending the Constitution of the Komi Republic. Effective as of March 10, 1994 (with the exception of several clauses).).
Государственный Совет Республики Коми. Закон №XII-20/5 от 6 июня 1994 г. «О государственном гимне Республики Коми», в ред. Закона №44-РЗ от 4 июля 2006 г «О внесении изменений и дополнения в Закон Республики Коми "О Государственном гимне Республики Коми"». Вступил в силу 11 июня 1994 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Красное Знамя", №109, 11 июня 1994 г. (State Council of the Komi Republic. Law #XII-20/5 of June 6, 1994 On the State Anthem of the Komi Republic, as amended by the Law #44-RZ of July 4, 2006 On Amending and Supplementing the Law of the Komi Republic "On the State Anthem of the Komi Republic". Effective as of June 11, 1994 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
"Коми АССР. Административно-территориальное деление на 1 июля 1968 г." Коми книжное издательство. Сыктывкар, 1968. (Komi ASSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure as of July 1, 1968)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Komi.

(Russian) Official site of the Republic of Komi
(Russian) All news of the Republic of Komi
(Russian) Website of Syktyvkar City - The Capital of the Republic of Komi
(Russian) Official website of the Vorkuta City
Official site of the Syktyvkar State University)
(Russian) Official site of the Syktyvkar State University)
(Russian) Official site of the Ukhta State Technical University
(Russian) Snowboarding in Komi Republic
(Russian) History Komi
Map of the Komi Republic
Historic-demographic note on the Nenets of the Komi Republic
Virgin Komi Forests at Natural Heritage Protection Fund

Subdivisions of Russia

Federal subjects

Republics	Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea¹ Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia-Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia

Krais	Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky

Oblasts	Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl

Federal cities	Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol¹

Autonomous oblast	Jewish

Autonomous okrugs	Chukotka Khanty-Mansi² Nenets³ Yamalo-Nenets²

¹Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine ²Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast ³Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast

Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions

Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence) Federal districts (by President) Judicial districts (by law "On arbitration courts")

History of Russia by federal subject

Republics	Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea¹ Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay–Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia

Krais	Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky

Oblasts	Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl

Federal cities	Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol¹

Autonomous oblasts	Jewish

Autonomous okrugs	Chukotka Khanty-Mansi Nenets Yamalo-Nenets

¹ Internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.

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